How did American Jews vote during the Gilded Age?

[Aurelius2]

The urban, mercantilist, often self-consciously elite conservatism that the GOP advocated at the time seems like the sort of thing that would appeal to many Jews, much better than the agrarian populism of the era's Democrats. Of course though, the Dems have been winning the Jewish vote for a very long time. What were the voting patterns of Jews during this period? I'm also specifically interested in what this looked like before mass Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe began in the 1890s (American Jews were mostly Sephardic until then iirc). If Jews were a split or Republican demographic during that period, when did they shift toward the Dems and for what particular reasons?

[Agonized-Statism]

The majority of American Jews have voted Democrat since 1916: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-voting-record-in-u-s-presidential-elections

According to Wikipedia, but unable to find another source for this, they generally leaned Republican in the late 19th century however. I'm sure it gets fuzzier going back with how small the population was and how gradual the end of religious tests for holding office and voting was in some states- New Hampshire only ended its tests in 1877, although those were meant to target Catholics more.

[PSOL]

I’m guessing 1912 was plurality Socialist.

There’s a strong leftwing third party vote that persisted all the way through the 70s but ended when the crop of Great Generation and Silent Jews started dying, leaving mainly progressive Democrats.

[Republican Party Stalwart]

I’m guessing 1912 was plurality Socialist.

There’s a strong leftwing third party vote that persisted all the way through the 70s but ended when the crop of Great Generation and Silent Jews started dying, leaving mainly progressive Democrats.

That may have been true for Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern and Central European origin, but probably not so for Sephardic Jews or for Ashkenazi Jews of Western European origin.