Gilded Ambitions: Concert of Europe Part V (Gameplay Thread)

[Chancellor Tanterterg]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

[YPestis25]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

[Devout Centrist]

FINAL TEXT, TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

X President Kang Youwei

[KaiserDave]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

x Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, Envoy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
on BEHALF of
x President Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
x Prime Minister Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov

[S019]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

x Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, Envoy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
on BEHALF of
x President Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
x Prime Minister Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov

X, Queen Mary III, Queen of the United Kingdom

[Dereich]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

x Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, Envoy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
on BEHALF of
x President Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
x Prime Minister Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov

X, Queen Mary III, Queen of the United Kingdom

x Maximilian von Habsburg-Lothringen, manu propria at the behest of his regents

[OBD]

Emergency Proclaimation

Wikimedia Commons

Chairman Fitzgerald expresses deep concern at the continued escalation of the Mexico-Louisiana crisis, and once more urges the powers to seek rapprochement. The Chairman protests blockades that stifle the free flow of trade in the region, and warns both powers in the conflict that attacks or infringement upon neutral ships will face harsh diplomatic consequences.

Recognizing the high tensions in the region, the Department of State has issued new advisories regarding travel in the region. The Department of State warns against all naval travel in the Gulf of Mexico and within 30 nautical miles of the isle of Cuba, with a further zone of caution extending to the entirety of the Caribbean Sea and a region extending 50 nautical miles north and east of the Leeward and Windward Islands. Ships traveling in either zone should be on high alert, be adequately armed, carry clear identification, and clearly fly the New English flag. The New England Merchant Marine will continue to work to establish safe shipping routes, notably through Quebecois Puerto Rico, to ensure the general safety of ships in the region.

A carve-out to the Gulf of Mexico warning zone will extend 10 nautical miles beyond the Mexican shoreline, from Cozumel to the port of Veracruz. Should the Commonwealth of Louisiana impose a reciprocal naval blockade on the Kingdom of Mexico, or should circumstances on the seas demand it, this carve-out will be dissolved.

More broadly, the Department of State implores New Englanders conducting business in either Louisiana or Mexico to do so with caution, and informs the Louisianan and Mexican governments that infringement upon the life, liberty, or property of New English nationals will not be tolerated. Should war break out, the New English Embassies in both nations are prepared to secure safe passage home for any New English national.

Furthermore, the Chairman notes that, as a proud signatory of the Treaty of Tróis-Rivieres, New England will not tolerate the usage of chemical weapons by either side of this conflict. Should either side violate the doctrine laid out by the draft Treaty, New England will immediately impose a full embargo on the violating power, and urges other global powers to ratify the treaty and adopt this standard posthaste.

[Attorney General & PPT Dwarven Dragon]

Emergency Proclamation



Recognizing the high tensions in the region, the Department of State has issued new advisories regarding travel near Mexico and Louisiana. The Department of State warns against all naval travel in the Gulf of Mexico and within 30 nautical miles of the isle of Cuba, with a further zone of caution extending to the entirety of the Caribbean Sea and a region extending 50 nautical miles north and east of the Leeward and Windward Islands. Ships traveling in either zone should be on high alert, be adequately armed, carry clear identification, and clearly fly the Spanish flag.

More broadly, the Department of State implores Spanish citizens conducting business in or near either Louisiana or Mexico to do so with caution, and informs the Louisianan and Mexican governments that infringement upon the life, liberty, or property of Spanish Civilians will not be tolerated. Should war break out, the Spanish Embassies in both nations are prepared to secure safe passage home for any Spanish citizen.

Furthermore, the President notes that, as a proud signatory of the Treaty of Tróis-Rivieres, Spain will not tolerate the usage of chemical weapons by either side of this conflict. Should either side violate the doctrine laid out by the draft Treaty, Spain will immediately impose a full embargo on the violating power, and urges other global powers to ratify the treaty and adopt this standard posthaste.

[oldkyhome]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

x Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, Envoy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
on BEHALF of
x President Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
x Prime Minister Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov

X, Queen Mary III, Queen of the United Kingdom

x Maximilian von Habsburg-Lothringen, manu propria at the behest of his regents

x Han Gyu-seol, Designated Ambassador of the Korean delegation
on behalf of
x Gwon Jung-Hyeon, First Minister of the Republic of Korea

[certified hummus supporter 🇵🇸🤝🇺🇸🤝🇺🇦]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

x Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, Envoy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
on BEHALF of
x President Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
x Prime Minister Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov

X, Queen Mary III, Queen of the United Kingdom

x Maximilian von Habsburg-Lothringen, manu propria at the behest of his regents

x Han Gyu-seol, Designated Ambassador of the Korean delegation
on behalf of
x Gwon Jung-Hyeon, First Minister of the Republic of Korea

X, Shahzade Amanullah, Crown Prince of the Durrani Empire

X, Abdul II, Padshah of the Durrani Empire

[certified hummus supporter 🇵🇸🤝🇺🇸🤝🇺🇦]

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Offical Firman from the Imperial Court in Kabul

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

As your Shah, I would first wish all of my loyal and faithful subjects a blessed, joyful, safe, and peaceful New Year. Indeed, one truly has to marvel at this New Year where we stand today in comparison to the disastrous destruction, devastation, and ruin that resulted after the former Emir passed on to the next world a mere handful of years ago.

While we have made extraordinary strides towards greatness ever since the Great Emir humbled the French all those years ago, the world has changed quite considerably since the war ended. Indeed, once again, the proudly defiant Sultan of Mysore is now bearing the brunt of these new times at the hands of Paris, yet again. This unlawful invasion in violation of the Congress of Copenhagen cannot, and will not be, idly tolerated by our righteous state. We call upon the King of Paris to cease this invasion and return to the pre-war order in the Deccan. And we call upon the international community to stand in solidarity with the people of Mysore in this trying time. Thank you and may Allah bless us all.

- Shah Abdul II; Commander of the Faithful, Sword of Islam on Earth, Padishah of Khorasan, Hindustan, and Turkestan

[LAKISYLVANIA]

TREATY OF TROIS-RIVIERES (1900)

ARTICLE 1
Any form of biological warfare, as well as all forms of chemical warfare with the sole exception of non-lethal tear inducing irritants for emergency domestic situations; are hereby considered to be ungentlemanly forms of warfare.

ARTICLE 2
The previously mentioned forms of ungentlemanly warfare are hereby banned within the territory of the signatures for domestic use, and for international use in terms of pre-emptive or first-use.

ARTICLE 3
The stockpiling of agents for biological and chemical warfare is hereby prohibited. All current stockpiles of such agents must be disposed of.

ARTICLE 4
Research on chemical and biological warfare will only be allowed for the purposes of finding countermeasures, antidotes or for purely scientific purposes. Incentives and support will be provided for experts in such fields to switch to non-lethal research. Signatures must share their findings with the Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission in order to prevent and/or deter the start of a new arms race.

ARTICLE 5
The sale of agents for chemical and biological warfare will be made illegal. Companies that held a role or stake in such fields until January 1st, 1900, and who may encounter financial losses as the result of this protocol, may be reasonably compensated by their respective nation if they so decide, under their preferred mechanism.

ARTICLE 6
The signatories will further formally renounce the right to non-first usage of chemical and biological weapons in self-defence for all time. To enforce this renunciation, all signatories will agree to enact immediate and full economic sanctions, including an economic embargo, against any nation that engages in ungentlemanly warfare after the aforementioned date. Signatories must also pass legislation or enact decrees that ensure compliance with Article 6.

ARTICLE 7
An Ungentlemanly Warfare Commission will be established in a city belonging to the Swiss Republic or any such other neutral and non-aligned nation, with participants from all signatories. Delegations from the Commission will be provided reasonably access to signatory countries to ensure compliance with the previous articles.

The Commission must ensure that the make up of delegations to specific countries places emphasis on neutral, non-aligned, or non-rival nations to the one to be inspected. Information thus collected will remain the private, exclusive property of of the Commission, which must enact regulations with harsh penalties for any actors who illegally access or divulge any of its contents.

Suspicion of non-compliance must be brought to the Commission, who will issue a report – by majority vote – within 90 days outlining whether Article 6 ought to be invoked.

x Wilhelmina I von Hohenzollern,
Empress and Defender of Québec

x Chairman John Francis Fitzgerald, Confederation of New England
x Secretary of State Lucius F. C. Garvin, Confederation of New England

x Francis III, King of Naples.

x Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples

x Giovanni Giolotti, First Minister of State and Minister of Foreign and Colonial Affairs of the Kingdom of Naples.

x President Arsenio Linares y Pombo

x Foreign Minister Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze

x Federico González Suárez, Archbishop-President of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Manuel Antonio Matos, Secretary of State of the Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

x Louis XX de Bourbon, King-Emperor of France

Charles XIV, King of Scandinavia and Emperor of Africa

x Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, Envoy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
on BEHALF of
x President Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
x Prime Minister Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov

X, Queen Mary III, Queen of the United Kingdom

x Maximilian von Habsburg-Lothringen, manu propria at the behest of his regents

x Han Gyu-seol, Designated Ambassador of the Korean delegation
on behalf of
x Gwon Jung-Hyeon, First Minister of the Republic of Korea

X, Shahzade Amanullah, Crown Prince of the Durrani Empire

X, Abdul II, Padshah of the Durrani Empire

X King Luis II de Bourbon-Orleans

[oldkyhome]

Chronicle

Public Domain | Public Domain

A Bridge Between Worlds
러시아를 방문한 한국

The new year had proven to be an exciting time in Korean domestic politics. From the drafting of a new Constitution, and its many promised social reforms, to the deliberative council's proposed modernization program, which sought to westernize the nation's various public institutions, it was truly a time of transformative change on Korea's political scene. Yet the reform frenzy could not be to the neglect of all other concerns. In particular, the First Minister was perturbed by the diplomatic situation, and the deep isolation the country suffered from its Western counterparts. It seemed as though Korea was a world apart from the likes of Britain, Scandinavia, and even its neighbor in Russia. Indeed, if the nation was to rise to the challenges of the day, the First Minister reasoned, it could not betray its glorious legacy and accept comfortable ignorance. The time is now to take a greater involvement in the affairs of nations, so that Korea may hope to bridge the gap between itself and others, and form a genuine and lasting partnership with an ally it can call its equal.

So, an ambitious plan was conceived. Accompanied by his distinguished delegation, it was decided that the First Minister would make the long trip across the Siberian wasteland and over the Eurasian steppe to directly visit the Russian President in Moscow. Gwon's cabinet was greatly inspired by the Russian republican tradition, yet they knew that relations between these two nations had historically been hostile. Still, tensions had simmered over the last few decades - with the exiling of the Joseon's and Korea's subsequent inward retreat. The First Minister was confident that, in this new era, they could turn an old foe into a friend.

The journey, historic as it certainly was, would be made far more feasible by the utilization of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which they would ride to make the distance in less than 10 days.

The grand event would unfold upon their arrival in Moscow, where the First Minister and his delegation were received with great honor by Russian dignitaries. The President himself would extend Gwon Jung-Hyeon a gracious reception, inviting him to a state banquet in a resplendent palace. There, the two would engage in a historic dialogue, the first of its kind, in which they discussed the various issues of their realm, and the mutual desire to join them together, through trade agreements, cultural exchange, and economic cooperation. While no official agreement would be signed in the duration of their stay, the event served to lift the veil between the two nations and provide the framework for strong bilateral ties in the year to come.

As part of the official program, First Minister Gwon Jung-Hyeon delivered the following speech addressing an audience of Russian diplomats, statesmen, and citizens.

Excerpt

"The task of this new century is to wage peace, not war, to sow the seeds of friendship, rather than violence and destruction. Our fates are inextricably bound to this goal, and as Republics, our loyalties are shared, to the great citizenry of our nation, not to rulers and warlords whose bloodlust prompts them to inflict unimaginable suffering in the name of vain honor. We know it is wrong, and because it is wrong, we will put aside the differences of the past to forge a new kinship for this age."

"In doing so, we undertake the task of building a bridge between two different worlds, as we know, no matter how vast the distance between our two capitols may be, there is no stretch of land the Russian people cannot cross, there is no obstacle they cannot overcome, there is no friendship they cannot forge. Neither so for the Korean people. Let us go forth to join our people for the difficult tasks of this era and forge them as footsoldiers in the great battle against imperialism, despotism, and illiberalism."

Beyond the diplomatic table, the state visit showcased the richness of Russian culture to Gwon's delegation, featuring art exhibitions, traditional performances, and culinary showcases. They were especially fascinated by religious demonstrations and the ubiquitously Orthodox Christian populace; these faiths had little to no presence thousands of miles back home in East Asia. Their return in the ensuing weeks would introduce each of these items of interest to the Korean people. For his part, the First Minister made sure the accord received his most esteemed praise, as it represented a historic step in exiting the nation from its hermit shell—a lasting victory against the scourge of isolationism.

[Spamage]

1900 News of the World

Third Imperial Reform

Emperor Maximilian V (right) and his two younger brothers, Archdukes Xavier and Henry
(Made by Me via Midjourney)

   With France preoccupied by India and the Americas and Russia consumed by the coalition-building in the aftermath of the Duma election, Louis-Henry determined to push forward with the Third Imperial Reform. This was a rare show of unanimity by the Habsburg regents, all three accepting that it was the most fitting way to honor the late Emperor Charles IX. The measure was reintroduced to the Imperial Diet on June 10th, 1900. After a brief, yet spirited debate, it passed that house on June 25th, heading to the Electoral College, where the major princes would vote. Here too the decision was rushed through, the measure adopted, calling for elections in early 1901 and the formalization of the new system on July 1st, 1901. 
   It was a milestone in Imperial history. Only twice before had such major changes been enacted to the system, during the reign of Maximilian I in 1495 and that of Francis II in 1849. A massive service of Thanksgiving was held in St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna of September 1st, the young Emperor Maximilian V, his siblings, the regents, and representatives from all corners of his dominions taking part. Even the Saxon, Polish, Serbian, and Prussian kings were coerced into attending. Despite all the novel developments in the continent, be it Russian democracy or French reactionary-socialism, this ceremony demonstrated that Old Europe was still alive and well, with all of its ceremony and traditionalism. Subjects crowded the streets, banners celebrating the success of Louis-Henry’s policies.
   Yet, all were not pleased. Habsburg police forces put down several protests in Budapest against the adoption of the measure, some Hungarians arguing that their realm would be even more neglected by the Viennese German-speaking regime. Just 19 years on from the Katona Affair, there is still a sizable faction in that realm that would bolt from the Habsburg Monarchy if given the chance.
   Similarly, the reaction outside of Germany was far from positive. For centuries France has been the defender of ‘German Liberties’, seeking to keep the Empire weak and sabotage attempts at consolidation. From Francis I to Richelieu to Louis XIV, the French monarchy sought to keep Germany down. Now, some wondered whether Louis XX has been lured too strongly about the prospect of colonial glory, abandoning what has heretofore been a key diplomatic goal of his realm. Similarly, in Scandinavia attempts to bolster the popularity of Charles XIV were undermined by Scandinavia’s impotence in the face of Habsburg determination to adopt the measure. The realm of Gustav Adolph has meekly assented to the Third Imperial Reform, many seriously concerned about a weaking of sovereignty over the territories so recently seized from Prussia.

Fighting in South Asia Expands

French and Aceh Soldiers Engaging in Combat, 1900
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

The Fate of Mysore
   Mysore had little hope as the second half of the year commenced, a second sustained French onslaught preventing the realm from organizing sufficient resistance. While the writing seemed on the wall, news of China’s intervention bolstered the cause for a time. Still, in the absence of material support from a nearby ally, the cause could not endure. Mahe fell on August 15th, Bangalore on September 5th, and Mangalore on September 22nd. The Sultan was forced into the city of Mysore, his last remaining territory, besieged with his 20 remaining divisions in the city by the French.

French Conquest of Aceh
   Long-promised to Louis XX with the Congress of Copenhagen, the French government decided 1900 was the proper time to make good on its claims to the Sultanate of Aceh. The matter was helped greatly by that sovereigns vocal and insistent sympathy with Mysore amidst that realm’s continued defeat. 30 French divisions landed in September at Banda Aceh, demanding the sultan surrender. Sultan Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II determined to resist, having long condemned the colonization of the East Indies. Calling on all faithful Muslims to take up arms against Paris, he and his forces fled into the mountains of western Sumatra and have begun to resist the French invasion. Still, the initial chaos of the French arrival prevented a full mobilization of the Aceh military forces. Guerilla fighting has erupted in the countryside. While the French have easy control over the major cities, their reach is tenuous outside of these. Many envision a multi-year long military campaign being necessary in order to bring the region to heel.

China Strikes!
   Europe may have forgotten the importance of the Congress of Copenhagen, but China had not. President Kang Youwei would not stand idly by while another regional nation was swallowed by the rapacious European colonial realms. Determined to teach the French a lesson, and explicitly calling solely for the restoration of Mysore to its pre-war borders, Chinese soldiers poured across the border of their sister-republic in northern Burma into French Burma. They met token resistance, the bulk of the French forces in the Raj deployed in the final onslaught against Mysore. Chinese gains were ample. While many of the Burmese Catholics looked on in horror, terrified to have seemingly been abandoned by Versailles, the region rapidly fell. A last-ditch attempt to hold onto Rangoon by a group of Burman loyalists to the French cause was too disorganized to succeed, the city falling to Chinese occupation on October 5th. While there were plans for a follow-up push into Bengal, by the end of the year delays caused by initial supply difficulties and hold-outs in several stubborn communities meant the campaign would have to wait.   

Colombian War

Colombian Soldiers at the Battle of Pisco, 1900
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

The Surprise Assault
   The fight in South America exploded northwards with the new century. Brazil determined to settle its long-term disagreements with its northern neighbor by the sword, assembling a coalition with Quebec and France. The Hohenzollerns of Quebec had never forgiven the Colombian bishops for the execution of King Frederick I of Colombia in 1838, though more cynical observers noted they also coveted Colombia’s Pacific possessions. France, meanwhile, seemed determined to expand its reach in the Americas to counter extensive British influence in the region. Together they plotted to subdue Colombia, hoping to knock out the nation in one stroke.
   Tensions between Colombia and Brazil had been simmering for so long, perhaps there was a degree of complacency. On the morning of May 20th, allied vessels cut telegraph lines across the Atlantic, hoping to slow word of their actions spreading into Europe. Yet, that continent was aware something was afoot when all communication from the region went dark. A sense of foreboding emerged as governments waited for news from the region.
   The Colombian fleet on the Caribbean was met with a surprise Franco-Brazilian assault, opening with a punishing round of torpedoes. The vessels, caught unawares, took crucial time to respond and make ready for combat. Battleships such as the ARC Vicente Arbeláez and ARC Arauca were sunk within the hour. While countermeasures were taken against the initial onslaught, the appearance of Brazilian and French battleships on the horizon further paralyzed the Colombian fleet. After several brief engagements, including a well-placed hit on the FS Marie Fernandina, the fuel tanks exploding and killing most of those onboard, the battered Colombian vessels made for port. They fled as rapidly as possible to the protection of the guns of Cartagena, where they made port, effectively ceding the Caribbean to the Franco-Brazilian forces. The tonnage lost in the Atlantic for the Colombians has been a significant blow.
   Less effective was an attempt by the allies to sabotage the Colombian Pacific fleet. Relatively speaking, due to fewer friendly ports and Colombia’s sprawling Pacific presence, this navy was far better prepared to deal with an unexpected assault. Not only did they sink most of the torpedo ships that had attempted to sabotage them, but major hits were landed on the NMB São Pedro and the NMB Concepção Imaculada. Disorganized and lacking a clear plan in the event of Colombian resistance, the Franco-Brazilian fleet was forced to cede the Pacific to Colombia, limping back to the Galapagos where their future course of action was debated.

Caribbean Campaign
   With the Colombian Atlantic fleet crippled, the Triple Alliance had free reign over the Caribbean Sea. This was crucial for their operational goals during the year. Despite Colombian attempts to bolster the defenses of Panama, a French operation out of Brazilian Central America overwhelmed their defenses. A further push by General Jacques Duchesne into the Darien Gap proved to be ineffective, the difficulties of navigation and lack of infrastructure forcing the French back into Panama proper and preventing them from achieving their key goals of grabbing Bogota and Medellin. Clearly, the gap would have to be bypassed by sea. Still, control of the Panama Canal has been seen as a major coup, at very least giving the Anti-Colombian Alliance a bargaining chip.
   Yet, Panama was not the only site of allied operations. Well-aware of the affinity between Haiti and Colombia, France unilaterally declared war on that island nation as well. A century and a half after King Louis XV had granted the island to the Portuguese in the 1750s, the French returned. The Haitians, having not faced a serious threat to their independence since the Spanish had been expelled almost seventy years ago, were aghast at this blatant act of imperialism. Port-au-Prince was shelled into submission, but the people vowed defiance. President François Denys Légitime joined thousands fleeing the city with the arrival of the French, determined to take the fighting into the vast wilderness on the island. While further French operations secured the city of Santo Domingo on the Spanish-speaking half of the Haitian Republic, the Battle of Belladere saw a French effort to exert control inland repulsed. The Haitians were determined to never return to bondage again. Though France may have abolished slavery, many had little illusions about how life would be under Louis XX.
   Quebec took its first offensive moves in the Americas around this point as well. The Quebecois fleet, having hung back during the initial skirmishes between the Colombians and the Franco-Brazilian squadrons, conveniently appeared and set about occupying outstanding Colombian possessions. Trinidad, Curacao, and Aruba all fell with little resistance, the region caught surprised by the onslaught.

Venezuelan & Amazonian Campaign
   In addition to operations in the outlying territories, several tremendous stabs would be made into the Colombian heart. A joint Franco-Brazilian effort to conquer Venezuela marched north along the Atlantic coast. They met little resistance as Colombia sought to organize its defenses. Bogota could only watch in horror as its defenses were brushed aside, Caracas, the second city of the Holy Republic besides Bogota, falling into the hands of its assailants. By the end of 1900, with much of the Venezuelan coast under their control, the allies could look back with satisfaction on their success in that theater.
   Despite attempts to provision their soldiers effectively, a Brazilian push into the Amazon proved to be disastrous. Not because of any Colombian resistance, but because of tremendous difficulties caused by the never-ending jungle. As the 35 divisions headed upriver, conditions went from poor at Macapa, to bad at Santarem, to worse at Manuas. Navigation of these barely-charted regions proved to be next to impossible. The humidity and weather spoiled rations and eventually diseases such as yellow fever began to spread among the ranks. As boats required repair, movement slowed. There were whispers of mutiny, thousands of men deserting the cause and attempting to march back home, almost universally dying in the vast wilderness. This was coupled with repeated raids by the indigenous Amazonians, seeking to expel the intruders from their homeland. Many wondered why and how the government had agreed to such a scheme, leaving them lost far upriver and away from the true scenes of fighting.

Peruvian Campaign & Andean Aid
   Along with the success of the Pacific Fleet in staving off the Franco-Brazilian assault off the coast of Ecuador, the Peruvian theater proved to be a rare bright spot for the Colombian regime in this otherwise disastrous year. Contingency orders for mobilization in the event of a Brazilian invasion came in handy, even if the planners had not realized the scale of the onslaught.
   The Andean Free State recognized the perilous position it would be placed in if it was separated from Colombia’s potential aid. In a unanimous vote, the tripartite governing council elected to join the Colombian soldiers in the defense of Peru from a two-pronged Brazilian onslaught. While this meany they were uninvolved in the La Platan land-grab, leadership remembered that Brazil was their primary foe. Their forty-something division force from the mountains bore down on the Brazilian Army Group 4, which had disembarked in Arica, aiming to shoot north and conquer Lima and the rest of coastal Peru. They shadowed the Brazilians as they headed north, coordinating with the Colombian forces.
   Actual engagements began with the Battle of Pisco. The gruesome fight saw the Colombian-Andean forces face the Brazilian invaders. It was not necessarily decisive on its own, the Brazilians repelling repeated onslaughts on the part of their enemies, but it halted their offensive, Lima just 231 kilometers away. In a sign of how hated the Brazilians were by the Andeans, prisoners were often tortured or mistreated, only Colombian intervention sparing them from outright execution. Brazilian general Hermes da Fonseca saw no other option than to dig in, his supply lines cut and enemies all around. Mass trench networks have been constructed around the city of Pisco, daring the Colombians and Andean soldiers to assault the city, which has become a fortress. The guns meant to shell Lima into submission have now been employed in the defense of the Brazilian position. Thousands of Brazilian soldiers sit besieged, hoping that their fleets will wrest control of the Pacific from the Colombians based at Quito and rescue them. Well-provisioned, it is expected they will be able to hold out slightly longer than a year, if need be. There has also been talk of an effort to break out and restore the war of movement, though it remains to be seen if General da Fonseca will pursue this avenue. 
   Navigation of the Western Amazon proved rather difficult for the Army Group 3, the second force of Brazilian soldiers aiming to cross the jungle and commence a full-fledged assault on Colombian Peru. They faced many of the same difficulties as Army Group 2 in the middle of the Amazon (disease, supply difficulties, lack of infrastructure, and frequent misdirection due to faulty intel). Unlike Army Group 2, however, commanders elected to turn back before the situation got too dire, fully realizing the infeasibility of carrying out such a massive operation through the Amazon. While some condemned them for disobedience, especially given the situation developing at Pisca, others lauded them for saving the lives of thousand of Brazilian men, who ended their year at Matto Grasso rather than deep in the rainforest.

The Pacific & Asia
   Colombia’s colonial empire was left vulnerable to the onslaught. Colombian Malaya was easily nabbed by a French expeditionary force, the small colonial garrison overwhelmed. The Philippines, loyal to their sister-republic, stood defiant, and joined the war against the Anti-Colombian Alliance. They declared war on each of the three powers in turn. Quebec, who had initially offered generous terms, grew impatient with the regime and elected to shell the city of Manila into submission. While the city was then occupied by the Quebec fleet, the Filipino government merely fled into the countryside and determined that the struggle would continue. Given the vast extent of that realm, there were many pessimistic about the prospects of conquering the region.
   Quebecois operations also commenced against Colombian territories to the south. The Sunwon Islands rapidly changed hands, lightly manned settlements surrendering in the face of overwhelming force. Fiji was stormed, sacked when the garrison refused to surrender, and occupied by Empress Wilhelmina’s soldiers. Further operations against Papua New Guinea saw the southern coast secured, though this caused great alarm on the part of both New Holland and British Australia. Still, the vastness of Colombia’s colonial holdings has meant that even by year’s end, dozens of islands in the South Pacific remain under Bogota’s command, as well as most of Papua New Guinea. 1901 will likely witness continued struggle for this vast region.

Return of the King

The Restored Henry V & I, 1900
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   Despite the chaos to the north, a clearer situation emerged in Santiago. The Regency Council unanimously called for the restoration of the deposed Henry V of Spain, inviting him to return from exile and lead the Chilean people against the forces of religious tyranny. His Quebecois in-laws granted their blessing and an escort to end the sovereign’s three decades in exile. On June 7th, 1900, a Quebecois escort fleet docked in Santiago, the king returning to the soil from where he had been abducted for his own safety during the last stages of the War of the Triple Alliance.
   A 32-year-old had left and a 60-year-old returned. Absence had made the king a beloved figure, any quibbles with his Spanish origins evaporating with the glow of respectability he had won with his past bravery. Henry was greeted with an outpouring of widespread public support, crowds massing at the docks and escorting him into the center of Santiago. The king’s first act as to kneel, praying for the soul of his late brother Prince Charles, executed after the fall of Santiago in 1872. A Catholic service of Te Deum was then held in the Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral. To the people he represented an end to Catholic-Republican tyranny and a restoration of order.
   The king, filled with gratitude to the people of Chile, decided to be crowned once more on July 13th, the feast of St. Henry. He adopted the title Henry V & I, King of Spain, Chile, and the Mapuche. Conscious of his unique status, he proclaimed that the titles would split upon his death, the Spanish claim and rule of Chile passing to his two sons Henry and Antonius. Yet, despite all the celebrations, the war continued.
   The return of the detested Bourbons, a family so vilified by the Catholic-Republican regime in La Plata, proved Archbishop-President Toro’s impotence, even to his most loyal followers. With Brazil showing no signs of involvement, action was finally taken. Parties with grievances against the regime hastened to take revenge. To the north, Guarani and Tupi leadership, inspired by the Mapuche, declared their independence easily expelling those of the La Platan soldiers that did not desert to their cause. The region of Paraguay had long sought autonomy, only to be subjected to decades of repression under Toro’s regime in far-off Cordoba. La Platan liberals, seeking to return to the ideals of the 1830s, assembled in Bahia Blanca and decreed a new Frederation of La Plata, assembling a congress and inviting deputies from the rest of the old Sacred Union to send representatives.
   By the end of the year, Toro continued to cling to power in Cordoba, though increasingly surrounded by enemies. Paranoia ruled the city, mass killings carried out against those showing signs of dissent. Perhaps this was with good reason, armies sent against his multiplying rivals have either melting away or changing sides outright. Only time will tell what 1901 has in store for the crumbling Sacred Union of La Plata.

[Spamage]

Parties, Elections, and Politics

Prince Imperial Frederick of Quebec, 1900
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Scandinavia
   Charles XIV decided to in fact call an election in mid-1900, the vote scheduled for August of the year. What followed was a spirited Riksdag campaign, the future of Scandinavia being hotly debated as crises erupted all around the globe. While the Crown remained neutral, there were many who suspected tacit support for the governing conservatives on the part of the king.

Scandinavian Riksdag Election, 1900: 350 Seats (175 needed for a majority)
Lantmannpartiet (Conservative): 146 seats (-36)
Liberlerna (Liberal): 77 seats (+5)
Socialdemokraiska Arbetarepari (Socialist): 70 seats (+4)
Skandinaviska Folkets Förbund (Right-wing nationalist): 32 seats (+32)
Parti av Livlands självstyre (Livonian Autonomists): 12 seats (-3)
Deutsche Volkspartei (German Nationalists): 12 seats (+-0)
Suomen Kansanpuolue (Finnish Particularists): 5 seats (+1)

   A notable result in the aftermath of the Third Imperial Reform was the overperformance of the newly-emerging Scandinavian right-wing nationalist political party. Inspired by Vladimir Purishkevich and the Nevsky Front, the Scandinavian People’s Union (SFF) had been founded back in 1898, but seen only limited success. Yet, with the reign of Charles XIV and the Third Imperial Reform, it was one of the few political groups to vocally criticize the crown. Leader Gustav Alriksson vocally condemned the incumbent government in fiery addresses. Overnight the SFF leaped into political relevance, garnering 10% of the vote when all was said and done. While this only meant several dozen seats, it demonstrated the very real risk faced by the Lantmannpariet in being outflanked on the right.
   The conservatives lost their majority, hemorrhaging 36 seats and being forced into an awkward dilemma. They could either align themselves with the controversial and borderline authoritarian SFF or form yet another grand coalition with the Liberals. While many expected that Tage Reedtz-Thott would remain on as Statsminister, he deferred to the crown on how to proceed. At the end of the year, coalition negotiations still remained stalled, all sides looking to Charles XIV for advice.

Quebec
   On July 15th, 1900, just as operations in Colombia were really beginning to take off, Empress Wilhelmina went into labor. After 12 grueling hours, the great news emerged, a son had been born! The child was immediately christened Frederick, in honor of Frederick II of Prussia, the man who had done so much to advance the dynasty. Cannons were sounded, widespread celebration being proclaimed throughout the realm. While the birth has not quieted the issues of the succession, given Crown Prince Frederick’s claim is predicated on his mother’s, it has gone a good way to aid the cause. At the child’s baptism in early August, he was held by Prime Minister Papineau. The child’s godparents included Princess Paulina of Prussia (the intended bride for Wilhelmina’s late brother), Helena of Prussia (Augustus Leopold’s sister and the child’s paternal aunt), Henry V & I of Spain and Chile (in absentia), and the ancient Prince Louis (his great-great uncle). Indeed, the appearance of the 81-year-old Quebecois prince demonstrated a rapprochement between one of the claimants and Empress Wilhelmina, Louis finally reaching a suitable agreement with his grandniece in exchange for reconciliation. 
   

Schism in the House of Orleans
War Between Louisiana and Mexico; Poison Gas Employed!

Army of Prince Guillermo Seizes Durango, 1900
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   The two monarchies of the House of Bourbon-Orleans sealed their enmity at the start of the new century. There had been hopes the diplomatic dispute would be settled peacefully, but the ratcheting up of tensions with the Louisianan embargo and the subsequent Mexican blockade only served to enflame tensions. The resulting war between the two has been chaotic and convoluted, a true family feud as the dynasty tears itself apart. It is a visceral struggle, New Orleans standing in defiance of the Treaty of Trois-Rivieres through its use of chemical weapons. Particularly notable to most observers has been the ample supply of weapons each side possesses, foreign powers clearly seeking to cash in on the disorder in North America.

El Gran Miedo
   For those middle and upper-class Mexicans that had remained apolitical or neutral during the Border War, the Luis Reforms came as a shot across the bow. Panic gripped mass segments of Mexican society, many especially terrified by the loss of private property. The richest of Mexico’s old nobility and landholding families grabbed what they could carry and fled, either north towards Louisiana or to the major port cities. As military clashes erupted, thousands found themselves caught on the frontlines. Other wealthy Mexican families, far from the border, were forced to barter away their precious jewelry and material for massive discounts in order to purchase passage on rickety vessels, seeking refuge in either Cuba or Louisiana proper, hoping to evade their own government’s blockade. Thousands died when these vessels struck the underwater mines that had been placed in the Gulf to prevent Louisianan incursions.
   Meanwhile the dispossessed and impoverished took action into their own hands in the countryside, ofttimes exceeding royal orders. To them, it seemed the rich oppressive class was finally receiving its comeuppance. These radicals supported the king, dubbing themselves the “Royal Army” as they stormed into the remaining large landholdings, capturing those stubborn landholders that had remained behind, and executing them on the spot. Local business elites, often genuinely guilty of price gouging and oligopoly behavior, were murdered by their onetime employees and customers.
   The scenes were particularly dramatic at Veracruz. As word reached the city of war between Mexico and Louisiana, mass riots erupted, led by many of these led by these fleeing middle-class Mexicans. The mobs stormed through the city, expelling Luis’ administrators and declaring Veracruz to be an ‘open city’. This suited the designs of the Louisianans nicely…

Texas Campaign
   It was not clear to observers on the ground which side was to blame for the outright eruption of hostilities. Louisianan observers reported a Mexican crossing of the Rio Grande, though the Mexican commanders alleged this was because of shots fired against their position. Regardless of who was at fault, the situation spiraled rapidly out of control. Roughly 90 Mexican divisions were deployed for various operations in that region. Many noted that a good deal of these men had a different Spanish accent than the Mexicans, clearly being involved from some other theater, but answers remained elusive.
   The Texas campaign proceeded in two stages. To the west, a massive number of men crossed the Rio Grande and occupied the Big Bend region of Texas. They captured border settlements such as El Paso, while secondary operations out of Arizona and the Mojave captured Albuquerque and Santa Fe, before pushing west into the Llano Estacado. While this resulted in the capture of a vast amount of territory, this region was sparsely populated and somewhat limited in its importance aside from the oil reserves that came with it. 
   The crucial fighting occurred further to the east. The bulk of the Mexican forces crossed the Rio Grande, pushing back the Louisianans to the Nueces River. Louis-Phlippe’s men held there for a while, before their position gradually began to deteriorate, when they withdrew back further to the Colorado River. They held here again, withdrawing in good order to the Brazos River. This strategy of employing natural barriers for defense coupled with good-order withdrawals worked marvelously to slow the Mexican push inland, though it came at the cost of thousands of lives on either side. By the end of the year the Louisianan and Mexican forces stood face to face on a front running the length of the Brazos River, the government in New Orleans daring King Luis to order yet another assault. While their defense has been admirable though, it must be noted that a good deal portion of Texas has been lost.

Louisiana Prepares for War
   With the outbreak of war, King Louis-Philippe was taking little chances with any sort of internal dissent. The formation of a coalition between the ULP and the CeC (reactionary, pro-monarchist party), signaled the king was adopting a strong attitude in domestic affairs. In that same vein, the crown embarked on a mass arrest of supposed dissidents, particularly the Columbian separatists. Incriminating materials were uncovered in the papers of John Brown Gordon linking him to secessionist plots, resulting in a mass crackdown on the CNP. Dozens of Anglophone separatist leaders were rounded up and sent to prison, throwing the movement into temporary disorder. Conveniently, this move also freed up roughly a dozen seats in the National Assembly.

Louisiana’s Push South
   The Louisianan and Mexican fleets met in the Gulf of Mexico, each seeking to wrest control of the sea from the other. The two armadas were relatively evenly matched, the battleships clashing several hundred miles off the coast of Galveston. The fighting was particularly challenging because each side knew the maneuvers of the others after decades of brotherly cooperation in the North American Alliance. Yet, Mexico’s forces were spread a bit thin, especially through its ongoing attempt to blockade the Gulf. After several hours of inconclusive skirmishing, a lucky Louisianan shell hit the ADM Montezuma, sinking that vessel and increasing Louisiana’s advantage. As the damaged Mexicans withdrew to Cozumel, goading the Louisianans to follow them and try to break out of the south, the Louisianan fleet instead continued down the coast, landing at the Free City of Veracruz and disembarking thousands of men there. The Southern Army of Louisiana, accompanied by thousands of Augustinians, disembarked and declared their intent to cut the heart of out Luis II’s empire.
   The Louisianan expeditionary force sought to march on the capital straight away, swatting aside initial feeble attempts by local garrisons to expel them. It seemed as though Mexico City would fall any day. Yet, the invaders had not factored in the support of the common people for Luis’ reforms. Many of the indigenous Mexicans near Oaxaca joined with the armed peasant bands in the ‘Royal Army’ setting themselves between the Louisianan forces and the city. While they were, in truth, ill-prepared and undertrained fighters, they made up for their poor quality with quantity. Louisianan general John A. Lejeune was beaten back three times as his men tried to march on Mexico in the Battle of the Rio Blanco, being denied a chance to ascend onto the Mexican Plateau. On the third day, in a desperate attempt to scatter the local partisans, mustard gas was deployed, with limited effectiveness due to their scattered and disorganized fighting style. Calling on reinforcements from New Orleans for a second push on the capital, Lejeune contented himself with securing most of the province of Veracruz for Louisiana.

Civil Resistance in the North
   In the aftermath of El Gran Mierdo, those elites that elected not to flee determined to fight. The ranching classes in northern Mexico in particular armed themselves and prepared for war. The embers of the Border War exploded in this region once again, many of the new rebels having previously tried to defeat Luis, only surrendering with the defeat of Augustine in 1895 and their subsequent royal pardon. Denouncing the Luis Reforms, they proclaimed themselves the ‘Army of Guillermo’, taking up the cause of the infant prince who had been displaced in the succession by his father’s order. They were joined by formerly exiled Augustinians, funneled back into Mexico through Louisianan connivance. Chihuahua and Durango became hotbeds of insurrection once more. Recognizing they could not win in a field battle against the forces of the government, most of these rebels adopted hit-and-run tactics. The railroad running north through Chihuahua was cut off, Mexico forced to supply the Texan campaign by the coastal line, slowing supply and preventing the fulfillment of its second stage of operations in that theater.

War in Arabia & Its Environs; Crisis Expands

Assassination of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, 1900
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Scandivian-Omani War
   Iran and Scandinavia plotted together to humiliate Oman and carve up the remaining independent regions of the Near East between themselves, signing a tacit agreement to that effect very early in the year. The mistreatment of a Scandinavian merchant in Muscat by local authorities in May proved to be all the cause the two parties needed to take action. Stockholm declared war, Tehran following suit just hours later. Oman instantly found itself beset by foes. Sultan Faisal bin Turki reportedly geared the worst, especially when the Scandinavian fleet appeared off the coast of Muscat and demanded surrender. Yet, perhaps through divine intervention, fate would save the realm from total destruction. While Muscat did in fact fall, the Sultan fleeing into the desert, the struggle would only be against one power, not two.

Assassination of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar!
   Just as Iran prepared for war, declaring on the Omani Sultanate, the realm would be rocked by the death of their beloved sovereign within the day. Naser al-Din Shah was murdered in cold blood upon departing a mosque on May 11th, 1900, after a reign spanning decades. The assailant rapidly turned the gun on himself, denying the Iranian police the truth of who was behind it. While the Shah was beloved, his enemies were many. The Iranian reformists, the Shi’ite clergy, Armenians and Kurds discontented with the land swaps and annexation, the Omani, the Saudis, the Russians, and even his own sons were all deemed as potential culprits in his murder. The world may never know which party was truly responsible.
   Still, the death of the Shah had major implications for the realm. While Naser al-Din had been clear that the succession ought not to be changed despite his son and heir being a wastrel, many felt this was the wrong choice. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar had little experience with government, having been shut out of decision-making by his father for his entire life. The new ruler felt himself unable to lead a war-effort, putting a hold in the intended campaign against Oman and leaving Scandinavia out in the cold. Yet, despite his efforts to avoid war, it was coming to him regardless.

Rashidi-Saudi War
   The death of Naser al-Din Shah was all it took for the fragile Saudi-Rashidi truce in the Arabian Peninsula to erupt into open warfare once more. The new Shah, lacking discretion, relayed the intent to divide up Arabia with Scandinavia to several Sunni clerics, who passed along the intelligence to the Saudis. Unwilling to sit meekly by and be made into a protectorate, war erupted on the sands. Declaring his alliance with Oman, a punishing push north by the Emir Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud caught the Rashidi by surprise. He maintained the initiative through the duration of the year, many Arabians siding with him over the Rashidi, widely accepted as Iranian puppets by this point.

Ethiopia
   Not to be outshone, the Austrian government decided to make good on some of its claims to Ethiopia. A token expeditionary force was sent into Tigray, a direct violation of Ethiopian sovereignty and a challenge to Emperor Menelik II. Not a man to take this threat lightly, the Ethiopians responded, sending several of their own divisions against the Habsburg forces. The two sides met at the Battle of Mekele, where the Austrians and their machine guns put the Ethiopians to flight. In the aftermath of the scuffle many local elites swore token homage to Emperor Maximilian V, the region falling under nominal Habsburg control. Yet, there are concerns this skirmish merely presages a broader war in the region, Menelik II declaring his intent to see the territory liberated and calling for an expulsion of the foreigners.

[Lumine]

Wikimedia Commons

The North Pole Conquered!

An astounding triumph for mankind!

(With Spamage's permission)

Hear this, hear this!

Thirty years after the conquest of the South Pole by Brazil, a new page has been written into the history of exploration and of man's desire to explore the Earth and every corner of creation. Invoking the need for close cooperation in order to succeed in this dangerous enterprise, the Russian Republic, the Kingdom of Scandinavia, and the Empire of Québec joined forces in order to ensure that the North Pole, one of the last undiscovered corners of the planet, would be at last reached by man.

The Scandinavian team was led by Fridtjof Nansen, Hjalmar Johansen, and Salomon August Andree; the Russian team by Fyodor Andreyevich Matisen, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak and Nikifor Alekseevich Begichev; and the Québecois team by Joseph-Elzéar Bernier, Arthur Philemon Coleman, and Joseph Tyrrell. They all traveled via icebreaker to Spitsbergen, Scandinavia, from where the combined teams departed.

In their two-month journey - including their victorious return - the men braved the cold, the dangerous terrain, the threat of polar bears, and many such other challenges. In the end, they prevailed, with Nansen, Bernier and Matisen being the first men to reach the North Pole and plant the proud flags of their respective nations.

Their return home has been rightfully celebrated as a victory for the three nations and a triumph for humankind, with President Milyukov, King-Emperor Charles, and Empress Wilhelmina all cabling their effusive congratulations. The members of the expedition are expected to be suitably honored and rewarded.

[OBD]

The 1900 North American Cup
Host New England Victorious, Iberian Powers Emerge
with permission from Spamage

A stray ball is launched into the crowd as Quebec defeats France 2-1
via Spamage, Midjourney

Occurring amidst a backdrop of growing tensions around the world, the North American Cup of 1900 would provide a welcome respite from the conflicts. Ten nations, spanning across several continents, would send delegations to Boston to partake in spirited competition through football. These nations would include three of the traditional four participants in the storied North American Cup - host New England, Quebec, and Mexico - alongside the seven invitee nations of the United Kingdom, Colombia, Scandinavia, France, Spain, Portugal, and Naples.

Chairman Fitzgerald, a great fan of the sport, personally presided over the ceremonies. In addition to the traditional football grounds on Boston Common, in the heart of the rebuilt city, games would take place at newly constructed stadiums in Fenway and Cambridge. Fans from across New England and the world would travel to Boston to witness the games, many arriving by New England’s extensive network of rail lines.

Chairman Fitzgerald is escorted onto Boston Common to formally open the North American Cup
via National Park Service

Alongside the football contests themselves, the North American Cup would be accompanied with a showcase of the best hospitality New England had to offer. This would include generous spreads of traditional New English cuisine - fresh lobster and fish dishes alongside craft alcohol and a wide variety of delicious pies. While fine dining would of course be offered to dignitaries, more informal dishes would also be highlighted. Festivities would also highlight the many cultures of New England - the "melting pot" of the world, including street vendors and music - these would be open to the public.

Boston would also take the opportunity to showcase her newest buildings and technologies to the world. Taking advantage of the increased international presence, the universities of the Confederation would convene at Harvard to demonstrate advancements in New English science to the public, particularly electricity and hydropower. City officials would tout the first-ever ‘subway’ running under central Boston, as well as the city’s growing trolley system used to ferry spectators to and from the other stadiums. And, of course, tours were offered to the construction site of the grand Statue of Liberty, which would be fully completed and ready to welcome the nations of the world to Boston - the Gateway to America - within a few years.

Group Play

Before the tournament, the odds-on favorites were the trio of North American nations, whose teams had a significant advantage in experience over their European counterparts. Since the end of the North American War two decades prior, international competitive football had become a staple in North America. While Louisiana, a pillar of football’s continent-wide explosion in popularity, was absent from the Cup, the three remaining North American teams (including reigning champion Quebec) were all strong contenders to hold onto the title. The Colombian team, who had cut their teeth against the Mexicans in friendly competition, were also viewed as strong contenders.

However, things would quickly be turned on their head with the emergence of two surprising contenders - the Iberian nations of Spain and Portugal. Portugal would burst on the scene after a stunning 3-0 upset of the Quebecois favorites followed by a tie with group-leading New England, while Spain would, similarly, beat Colombia then tie Mexico. However, their rises would be defined by different attributes - the Spanish breaking out with their potent offense, while the Portuguese would be defined by their stout defense, allowing just one goal throughout the entire group stage. Nonetheless, the unexpected excellence from the Iberian sides would captivate football fans around the world over, and gain them many new fans.

Buoyed by raucous home crowds and competent players honed by years of domestic play, New England would cruise to the top of Group A, with Portugal finishing second. Quebec, after a heartbreaking loss to New England and the aforementioned shock upset to Portugal, would rally with wins over France and the United Kingdom to sneak into the knockout rounds. Group B, meanwhile, would go down to the wire between Mexico and Spain - on the final day of round-robin play, with the Mexicans sitting out, Spain would give Scandinavia a bloody nose (winning 2-0) to secure the group off goal differential. Colombia would take third place to earn a crack at reaching the semifinals in a rematch versus Mexico.

Playoffs

The play-in would be opened by a rematch between Portugal and Quebec. The Quebecois team, gaining momentum after two hard-fought victories and eager for revenge against the Portuguese side, would come into the game with energy. However, Quebecois hopes would soon be shattered. Portugal would find their way past Quebec’s defenses twice in the first fourteen minutes, scoring a third time before the half to shatter Quebecois hopes of revenge. While Quebec would finally weave a goal past the Portuguese defense at the seventy-fifth minute, it was simply too little, too late for the Francophone side. Portugal would advance to face Spain in an Iberian rivalry game.

The other play-in game would be marred by news from the outside world. With news of three world powers invading their home country just reaching Boston, the listless Colombian team would be pummeled by the Mexicans, going down 4-0. The Colombian delegation would promptly leave Boston to return home to the ongoing battle for their nation.

New England and Mexico, the two remaining North American nations in the draw, would face each other in the semifinals, with the winner favored to win the tournament. Mexico would dominate the ball from the tip, but would be unable to find any goals against a tough New England defense - rather, it was New England that struck first, just before the half, much to the delight of the crowd. Increasingly desperate Mexican attempts to equalize would fail, with a New English striker scoring in the waning seconds of the game, an exclamation point to a statement victory.

The Iberian grudge match would become an instant classic, with both sides playing very aggressive, physical games. Portugal would open the scoring in the 22nd minute off a corner kick. Unlike the Mexicans, though, Spain would find an equalizer at the 58th minute - just the third goal scored against the Portuguese defense. With both teams searching for a dagger, it would ultimately be a Portugal goal at the 83rd minute to send the Portuguese team to a much-anticipated  - albeit unexpected - final against the home team.

Mexico and Spain would duel for third place two days before the scheduled final. With a smaller, more subdued crowd in attendance, the Mexican team would lead from wire-to-wire to secure the bronze medal, a small - but welcome - consolation for their heartbreaking loss to New England.

The sun shined high over Boston Common as the two North American Cup finalists took the field. The stands were filled to the brim with enthusiastic New English football fans, eager to see their team take home the North American Cup for the first time in history. The first half hour of the game would see the crowd somewhat subdued as the New English side attempted repeatedly to break through against Portugal. However, with a Portuguese player committing a hard foul at the thirtieth minute, an opportunity would arise - referees would award New England a penalty kick, which was easily converted. With New England up, Portugal would redouble their efforts to score, only to be stifled by a strong New English defense, and at the eightieth minute, New England would be awarded another penalty kick - much to the protest of the Portuguese coach, who would be ejected after aggressively confronting a referee. After converting the penalty and scoring once more just three minutes later, the match was all but over - while Portugal would get on the board with a last-minute goal, it was the ecstatic New England fans that stormed the field as their team secured the 1900 North American Cup. Chairman Fitzgerald, personally in attendance, was on deck to personally congratulate the victorious New English side and award them the hefty tournament trophy.

New England emerges victorious on Boston Common
via Spamage, Midjourney

In addition to being a historic triumph for New English football, the North American Cup, hopefully, has turned interest in football global, with new powerhouses emerging outside of the American continents. While the 1904 World Cup in Mexico may be in jeopardy due to conflict, football will certainly return to the global stage soon, with even more nations soon to join the sport.

[Spamage]

Gilded Ambitions: Concert of Europe Part V
Turn 2: 1901

Map of the World in 1901
(Source: Made by Me)

Cast and Characters
Kingdom of France: King-Emperor Louis XX de Bourbon (X)
Habsburg Monarchy: Archduke-Regent Louis-Henry von Habsburg-Lothringen (Dereich)
Russian Republic: President Pavel Milyukov (KaiserDave)
Kingdom of Scandinavia: King-Emperor Charles XIV of Hanover (Ypestis)
United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Americas: Queen Mary III of Hanover (S019)
Empire of Quebec: Empress Wilhelmina von Hohenzollern (Lumine)
Divine Republic of Brazil: Archbishop-President Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti (Windjammer)
Commonwealth of Louisiana: King Louis-Philippe III de Bourbon-Orleans (Dkrol)
Kingdom of Mexico: King Luis II de Bourbon-Orleans (Laki)
Chinese Republic: President Kang Youwei (HCP & DevoutCentrist)
Republic of Japan: President Tokugawa Iesato
Kingdom of Naples: Francis III de Bourbon-Naples (GoTfan)
Holy Republic of Gran Colombia: Archbishop-President Federico González Suárez (Kuumo)
Turkist Empire: Grand Vizier for Life Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (Spiral)
Holy Union of Spain: President Arsenio Linares y Pombo (DwarvenDragon)
Confederation of New England: Chairman John F. Fitzgerald (OBD)
Durrani Empire: Abdul II Shah Durrani (AverageFoodEnthusiast)
Korean State: First Minister Gwon Jung-hyeon (oldkyhome)

Popularity
Grand Vizier for Life Ahmed Muhtar Pasha: High, Divisive
Archduke-Regent Louis-Henry von Habsburg-Lothringen: High, Impassive
King-Emperor Louis XX de Bourbon: Moderate-High, Divisive
First Minister Gwon Jung-hyeon: Moderate-High, Impassive
President Pavel Milyukov: Moderate, Divisive
King Louis-Philippe III de Bourbon-Orleans: Moderate, Divisive
King Luis II de Bourbon-Orleans: Moderate, Divisive
Archbishop-President Federico González Suárez: Moderate, Impassive
Empress Wilhelmina von Hohenzollern: Moderate, Divisive
Archbishop-President Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti: Moderate, Divisive
Queen Mary III of Hanover: Moderate, Impassive
President Kang Youwei: Low, Divisive
Chairman John F Fitzgerald: Moderate, Impassive
President Arsenio Linares y Pombo: Moderate, Impassive
Abdul II Shah Durrani: Moderate, Impassive
King Francis III de Bourbon-Naples: Moderate, Divisive
King-Emperor Charles XIV of Hanover: Moderate-Low, Impassive

Economic Standings
Habsburg Monarchy: Strong
Kingdom of Naples: Moderate-Strong
Empire of Quebec: Moderate-Strong
Chinese Republic: Moderate
Kingdom of Scandinavia: Moderate
United Kingdom of Britain, Ireland, and the Americas: Moderate
Commonwealth of Louisiana: Moderate
Holy Union of Spain: Moderate
Kingdom of France: Moderate
Republic of Japan: Moderate
Russian Republic: Moderate
Turkist Empire: Moderate
Korean Republic: Moderate
Durrani Empire: Moderate
Confederation of New England: Moderate-Weak
Holy Republic of Gran Colombia: Weak
Divine Republic of Brazil: Weak
Kingdom of Mexico: Weak

Kingdom of France

(Source: Made by Me via Midjourney)

-France is strong, but France must fight. War stalks the world and lesser powers would see your government humiliated. Haiti, Aceh, and the remnants of Mysore require cleaning up. Colombia stands defiant and has a substantial Brazilian army encircled in Peru. Most shocking of all, though, has been the Chinese invasion of Burma. The uncivilized savages have sought to avenge the Mysorean cause, ignoring the illegitimacy of that cause on the first place. How will you handle these diplomatic crises? What steps must be taken to ensure that French greatness continues?

-To place your government on an effective war footing, some in your administration would expand upon your economic authority presently guaranteed by the Loyalty Act of 1885. At present, companies chartered after 1885 have been required to give the government a stake in ownership. Inspired by Luis II in Mexico, some believe it is time to go further. Only a strong leader can guarantee production quotas and supply lines, they argue. Perhaps it is time for the government to take total control of most of these private enterprises, at very least the weapons manufacturers and food supply. This could be achieved either through outright requisitioning on the passage of a formal law. Such a move would have the effect of punishing the remaining bourgeois, while also giving you unprecedented control over French society. Others are wary and have urged caution, concerned over potential economic corruption, mismanagement, and instability. How will you handle the French economy?

-It has been more than sixty years since Padania was established, cementing northwestern Italy to the French Royal Family. The union has endured. Yet, some in Paris question whether maintaining Padania as a separate political unit, complete with its own nominal political system, makes sense any longer. Intense Gallicization efforts have resulted in roughly half of the populace using French as their primary language, with 80% being able to speak it in some capacity. Some in your administration call the existing distinction between France and Padania meaningless, especially with the suppression of liberalism under your reactionary-socialist regime. Indeed, it must not be forgotten the role Padania played as a Xavier stronghold in the War of the Regency. These advisors would have it fully absorbed into France proper, given the ongoing emergency, in order to promote more efficient governance. Still, while perhaps rational, this could risk the enmity of either Austria or Naples. What actions will you take in regards to Padania?

Habsburg Monarchy

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The global diplomatic situation is a mess. France is at war with no less than 5 powers. The Americas as a whole have exploded into a massive, intercontinental conflagration. Perhaps even more concerning is the assertive anti-colonial attitude adopted by the Chinese who have allowed anti-imperialist socialists into their government and followed up with an intervention in French Burma. Indeed, many have been alarmed by the anti-European screeds published in Chinese newspapers. The business community in the realm has also become increasingly concerned over fighting at the Straits of Malacca. Your outposts at Singapore and Ningpo have had business operations disrupted by the presence of warships of the various combatants. How will the Habsburg Monarchy navigate this uncertain situation? What steps will be taken to keep Europe from falling into similar sorts of crises?

-With the Third Imperial Reform adopted comes the prospect of elections to the reformed Diet. Given the novel nature of this vote, and the precedents the first session of the reformed body will undoubtedly set, the selection of candidates will be critical. Already there are talks of party alliances beyond the existing borders, Prussian and Saxon liberals reaching an agreement late in 1900 to act as a unified bloc in the Empire. Though it would perhaps be unseemly for you as a regent to get too involved, there are tacit ways the government can back the various political groupings. Will you back docile conservatives or headstrong liberals? Or perhaps the power of government could be used to suppress less savory political ideologies such a socialism, pan-nationalism, or extreme ideologies such as Catholic-Republicanism. How will the regency handle the matter of the 1901 Imperial Reichstag elections?

-The ‘Emperor’ of Abyssinia has ignored your grandnephew’s rightful claims to the Tigray region and is making noises of countermeasures. Even though your men easily dispatched his forces last year, he will likely send more for a second attempt to expel you. While some would involve you in the conquest of the region, putting the matter to rest once and for all, others see the prospect as too risky with fighting erupting in Oman, India, and further to the east. What is to be done about the simmering tensions in Abyssinia?

Russian Republic

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-President Milyukov, the Duma has given its assent to your request for formalize a new constitution for the Russian Republic. A broad swathe of the political world has joined your cause, inspired by the prospect of formal and lasting change to the character of the Russian state. Even the Great Redeemer himself has come out of retirement, filled with ideas and proposals how the new government could avoid some of the mistakes of the old. While the extremists condemn the move, Purishkevich mocking the process as partisan democratic theater, hope remains in the air. What constitutional system do you envision? What will be your primary goals with the reform?

-Instability shakes the world on all sides of Russia. China has intervened in Burma, determined to chastise the French for their invasion of Mysore. With the death of Naser al-Din Shah, decades of tensions on the boiling point seem on the verge of exploding. To the west, Russia has been forced to stand idly by as the decadent and inbred nobility of the Holy Roman Empire centralize that entity yet further. What shape will Russia’s diplomatic policy take in 1901? What will you do about this chaotic global situation?

-Despite your efforts to bolster the police, both the Red Guard’s and Nevsky’s Sword are active on the streets of the republic. Indeed, as some incidents demonstrated in the recent election, they often outgun local police departments. Some wonder if it is time to put an end to the paramilitary chaos that has stalked the Republic ever since Mikhaylovsky meekly acquiesced to their arrival back in 1898. Still, others warn that the roots of these movements run deep and challenging them could have grave consequences for both the republic as well as internal stability. There is talk of a “Republican Guard” by your own supporters to enter the fray as well. Now that the elections are concluded, should something be done?

Kingdom of Scandinavia

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The election results are in and it will be up to you to form a government. The loss of a conservative majority is perhaps a bit frustrating, but the defeat came from the growth of the right-wing radicals rather than a liberal comeback. Some of your advisers have wondered aloud if a Conservative-SFF coalition could be an effective means of advancing royal authority, looking to Louisiana for inspiration, though others argue that a grand coalition ought to be encouraged instead. Still, perennial grand coalitions risk driving more voters to the extremes, even if they are the most stable means of governance. How will you deal with the fallout of the 1900 Riksdag election?

-Scandinavian investments have been placed in peril by the developments of the last year, causing much economic anxiety. The waters around the Scandinavian Caribbean islands are full of warships, Scandinavian business assets in Colombia are at risk of falling into anti-capitalist Brazilian hands, and the Mexican-Louisianan War has halted all trading out of the Gulf of Mexico. While not as severe as the Suez economic panic several decades ago, the prices of imported goods such as bananas, sugar, coffee, and tobacco are soaring. These are consumer goods and the fear is that the turmoil in Oman, Abyssinia, and Asia could lead to further inflation, squeezing the Scandinavian people yet further. What steps will you take to stabilize the economy before the situation gets too far out of hand?

-Scandinavia now finds itself embroiled in several conflicts in and around Arabia. While most of the Senussi-controlled population centers have been seized, the rebellion continues to simmer in that region. There is increasing evidence that elements within the Egyptian Army are passing along intelligence to the enemy. To the southeast of that conflict you have been involved in the growing war in Arabia. Some have gotten the sense that Iranian strength may have slipped with the death of Naser al-Din Shah. Perhaps it is time to rethink your strategy in that arena? What actions will you take in 1901 after the developments of the last year?

United Kingdom

(Source: Made by Me via Midjourney)

-Queen Mary, the prospect of marriage to the Duke of Hamilton has been positively received throughout the realm. The idea of a British family taking the British throne for the first time since the death of Queen Anne in 1714 has many nationalists excited. Indeed, your prospective husband’s family has roots in Scotland dating back to the time of Mary, Queen of Scots. His ancestors played major roles in the English Civil War and had descent from earlier Scottish monarchs. The English public, filled with romantic sentiment over old Scottish culture, seems all to happy to back the pairing, even if he is a good deal older than you. Will you marry in 1901?

-War has erupted on all sides of Britain. Your realm’s extensive investments in Colombia are under threat in the face of a Franco-Brazilian-Quebecois assault on your nominal friend. To your west Louisiana and Mexico have started to kill one another, each side seeking to become the dominant Orleanist power in North America. Many would have you intervene in some fashion in either of these conflicts, though there undoubtedly are risks in doing so. What diplomatic actions will you take amidst this chaotic situation in the Americas?

-Whatever you decide on the American situation, the instability there has not been good for the British economy. Nor has the clashes between France and Aceh near the Strait of Malacca. The cost of imports from South America and Asia have risen quite drastically over the past year. Shareholders in Colombian ventures have been in a rush to sell their stocks, fearing tremendous monetary losses. While the economic damage has only been slight so far, there are concerns that it could snowball into something greater, given your realm’s mercantile tradition. Given the preexisting tensions with domestic labour movements, this is less than desirable. How will you guarantee the economy stays on track?

Empire of Quebec

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The Americas are aflame and you are most certainly involved. Colombia did not fall as easily has had been hoped, though you were fortunate in being able to nab a good portion of their colonial empire. Yet, the fight goes on. More alarming has been the feuding between Mexico and Louisiana, that conflict weakening both powers as your territories remain unaffected. While there’s little love lost towards Louis-Philippe III, the idea of a Luis II in control of both Louisiana and Mexico fills Montreal with dread. Both conflicts rage at your doorstep, what steps will you take to handle them in the coming year?

-It seems you have placated the SUQ for the time being, especially with your offer of substantial social reform. Yet, given the outbreak of war, some would have you shelve the skeletal outlines of the Quebecois ‘Fair Deal’, arguing that government revenue ought to be directed to the armed forces and businesses are too hard-pressed at the moment to deal with another tax. This was a key aspect of your compromise with Papineau and the SUQ will likely feel a grave sense of betrayal if you do not follow through. How will you handle this sensitive economic matter?

-Quebec has not been immune from the economic contagion caused by developments to the south and across the Pacific. Decades of economic cooperation between the North American Alliance meant that numerous, robust supply chains have been disrupted by the Mexican blockade of the Gulf of Mexico and the Louisianan embargo of Mexico. Similarly, operations in the Pacific and Caribbean have deterred many firms from sending their vessels on fairly routine cargo hauls, fearing seizure or being mistaken for a combatant. The economy has experienced a dip at the moment, what will you do to guarantee it does not become a full-scale crisis? With consumer goods spiking in price, especially those coming from Mexico, what is to be done?

Divine Republic of Brazil

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Your decades-long tensions with Colombia have at last erupted into outright war. While there were some amazing achievements to be celebrated in the last year, including the conquest of Caracas and the savaging of the Colombian Atlantic Fleet, other parts of the campaign proved less inspiring. Many in the government feel as though your government was done wrong by your allies, who urged you to involve yourself in some rather treacherous theaters while they took the low-hanging fruit in Panama, Aruba, Curacao, and Malaya. Indeed, the northern attempt to stab through the heart of the Amazon has been particularly frustrating, many in the military high command pointing fingers at one another. Yet, the past is done. Looking forward some method of rescue must be decided for your soldiers encircled in Peru. Some have urged you to order them to break out of their fortress and march south towards the Andean Free State and La Plata, far closer to Brazilian territory. Others believe sweeping the Pacific of Colombian vessels instead would be preferable, so you could resupply your men by sea, but this poses the risk of further Colombian successes on the water. How will you deal with the Colombian war in the coming year?

-Your commission on the improvement of conditions for African Catholics has released its findings. A wide range of potential policies have been proposed, ranging from small tweaks to wholescale policy flips. Proposals include the construction of monasteries and convents and giving the clergy full control of the proselytizing, full-scale population transfers (moving the Catholics out of mixed communities lest they be tempted by heresy), as well as official efforts to teach the Africans Christianity in their native languages. There’s also been talk of reforming the way ‘missionaries’ are approved by the government. Still, the colonial lobby remains opposed to too much interference from your government, warning of economic consequences should too much meddling take place. What will you do about the commission’s findings?

-The situation in La Plata has continued to deteriorate. Toro rules an insane, crumbling regime in Cordoba, executing those deemed to be traitors, while a plethora of other forces have arisen from the ashes of his Catholic Republic. Liberalism once again is trying to blossom in the region with the formation of the United Provinces of La Plata at Bahia Blanca. Paraguay has declared its independence outright. There are whispers of other warlords arising or even an attempt by the liberals to crown Henry V & I as the sovereign of the region in absentia. Perhaps the time for noninvolvement has come to an end? Or will you allow the situation to continue unanswered until both the Andean Free State and Colombia are handled? What will Brazil’s course of action in regards to regional politics be?

[Spamage]

Commonwealth of Louisiana

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Louisiana is in a fight for survival. Mexico has not only betrayed your former friendship, but also the dynasty. Their assault has gotten as far the Brazos River, your government mobilizing men in a desperate defense of the homeland. The fighting there has slowed to a crawl, effective defense networks creating a broad frontline. Yet, your own ambitious raid towards Mexico City was undercut by the loyalty of the lower classes to the ‘Red King’. With fighting likely to continue into the next year, how will you handle the war effort? Though you were not a signatory in the Treaty of Trois-Rivieres, there were likely be consequences from your use of Mustard Gas as well. How will these be overcome to guarantee your victory?

-The forming of a coalition with the CeC, coming as it did with the outbreak of the Mexican War, has effectively given the Crown a free hand to dictate what measures go through the National Assembly. You possess an ironclad majority; the next step is putting it to work. Some of your advisors believe that emergencies require strong leadership and there are many calling for drastic action on the domestic front, including the suppression of the CNP, that group already in disarray with the arrest of their secessionist leadership last year. Yet, more moderate wings of the ULP remind you this would erode the democratic traditions that have defined the Commonwealth so far in its history. Others believe you should use the opportunity to push through social reforms long promised, but left unfulfilled in the past several decades, inspired by the Fair Deal of the 1880s. What will be your actions in regards to domestic politics in 1901?

-Your search for brides for the young Prince-Emperor Henry-Philippe has resulted in several suitable matches. Perhaps a royal wedding could be used to patch up some of the strained ties with your European cousins in the aftermath of that unfortunate incident with mustard gas last year? Princess Therese of France is one of Louis XX’s middle children, just a year younger than Henry-Philippe. Princess Theodora of Greece has Scandinavian and Austrian heritage, in addition to being a member of the Greek Royal family. She too is just a year younger than Henry Philippe. Other options of a similar age include Princess Jadwiga of Poland, Princess Augusta of Prussia, and Princess Eleanora of Saxony. Any would undoubtedly be lucky to wed into the illustrious House of Bourbon-Orleans. 

Kingdom of Mexico

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-War has commenced. Clearly only one of Mexico or Louisiana can be triumphant on the American continent, now the question is which. Your men have seized vast swathes of Texas, though the goal of reaching New Orleans proper was left unfulfilled due to domestic chaos and organized Louisianan resistance. As the conflict enters its second year, there are questions you must answer. Will you seek to bind this struggle to the Colombian-Brazilian War to your south, where France, Quebec, and Brazil have struck at your neighbor? Or is combining conflicts too risky, lest Louisiana bring in allies of its own. How will you prosecute the conflict in the coming months?

-Despite the war and domestic upheaval, much of the realm did participate in the election of 1900. The results, fittingly perhaps, have been somewhat chaotic. In some areas of the country the opposition refused to participate, resulting in a victory for your supporters with near unanimity. In others, when opponents of the regime were chosen, they made it clear they would not attend the Parliament in Mexico City. Other districts, such as those in Chihuahua and Durango, did not hold elections at all, damning the system for illegitimacy. Even the merchant councils, with their guaranteed 250 seats, fractured, only a portion taking their allocated spots. What will be the aims of the new Parliament? Will you select a Prime Minister? The breakdown of active members of the Mexican Parliament is as follows:

Mexican Parliamentary Elections, 1900: 3500 seats (1750 needed for a majority)*
People’s Alliance (Crown Loyalist, Socialist): 1821 seats
Absentee Opposition (Conservative, Liberal, and others): 491 seats
Vacant: 354 seats
Socialist Party of Mexico (Opposition Socialist): 218 seats
Merchant Council Seats: 184 seats
Catholic Alliance of Mexico (Catholic-Republican): 123 seats
Pan-Mayan Union: 58 seats
Non-Partisan Clerics, Admirals, and Generals: 250 seats
Royal Delegates: 50 seats
*-Only 1573 needed for a majority due to vacancies

-The Luis Reforms have divided the realm. The reactionary Army of Prince Guillermo formed to the north, chaos and betrayal ruled Veracruz, and discontented grumbles occurred throughout the rest of the realm. The Church is irate over the loss of control over education. Domestic price controls, coupled with the disruptions to global trade, have led to shortages of some goods and mass surpluses of others. The ‘Royal Army’ uses your name to commit murder on those they deem to have been economic parasites. Clearly, the situation in the country is volatile. How will you bring order to this chaotic realm?

Chinese Republic

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Congratulations on your election, President Kang. Your term has commenced with quite a bang. The Chinese strike into Burma was nothing if not bold. Yet, now you have aroused the ire of France and, with the impending collapse of Mysore, you very well could find yourself facing that realm in solo conflict. There are also some wary about the prospect of other colonial powers such as Austria and Scandinavia joining the fray. Will you carry on the invasion of the French Raj? How will the war be prosecuted in 1901?

-The Socialists accepted your offer of a coalition, giving the government an 861-seat majority in the Lower House. In exchange for their support, they expect to see actionable steps taken to root out corruption, especially those local party bosses backing the establishment. Similarly, it is hoped the government will achieve some sort of social reform, even if it is ultimately limited to urban areas, given the difficulty of implementing policy in such a vast nation. This is coupled with your own party’s policy goals. What legislative actions will you take in 1901?

Kingdom of Naples

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The broad, perhaps overly broad, coalition you have assembled to govern Naples has taken charge. Prime Minister Tittoni was confirmed in office late last year and now looks to your guidance for domestic legislative goals. In addition to your extensive promises made during your horse-trading with the Worker’s Party, there’s the goals of the other political parties to consider. Regardless of what you decide, it’s clear the opposition is determined to be frustrating. The Legitimists have taken an abstentionist view of Neapolitan politics, declining to attend sessions except for during the election of Prime Ministers, while the Catholic-Republicans and Cross of Blood act like hooligans on the floor of the legislature. What will be on Naples’ policy agenda in the coming year?

-The Pope is increasingly becoming a nuisance with his attempts to interfere in Neapolitan politics. While your government has thus far respected Clement XIV due to his sacred office, the pontiff shows a marked sympathy for the Brothers of Giufe as well as the Philippist cause as a whole. Perhaps it is time to teach the old meddlesome man a lesson in some form after he has constantly denigrated both your father’s and your own governments. Some have even advised blockading the Vatican until he reverses his misjudgments, though this could merely increase tensions. Others have suggested a path of conciliation with the Pope and the Church as a whole, as a means to stabilize the situation. How will you handle the loudmouth pontiff?

Holy Republic of Gran Colombia

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-War it is. The wretched triple alliance of Brazil, Quebec, and France has sought to murder you. Their cowardly surprise attack has savaged your Atlantic fleet and resulted in the loss of both the Panama Canal and the populated areas of Venezuela. Still, hope remains. The Brazilians have been holed up as Pisco and the Pacific fleet has survived. As the fighting continues and you cannot rely on mother nature to protect you forever. How will you prosecute the fight in 1901? Will you call on Spain and Britain, your historical partners, for aid? Perhaps cooperation with far-off China, a mutual enemy of France, could help to savage your deteriorating position in Asia…

-The war has solved one issue, the numerous parties of the National Assembly agreeing to form a Wartime Coalition. Even half of the LPC, with all of its subversive reactionary-socialist ideas, has joined the grouping, emphasizing loyalty to the Colombian Republic over aid to ideological allies. In an instant the paralyzed body now seems active and energetic. Ministers have called for legislation enacting wartime measures such as rationing, weapons manufacturing, and state requisitioning for the duration of the conflict, emphasizing the state of emergency. Will you pursue any of these? Similarly, how will the legislature keep the Colombian economy afloat while invaders storm the borders?

Turkist Empire

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-A tremendous building effort has been inaugurated within the Turkist Empire, on an unprecedented scale. Your government has harnessed its vast control over society to get the Turkish people to work. Yet, there are some who wonder openly if foreign capital could prove even more effective in achieving an economic boom in Anatolia. Perhaps a loan is in order from a creditor nation such as New Holland, Britain, or Scandinavia? Or maybe your new Mediterranean allies could be brought aboard, partial ownership of the new enterprises in exchange for providing further capital? Will you seek an influx of capital to help amplify the economic boom and speed up the construction of new industries, or is it best to keep such matters in Turkish hands?

-For all his faults, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar was a capable ruler. His son seems to be made of softer stuff. The assassination of the old Shah has rocked the Iranian monarchy to its core, coming on the heels of decades of bubbling internal tensions. Will you capitalize on this crisis and launch as Second Ottoman-Qajar War? Or is this asking for trouble, risking your regime for an unnecessary imperial adventure. Whatever the case, with Scandinavia demonstrating an increased interest in Arabia, perhaps there is little time to lose. How will you handle the developing situation to your east?

Holy Union of Spain

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-President Linares, the Spanish people went to the polls to choose their delegates for the Constitutional Convention, a novel development after several decades of authoritarian control. The results have been fairly encouraging. In addition to your appointed delegates (45%), the ideological breakdown of the remaining half of the assembly is as follows: 13% hardline Catholic-Republican, 14% monarchist, 12% liberal reformist, 8% socialist, 8% various national-interest groups (Basque, Catalan). The body has now convened, preparing to draft up a constitution and it appears you will be able to cobble together a majority for whatever changes you deem necessary. You have discussed your wishes for a legislature, should it be unicameral or bicameral? How will seats be allocated? Is a bill of rights in order? What other broad wishes do you have for the new Spanish constitutional system?

-The Spanish people have been shocked by the brutal assault on your Colombian friends with no seemingly justifiable reason. The matter is even more important in Spanish consciousness because of the Treaty of Zaragoza signed last year which obliges Spain to “support [Colombia] militarily in the event of an attack from any foreign belligerent, upon the written request of the defending nation.” While no written request has yet been received, this could mean your government is on the cusp of war with France, one of Colombia’s assailants. Will you honor your end of the treaty, or are those who say that internal matters are currently more pressing correct and the treaty should be disregarded?

Confederation of New England

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Chairman Fitzgerald, your inauguration as leader has come at a time when the world descends into chaos. While past administrations may have had the luxury of avoiding conflicts far away in the tropics, the interconnectedness of the North American economy has meant that the ripples of this disorder has reached even New England. Your mercantile fleet has slowed operations, wary of trading in a Caribbean beset by warships, blockades, and embargos. As a result, mercantile firms are warning of potential layoffs on the docks at the same moment the price of many popular imports such as bananas, coffee, and sugar are on the rise. What steps will New England take to stabilize the economic situation? Will you leverage your naval strength by involving yourself in one of the myriad of conflicts?

-Your government managed to enact both the Immigration and Labor Acts last year, a tremendous way to open up a new term in office. Yet, the underlying tension between the ‘New-New Englanders’ and the ‘Old Yankee Stock’ continue. The different groups of the Confederation lead parallel lives, many Yankee elites wanting nothing to do with their neighbors. Businesses still practice discriminatory hiring, going so far as to continue the tradition of ‘No Irish Need Apply’. As the first person of Irish descent to take the Chairmanship, many in your voting base seek to put an end to this, perhaps through the passage of legislation barring discriminatory hiring. While undoubtedly this would enjoy the support of your party, its unlikely the Progressives or Centralists (those old Yankee institutions) would permit it through the Senate without a compromise. What steps will you take to reconcile these very different groups?

Durrani Empire

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Your internal reforms have struck a positive balance. Devout Muslims appreciate that, despite the reformation of the Army, the traditional exemption for those outside of the Ummah remains. The resumption of railroad construction signifies to many the seriousness of your government to improve internal cohesion. Most notable, however, has been the discovery of vast quantities of iron at Bamyan. Given the difficulties of establishing a mining operation, let alone obtaining equipment and constructing suitable transport for the ore, there are some who believe you should work with private capital from other nations in order to expedite the project. Indeed, other nations undoubtedly have more experience with this type of project. Will you welcome foreign private capital, seek to cooperate with a friendly regional government, or attempt to set up this operation on your own, thereby ensuring you keep all the profits. What is to be done about this potential tremendous source of wealth for the Empire?

-The assassination of Naser al-Din Shah, Scandinavian intervention in Oman, and the dastardly French conquest of your former Mysorean allies have caused great unease to spread throughout the Durrani Empire. Some fear your realm will be next, especially now the Congress of Copenhagen seems to be a dead letter. Astute diplomacy will be required if the realm is to survive and prosper. There are talks of closer ties with China and Russia as a means of countering France, though this could very well ignite war all on its own. More militarist advisors believe the only way to save the empire is to increase its strength, perhaps through a stunning intervention either to your east or west. How will you handle diplomacy in the coming year?

[Spamage]

Korean State

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Congratulations President Gwon, the Constitution of 1900 was adopted and marks a significant turning point in Korean history. News of the ratification was met with widespread public celebration, crowds lauding you for fulfilling the ‘Promise of 1877’. While the Peasant First Republic was ineffective and the military junta outright authoritarian, it is hoped that Korea can move forward at long last, a true Asian Republic along the lines of China and Russia. With ratification achieved and the document set to come into effect in a year, this will be a year of campaigning. Most are expecting you to formally run for president under the document and you will likely face token opposition, if any. More important is the upcoming legislative elections this year. You have thus far been fairly apolitical, acting as a neutral party between traditionalist conservatives, militarist and revanchist nationalists, reformist liberals, moderate social democrats, and many other ideological groups. As these blocs have begun to form actual political parties, many have wondered whose side you will take. With the legislature playing such a significant role in Korean politics, it is imperative they be in concert with your own views. Which political group will you lean towards?

-The reform of Korea's military and intelligence services is a pressing issue. The modernization of the armed forces has been a key part of your strategy to safeguard Korean sovereignty. However, with the rapid advancements in military technology and doctrine globally, continuous reforms are necessary. While Korea was on the cutting edge of military technology during the late Joseon era, intervening years have led to a stagnant mindset, especially when leadership was more focused on governing in the junta than technological advancement. Balancing the budgetary constraints with the need for a modern, effective military is a challenge. How will you ensure that Korea's military remains a formidable force in the region?

Army Strength:
Kingdom of France
104 division Army of Mysore
49 division Army of Panama
30 division Army of France
29 Army of Aceh
24 division Army Group 1
23 division Army of Haiti
15 division Army of Padania
5 division French Malay Army
5 division Army of Algeria
2 division Army of the Sacred Heart (Bengal)
2 division Army of the East Indies
(288/658 divisions possible raised, 44% mobilized)

Russian Republic
20 division Army of Kuropatkin (Moscow)
13 division Army of Krodatenko (Ukraine)
10 division Army of Ivanov (St. Petersburg)
10 division Army of Subotic (Vladivostok)
5 division Army of Dragomirov (Konstantingad)
5 division Army of Alekseyev (Circassia)
5 division Army of Mishchenko (Turkestan)
5 division Army of Linevich (Mongolia)
(73/635 divisions possible raised, 11% mobilized)

Chinese Republic
67 division Army of Burma
25 division Coastal Defense Force
20 division Army of Beijing
10 division Army of the South
10 division Army of Xi'an
10 division Army of Shanghai
6 division Tibetan Defense Force
3 division Burmese Defense Force
(151/590 divisions possible raised, 26% mobilized)

Habsburg Monarchy
10 division Army of Hungary
9 division Army of Lombardy
9 division Army of Ruthenia
8 division Army of Austria
6 division Army of Abyssinia
4 division Army of Bohemia
2 division East Africa Reserve
1 division Army of Singapore
1 division Army of the Sahel
1 division Army of Ningbo
1 division Gibraltar Garrison
(52/505 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Great Britain, Ireland, and Americas
15 division Army of the Mississippi
10 division Home Guard
7 division Army of Virginia
4 division Army of the Cape
4 division Army of Australia
(40/302 divisions possible raised, 13% mobilized)

Republic of Japan
15 division Army of Tokyo
14 division Army of Nagasaki
5 division Imperial Guard
5 division Army of the Pacific
1 division Army of Hokkaido
(40/268 divisions possible raised, 15% mobilized)

Kingdom of Scandinavia
5 division Army of Sweden
4 division Army of Hanover
4 division Army of Oman
2 division Army of East Africa
2 division Army of Cameroon
2 division Egyptian Expeditionary Force
(16/167 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Divine Republic of Brazil
46 division Army of Pisco
49 division Army of Matto Grasso
29 division Army of the Amazon
15 division Army Group 1 (Caracas)
(139/163 divisions possible raised, 85% mobilized)

Qajar Iran
8 division Army of Mesopotamia
4 division Royal Guard
4 division Army of Azerbaijan
(16/160 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Kingdom of Naples
10 division Army of the North
3 division Army of Sicily
2 division Army of Tunisia
(15/156 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Holy Union of Spain
10 division Army of Castile
5 division Army of Catalonia
(15/143 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Commonwealth of Louisiana
75 division Army of the Brazos
6 division Army of Veracruz
4 division Augustinian Volunteers at Veracruz
4 division Army of the Northern Territory
2 division Army of Cuba
(85/131 divisions possible raised, 65% mobilized)

Durrani Empire
5 division Royal Guard
4 division Army of Herat
4 division Army of the Indus
1 division Army of Baluchistan
(14/140 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Kingdom of Mexico
54 division Army of Texas
15 division Army of the Llanos
15 division Army of the Big Bend
13 division Volunteer Force (Brazos)
8 division Army of the North (Sonora)
(90/117 divisions possible raised, 77% mobilized)

Empire of Quebec
20 division Army of the Pacific
9 division Quebecois Army of the Caribbean
5 division Army of Montreal
3 division Army of Vaudreuil
2 division Army of Hawaii
2 division Army of the Plains
(42/121 divisions possible raised, 34% mobilized)

United Provinces of New Holland
5 division Army of Batavia
3 division Army of Malaya
3 division Army of Willemstad
(11/115 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Holy Republic of Gran Colombia
25 division Army of Colombia
2 division Army of Medellin
16 division Army of Peru
1 division Army of Malaya
(44/94 divisions possible raised, 46% mobilized)

Ottoman Empire
5 division Army of Ankara
4 division Army of Sinope
1 division Army of Cyrenaica
(10/103 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Korean State
4 division Army of the Capital
4 division Army of the North
(8/86 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Andean Free State
39 division Army of Peru
6 division Army of Upper Peru
(45/49 divisions possible raised, 91% mobilized)

Confederation of New England
5 division Army of Boston
(5/46 divisions possible raised, 10% mobilized)

Kingdom of Mysore
20 division Army of Mysore
(20/20 divisions possible raised, 100% mobilized)


Naval Strength*:
Naval Technology
First-Rate: This navy employs all of the latest technologies across its fleet including new tactics, equipment, and training. Truly among one of the best seafaring fleets in the world.
Innovative: New strategic ideas are planned and tested, further modifications have been made to equipment for more efficient operation.
Advanced: Ships are modernized and equipment is top of the line. Overall better organized than modernized fleets.
Modernized: Navy is at standard levels of development for time period.
Reformed: The naval equipment is near-modernized, though experience and training with new supplies is lacking.
Modified: Although still dominated by old ships and methods, efforts have been made to reform the navy, including the purchase of ships from more advanced powers.
Traditional: This navy still employs tactics, methods, and equipment from the 1870s or earlier. Limited sea capabilities and stagnant mindset.

Naval Size
Dominant: This power truly has a global naval reach. Advanced fleets at various points of the world and the ability to supply said vessels with relative ease. More than two hundred vessels in active service
Massive: Extensive naval reach, able to operate in most areas, assuming supply is secured. Around two hundred vessels.
Sizable: Naval reach includes most of surrounding seas. Roughly one hundred and fifty vessels, with the ports able to supply them.
Standard: Naval strength can be projected in the region, with further excursions when necessary. Around one hundred ships.
Limited: Several dozen ships. Extensive and long-distance operations are possible, but only on rare occasions.
Small: A dozen major ships, limited regional navy.
Nonexistent: Primarily applies to landlocked countries. No navy in existence.*

*-Not applicable for anyone right away


Navies of the World
United Kingdom of Britain, Ireland, and the Americas (First-Rate, Dominant)
Kingdom of France (Innovative, Dominant)
Kingdom of Scandinavia (Innovative, Massive)
Confederation of New England (Innovative, Limited)
Republic of Japan (Advanced, Sizable)
Kingdom of Naples (Advanced, Sizable)
United Provinces of New Holland (Advanced, Standard)
Holy Republic of Gran Colombia (Advanced, Limited)
Russian Republic (Modernized, Massive)
Divine Republic of Brazil (Modernized, Standard)
Commonwealth of Louisiana (Modernized, Standard)
Holy Union of Spain (Modernized, Standard)
Kingdom of Quebec (Modernized, Standard)
Kingdom of Mexico (Modernized, Standard)
Habsburg Monarchy (Modernized, Limited)
Korean State (Modernized, Small)
Chinese Republic (Reformed, Standard)
Qajar Iran (Reformed, Limited)
Turkist Empire (Reformed, Small)
Durrani Empire (Reformed, Small)

[Lumine]

Empire of Québec

Proclamations and Statements from Her Imperial Majesty

REGARDING THE IMPERIAL SUCCESSION

All loyal citizens of the Empire rejoice today, for we have been blessed with our long-awaited son and heir, Prince Frederick Clovis Henry of the House of Hohenzollern, hereafter Prince Imperial Frederick.

The Prince Imperial is the rightful, lawful heir to the Imperial Throne, and should something happen to Us, whether it be through misfortune or perfidy, measures have already been enacted to guarantee his accession to the throne under a constitutionally sanctioned regency.

Through a series of understandings, various actors have either relinquished their claims to the succession – including the House of Bourbon -, or have reconciled themselves with the Crown. Parliament has sanctioned constitutional procedures that offer a clear path ahead for future eventualities. And we have an heir. The succession crisis brought by the untimely demise of our beloved brother is no more.

Let no man or woman further challenge the settled succession to the Imperial Throne, lest he or she make himself an enemy of the Empire.

REGARDING THE MARSHALATE

It is also the will of Her Imperial Majesty that the rank of Marshal of the Empire be established as the highest dignity a military officer in the Army can attain. The Marshals will command the Empire’s armies and/or military institutions.

Our beloved great uncle Prince Louis, as well as Generals Sorel, Duroy, Forestier, Maltravers, d’Gaillard and Marigny (all fictional) will be designated as the first seven Marshals of the Empire, with Prince Louis serving as their honorary leader with the title of Grand Marshal. Upon retirement from active service, the rank of Marshal will entitle them to the title of Count, and the title of Grand Marshal, should they not be of royal blood, to the title of Duke.

An equivalent Grand Admiral will serve a similar purpose for the Québecois Navy. Admiral Moulin (fictional) is hereby appointed to that office.

REGARDING THE CONQUEST OF THE ARCTIC

Her Imperial Majesty rejoices at the news that the Russian, Scandinavian and Québecois expedition has finally conquered the North Pole, an accomplishment that had thus far evaded mankind due to its extreme difficulty. Her Imperial Majesty also extends her congratulations to all teams, and to the King-Emperor of Scandinavia and the President of Russia for the collective triumph.

The leader of the Québec team, Capitan Joseph-Elzéar Bernier, is hereby ennobled as Viscount Bernier. His deputies, renowned scientists Arthur Philemon Coleman, and Joseph Tyrrell, are also ennobled as Baron Coleman and Baron Tyrrell. All three are also awarded the Empire’s highest recognition: Ordre imperial du Mérite.

All members of the Québec team will be granted a life pension as recognition, payable by the Crown through the Imperial Académie des Sciences.

[Lumine]

ON THE INVOCATION OF THE TREATY OF TROIS RIVIERES

In light of the usage of chemical weapons against the Kingdom of Mexico, and with a very heavy heart, Montréal hereby invokes Article 6 of the Treaty of Trois Rivieres. By Imperial decree, a full embargo is established against the Commonwealth of Louisiana.

The basic rights of Louisianian citizens in Québecois territory remain guaranteed. Louisianian crown and state property within the Empire up the date of the publication of this decree will remain as such, but may not be removed from imperial territory until the lifting of the embargo.

In case of Québecois public or private property within the Commonwealth of Louisiana being seized or nationalized, additional measures will be undertaken in regards to the status of the aforementioned property.

ON THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC DISRUPTION

In light of the new embargo, the State will provide the necessary resources to assist Québecois merchants in general and to ease up the redirection of trade to other nations, with a direct preference for New England, and to be followed by other reliable international partners.

In light of the ongoing economic upheaval, the Empire shall emphasize and stimulate, whenever possible, the urgent export of locally produced goods to New England, the European market, and other friendly nations in the hopes of minimizing the present difficulties in the global supply chain. It is our hope other nations may reciprocate in turn in terms of needed imports.

[OBD]

From The Desk of the Chairman

Wikimedia Commons

On Louisiana

Chairman Fitzgerald condemns, in the harshest possible terms, the usage of chemical weapons by the Commonwealth of Louisiana in open violation of the Treaty of Tróis-Rivieres. While Louisiana is not a signatory to the Treaty, this is no excuse. As such, Chairman Fitzgerald will, in full compliance with the Tróis-Rivieres standard, instruct the relevant trade authorities of New England to impose a full embargo on the Commonwealth of Louisiana until Louisiana signs the Treaty of Tróis-Rivieres and comes into compliance with its standards.

Chairman Fitzgerald does not take this act lightly. Louisiana has long been a key ally for the Confederation, and the Chairman has nothing but affinity for the people of Louisiana. He hopes that New Orleans will soon realize the folly of their actions, and move into compliance with the Treaty at the earliest possible date.

New England will follow the Québecois standard and guarantee the basic rights of Louisianan nationals currently within New England, and the right of Louisianan royal and state organizations to currently-held property in New England - though, this property will not leave the boundaries of the Confederation prior to the lifting of the embargo. New England further warns the Commonwealth of Louisiana against seizing or nationalizing properties held in Louisiana by New England or other Tróis-Rivieres signatories.

The embassy of New England in New Orleans will remain open, and New England will allow Louisianan diplomatic officials to continue operations at the Boston embassy. Especially in light of the recent conflict with Mexico, New England will continue to work with Louisianan officials to ensure safe passage home for any New England national in Louisiana.

On The Economy

Prior to the introduction of more concrete measures, Chairman Fitzgerald will immediately petition Congress to unlock emergency funding for New English merchants to redirect lost Caribbean trade to other reliable nations, Québec in particular. As supply permits, Chairman Fitzgerald will seek to remedy the shortfall of tropical goods previously imported from Mexico and Louisiana through trade with Puerto Rico.

Chairman Fitzgerald extends his thanks to Empress Wilhelmina for her designation of New England as a favored trading partner. New England will reciprocate this designation, as well as Québecois efforts to address current shortfalls and secure supply chains, and Chairman Fitzgerald urges New English firms to urgently export locally-produced goods to Québec and other friendly powers as demand requires.

[LAKISYLVANIA]

Written request to Holy Union of Spain

Our dear brothers, united by our shared language and culture, our nation has come under attack. It is besieged by bloodthirsty rebels and terrorists, as well as the petty Commonwealth of Louisiana – your long-time adversary, having broken free from your dominance centuries ago and now once again challenging the Hispanophone world. Furthermore, the enemy has displayed true mercilessness, shocking the entire world with their use of chemical weapons. This cannot go unpunished, and there must be consequences. Therefore, the Kingdom of Mexico calls for the activation of Article 3 of the Mexican-Spanish Treaty of Cooperation (1900) and for the Treaty of Trois-Rivières (1900) to be followed.

King Luis II, King of Mexico

[LAKISYLVANIA]

Treaty of San Miguel du Cozumel (1901)

The Confederation of New England and the Kingdom of Mexico hereby agree to the following terms:

1. In recognition of the exceptional and innovative expertise possessed by New England in the field of medical research and treatment, the Confederation of New England will solicit volunteers from the New England Red Cross and medical institutions to travel to the Kingdom of Mexico. These medical professionals will be tasked with providing treatment to wounded soldiers, addressing their injuries, and offering assistance with the management of chemical burns—a horrifying phenomenon the world has not witnessed before. The Kingdom of Mexico guarantees that these volunteers will not be stationed near frontline combat, and guarantees their safe passage home to New England.

2. The Confederation of New England commits to prioritizing the export of surplus medical supplies to the Kingdom of Mexico at a 20% discount from market value. This initiative aims to support the treatment of injured Mexican soldiers. The specified goods to be sent include scalpels, forceps, scissors, probes, bandages, gauze, dressings, and antiseptics such as carbolic acid, iodine, and hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, anesthetics such as ether and chloroform, pharmaceuticals, painkillers, and orthopedic devices like braces and splints will be included.

3. Furthermore, the Confederation of New England will prioritize the export of surplus field hospital equipment to the Kingdom of Mexico at a 20% discount from market value. This assistance is intended to facilitate the establishment of first-care facilities for the prompt treatment of wounded soldiers in Mexico.

X King Luis II, King of Mexico