Concert of Europe: Gameplay Thread

[Spamage]

World Military Update
January-June 1761

Summary: The return of war across Europe shocked subjects from Madrid to Moscow. With the old powers seeming to rebuild their alliances after a few shaky years of uncertainty, most have come to see this conflict as a continuation of the War of the Grand Coalitions, the former treaties serving as mere truces. Spain shocked everyone by assaulting Prussian holdings in Corsica and Africa, while Frederick managed to fend off two consecutive attacks, one from the east and one from the south. Fighting has erupted in Wurttemburg, Silesia, Poland, and Russia. The fate of Europe hangs in the balance as torrents of blood are spilled...

War of the Grand Coalitions

Archduchy of Austria, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Free Republic of Poland, Duchy of Saxony
v.
Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, German League, Ottoman Empire, Finnish Rebels, Riksdag Rebels, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway-Iceland, Kazakh Khanate, Khanate of Crimea

Petrine War: Decisive Pauline Victory

With the collapse of the Petrine forces in late 1760, the Paulines in the Army of North Russia faced little trouble cleaning up the remainder of the rebellion. After years of interior war, finally the Petrines have gone the way of Ivan’s faction before them. A tentative sense of interior unity exists within Russia for now.

Battle of Omsk: Major Kazakh Victory

Russians were horrified by the attack of the Kazakhs against Siberia, even more incensed when word surfaced of Prussian involvement. In order to quell the threat, Catherine sent the Army of North Russia south following the collapse of the Petrines. At the fortress of Omsk the Russians faced off against the Khan and his men. The battle was brutal, with the exhausted Russian forces eventually routed, even with their technological superiority. Hundreds of Russians were killed in the hectic retreat, while the Khan has started to raid the once-more miserable region of Siberia.

Battle of Toijala: Slight Finnish Victory

The Army of Riga was sent to join the existing Army of Finland by Adolf Frederick, but what the King did not anticipate was the arrival of more than ten thousand former mercenaries from Russia. Paid by the French to fight the Petrines, Louis XV had ended his payments following the death of Peter III. With Catherine’s government too cash-strapped to hire them, they instead listened to some Prussian agents. With little convincing, they joined the existing army of Finnish nationalists and Danish deserters against the Swedes. At the Battle of Toijala the outnumbered Swedes were defeated, forced to flee south towards Helsinki as most of the realm falls to the Finns, who have reportedly begun to look for a monarch.  

Naval Battle of Copenhagen: Slight Russo-Swedish-Spanish Victory

Britain, following its entrance into the war, was determined to aid Denmark. A detachment of the powerful Royal Navy was sent to bombard Copenhagen and secure control over the straits. The Russians and Swedes however, were equally determined to stop them, requiring that area for their military operations. A great naval battle took place off the coast of Jutland. It appeared the British were going to be victorious, sinking more enemy vessels, when a third fleet appeared on the horizon. It was the Spanish. They quickly aided the Swedes and Russians, much to the shock and outrage of the British, forcing them to sail back towards the North Sea while the entrance to the Baltic was secured by their opponents.

Spanish Invasion of New Prussia: Slight Spanish Victory

Equally surprising was the occurrence far to the south. Just as the Dutch had been surprised by the arrival of the Prussians, so too were the Prussians shocked by the arrival of a Spanish Army, determined to capture the region. With the Spanish having many more men than the local Prussian garrison, the locals panicked. A brief battle secured Spanish control of Cape Town, though the Prussians have fled with their forces largely in tact and untouched. The Dutch locals are on the verge of rebellion themselves, tired of being used as a pawn of foreign governments.

Russo-Polish Invasion of Prussia: Stalemate

Half of the Russian Army and most of the Polish force were eager to unite with their Habsburg allies once war had been declared. Agreeing to aid the Austrians in seizing Breslau, the sizeable Russo-Polish Army crossed the border into the Kingdom of Prussia. Frederick was waiting, though. The Prussian Army, bolstered by the arrival of thousands of soldiers from loyal German League Principalities, had set itself up in a defensive position. They in fact outnumbered the invaders. The fighting was rough, with the republican fervor of the Poles almost carrying the day early on. Decisive maneuvering by Frederick, as well as the death of several Russian officers from Prussian cannon-fire, broke their resolve however. With heavy casualties on both sides, the Poles and Russians withdrew. Yet again  a stalemate prevailed in the war between Prussia and Poland, causing outrage in Warsaw (will be detailed in the news).

Austrian Invasion of Silesia: Decisive Prussian Victory

The Austrians were un-deterred by the defeat of their allies, hoping that Frederick’s men would be so weakened by the fighting that they could retake their former province. They were horribly mistaken. At the Battle of Klodzko the Austro-Bavarian-Saxon force was rapidly defeated by the Prussians, who deployed new tactics. Spikes were deployed to deter Austrian cavalry, while the cover of smoke helped mask the Prussian artillery. Thousands of both sides died, though more Austrians than Prussians. In a rapid retreat back to Bohemia, the first attempt to take Silesia in this new war has been deemed a failure.

Austrian Occupation of Sudetenland: Decisive Austrian Victory

However, there was bright spot for the Austrian war effort against the Prussians. With an Army remaining in Prague during the invasion of Silesia, the former territories of the Sudetendland quickly surrendered back to Habsburg control, not wanting to have been annexed by the Prussians in the first place. Though Frederick ordered the deployment of guerilla fighters to make life miserable, locals have helped the returned Austrians root out dissent.

Battle of Gothenburg: Major Riksdag Victory

Back to the north, Adolf Frederick hoped that his calling of a National Assembly would damped the prospects for the Riksdag rebels. While it did help, causing several thousand to return home, a large force remained. He had grossly underestimated its size and so when the Army of Christiana moved west to crush it, everything went horribly wrong. The Royalist army has fled to Stockholm following an embarrassing defeat, with the rebels capturing much of the populated areas of Sweden.

Battle of Zagreb: Major Austrian Victory

The Duchy of Zagreb, a title created in the aftermath of the previous war, was an obvious target for Austrian expansion in the south. Local forces were quickly overwhelmed by the invading Habsburg soldiers, with the region largely returning to Austrian control. Some slight gains have even been managed into Bosnia, though the Ottomans have held a spirited defense of that province.

War on the Danube: Slight Ottoman Victory

The Moldovan-Polish Army attempted once more to break out into the Balkans, yet again being pushed back by the Ottomans, who were dug-in a prepared for an attack. In a series of brutal skirmishes the Republicans were repelled, even pushed back. Some are now even asking if this could be the turning point in Wallachia as Republican soldiers regroup in friendly territory.

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Russian Invasion of Crimea: Stalemate

North of the Black Sea the Army of Kiev was ordered to attack the Crimeans and return the region to Russian control. Like at the Danube however, Ottoman commanders had anticipated the Russian assault and prepared a defense. Despite a series of skirmishes, neither side has gained the upper hand in this theater at present.

War in Norway: Decisive Russo-Swedish Victory

With the expulsion of the British from the seas around Denmark, the Russians were able to aid the Swedes in finishing off Moltke and his army. The vastly outnumbered force was cornered in the far west, where they had been waiting for reinforcements from the Continent, when they were assaulted by the joint Russo-Swedish army. The fight was hopeless, with many Danish soldiers deserting once they realized the sheer size of their opponent’s forces. Moltke, following the jarring loss of Norway, has fled to Denmark proper, where he insists that the war must be continued, even with growing public outcries for peace. 

Spanish Invasion of Corsica: Stalemate

Charles III had Naples join Spain in declaring war against Prussia, detaching Neapolitan soldiers to seize Corsica. While they were able to go ashore and secure a strip of land on the island’s coast, they were unable to win a total victory. Local forces, proclaiming their loyalty to Frederick II, are determined to fight for the island, even if it means a return to guerilla warfare. Already their are reports of some fleeing into the hills in anticipation of future hostilities. They stress that Corsica is a free realm and will not be put under the yoke of Spanish tyranny. What the future of the island will be can only be determined by the passage of time.

Invasion of Wurttemburg: Slight Bavarian Victory

The local conflict over smuggling gained new significance following the escalation of hostilities between Austria and Prussia. The Duke of Wurttemburg faced off against Imperial Soldiers, largely supplied by Bavaria. Unlike in the late 1750‘s, thus far he has managed to defend his realm, though small areas on the periphery have fallen into enemy hands. There is concern however, about the long-term goals of Wurttemburg’s involvement, as many fear for the subjects if the region remains cut off from the rest of the world for too long due to an Imperial Embargo.

Siege of Konigsberg: Russian Victory

After a year of being besieged, morale was collapsing in Konigsberg. Agressive tactics were employed in the city’s defense, though that was not enough. When word arrived of the Russo-Swedish-Spanish Victory on the seas though, local commanders made a determination to withdraw the large Hessian garrison with ships from Hamburg while that move would still be possible. Under the cover of darkness thousands of soldiers, civilians, and government officials left the city. Hours later, with the arrival of dawn, the remaining populace surrendered in return for the guarantee of the town’s safety. Polish and Russian soldiers have paraded into this important Prussian city, being met be a sad and somber crowd if its residents.

French War in India

Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Spain
v.
Maratha Confederacy, Durrani Empire

Battle of Chandrapur: Decisive French Victory

Louis XV sent further reinforcements to India, hoping to secure victory in that theater. It appears his efforts were largely successful, with the Marathas thuroughouly routed at the battle of Chandrapur, further weakening their resolve to stay in the war. Already a weak confederacy, some Maratha leaders fear that the union could be torn asunder if their situation does not turn around soon.

Battle of Jalgaon: Major French Victory

A second win was achieved weeks later in the east. A Maratha Army met a much larger force at Jalgaon and, despite a valiant defence, were unable to hold off the colonizers. Elephants and all were sent into a rapid retreat, more territory falling under French sway. There is widespread unease among supporters of the Confederacy, though some hope that the Durrani may yet save the day.

Battle of Birjand: Decisive Durrani Victory

While the French won victories in India itself, the Durrani collapsed one of their allies, sending Persia into a tailspin. At the battle of Birjand, the Persian Zand forces were once more humiliated by the superior enemy. Thousands fell, including the head of the Zand Dynasty, Karim Khan Zand. His realm has been thrown into chaos. Sensing an opportunity, and eager to regain control of Persia, the weakened Afsharid Dynasty in Khorasan quickly proclaimed themselves the rightful rulers of Persia, igniting a civil war. The Durrani have declared peace, leaving the region in civil war as they outright annex much of the region.

Barbary War

Republic of Venice, Archduchy of Austria
v.
Bey of Algiers, Bey of Tunis, Bey of Tripoli

Venetian Invasion of Tripoli: Slight Venetian Victory

Eager to take revenge, and supported by the Austrians, the Venetians launched two expeditions against the hated pirates. Conducting a series of naval bombards on their cities, Venice followed up by attacking the realms directly. The city of Tripoli was the first target, much of its defenses destroyed in the Venetian naval attack. After a brief skirmish, the Bey and his men withdrew, the locals seeing no other option than to allow their enemies to enter. Even so, there are concerning rumors about the locals in rural areas rallying to the cause of their nominal overlord.

Venetian Invasion of Algiers: Decisive Barbary Victory

In Algiers Venice was not so lucky. Despite similar tactics as in Tripoli, local resistance was far more intense and the armies were denied a chance to land, let alone fight for the city. Cannons from the defenses damaged vessels, led to drownings, and forced the admirals to order a retreat as morale collapsed. The injured fleet has limped back to Malta, where the Knights have agreed to give them shelter.

[Spamage]

News
January-June 1761

RIOTS IN WARSAW!
Harsh Actions Against Catholic Church

The indecisiveness of the war against Prussia left a feeling of unease in Poland. Though support for the Republic remained rock-solid, there were many looking for a group to blame for the consistent failure to advance further. The situation was not helped by the appearance of many quite radical pamphlets, blaming the Catholic clergy as collaborating with the enemies of Poland. While some view this theory as nonsensical, pointing out Poland's opponents are almost exclusively Protestant, others counter that the Church is angry over the Assembly's decision to tax their lands. The result was an explosion of activity in the capitol and its surrounding regions.

First, the Assembly has decided to pass a law forcing the clergy of the realm to swear loyalty to the nation and the people of Poland before they can assume office. Many priests have openly announced their plans to refuse such a demanding order. This was followed by a spasm of rioting. Monestaries and convents have been seized by zealous Republicans, determined to push the Church into submission. Churches have been pelted with rocks, priests mocked in public, and several bishops have fled the realm to neighboring Austria.

Pope Benedict XV was reportedly furious about hearing the news, stressing to the Catholic monarchies the inherent instability of republicanism. He has not announced a decision on the "Oath of the Republic" though, entering into meetings with Austrian and Polish prelates behind-the-scenes. How Poland moves forward, especially considering there is a sizeable portion of society absolutely loyal to the Church, will undoubtedly dramatic.

With Military Setbacks, Moldovan Assembly Votes to Join Polish Republic

Following the Ottoman successes in Moldovia, the Assembly of the Moldovan Republic finally took up the issue that many had been considering, but few had publicly proposed, union with Poland. The idea had been backed by many in the early months of their rebellion against the Ottomans, but was ultimately tabled following the advances made into Wallachia. With that region largely returned to Ottoman control for the time being, and Ottoman troops threatening their homeland once more, it was agreed almost unanimously by the delegates that, for the sake of cooperation and stability, Moldova should become a province in the Polish Republic. The decision was met with cheers in Iasi, delegates shortly after being elected to seats in Warsaw. Will the coordination turn the tide along the Danube? European analysts remain highly divided.

CATHERINE CROWNED EMPRESS REGNANT, FALLS ILL!
Large Conspiracy Revealed to Russia!

There was a series of surprising news stories emerging from Russia over the past few months, the situation rapidly developing due to the involvement of outside factors. First was the decision of Catherine to crown herself Empress Regnant, a move widely supported by Russian elites. When the Patriarch of Moscow refused to do the ceremony, citing Paul as his sole Emperor, he was quietly stripped of the office and sent to Siberia by loyal adherents to Catherine's cause. A replacement soon installed, Catherine was named co-ruler, and senior leader, of the Russian Empire. Thousands celebrated in Moscow, with a week of celebrations distracting some from the horrors of war in and around Russia.

The happy news would be immeadiately followed by two disturbing stories. First, Catherine fell ill in the weeks following the ceremony. Physicians were unable to determine the cause, though her ability to lead has been hindered by being bedridden. Catherine has reported vertigo, vomitting, and abdominal pain. Though the Empress has been determined to lead through the crisis, undoubtedly some see it as divine judgement against her seizure of power.

Even with Catherine ill, there was news of a vast conspiracy in Russia itself against the Empress. A mysterious book arrived in her possession, detailing a vast faction of those who either oppose her regime or have worked against her in the past. It includes nobles, clergymen (such as the deposed Patriarch of Moscow), and several peasant leaders. The Russian secret police have been restored following the news and are reportedly waiting for Catherine's orders on how those accused should be punished.

Natives in America Surrender, Offer Terms to London

The British seem to have finally put an end to fighting in North America, with a group of native leaders formally offering London a tenative surrender. They are willing to lay down their arms in return for 10 years to evacuate from their lands. They stress the sheer amount of effort moving will require, and urge the British to be reasonable. Should their offer be refused, some chiefs have reportedly announced their intention to fight to their last man, determined to prevent further suffering.

TERRIBLE HURRICANE STRIKES FLORIDA, LOUISIANA

With the Spanish and British at war, both sides were shocked by the intervention of nature. A mysterious, large storm has struck colonies of both belligerents. Fortifications, settlements, and trade has been temporarily destroyed in British Florida and Spanish Louisiana. Many settlers fear assaults by the other side, or perhaps even native uprisings, the chaos on the Seminoles still well remembered in Florida.

Nobles Protest Against Taxation in Sardinia-Piedmont!

Charles Emmanuel III moved against the Assembly's decision to tax the First Estate, announcing his intent to veto the motion, while allowing for taxes on nobles to continue. A royal investigation determined that the decision would be an effective way to generate revenue, causing furious protests on the floor of the Sardinian Assembly from noble delegates.

The news has caused the formation of an ultra-conservative Royalist faction in Turin, led by the heir to the throne, Victor Amadeus. The prince has declared that he intends to abolish the Assembly and "restore this Kingdom to the traditional order" when he comes to power, causing indignation.

ZAND DYANSTY COLLAPSES INTO CIVIL WAR

The Afsharid and Zand Dyansties have commenced fighting for the future of Persia following the chaos against the Durrani. The Afsharids blame their enemies for the chaos Persia faces, arguing that there has been too much foreign involvement in internal affairs. Particular ire is directed by some against the French, seen to be the government that talked their nation into war. Zand loyalists stress that the defeats are a mere setback, harkening back to the unstability of the late Afsharid Dynasty. Persian fights Persian as the Durranis have returned home, their forces now able to campaign against the French in India.

[Spamage]

The Concert of Europe

July 1761

Nations, ‬Leaders, & ‬Players:
Russian Empire- Empress Catherine II Romanov (‬Henry Wallace)
Kingdom of France- ‬King Louis XV Bourbon (‬Windjammer)
Kingdom of Prussia‬- ‬King Fredrick II Hohenzollern (‬Lumine)
Archduchy of Austria‬- ‬Emperor Joseph II Habsburg (‬Dereich)
Kingdom of Great Britain- ‬King George III of Hanover (‬DKrol)
Kingdom of Spain- ‬King Charles III Bourbon (‬LouisvilleThunder)
Ottoman Empire-‬ Sultan Mustafa III Osmanoğlu (Averroes)
Kingdom of Sweden- ‬King Adolf Frederick (‬YPestis25)
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont- ‬King Charles Emmanuel III Savoy (‬TimTurner)
Republic of Venice- ‬Doge Francesco Loredan (‬GOTfan)
Kingdom of Portugal- ‬King Joseph I Braganza (‬Mike88)
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Regent Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (PiT)[‬/center]

Economic Standings:
Kingdom of Spain- ‬Strong
Kingdom of Great Britain- ‬Strong
Archduchy of Austria- Strong
Kingdom of Portugal- Strong
Kingdom of Prussia- ‬Moderate
Republic of Venice- ‬Moderate
Kingdom of France- ‬Moderate
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont-Moderate
Ottoman Empire- ‬Moderate
Kingdom of Sweden- ‬Weak
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Weak
Russian Empire- ‬Weak


Popularity:
Louis XV of France- ‬Very High
Frederick II of Prussia- ‬Very High
Joseph II of Austria- ‬High
Charles III of Spain- ‬High
Mustafa III of Ottoman Empire- ‬High
Francesco Loredan of Venice- ‬Moderate
Marie Louise of the Netherlands- Moderate
Charles Emmanuel III- Moderate
Catherine II of Russia- ‬Moderate
Adolf Frederick of Sweden- ‬Moderate
George III of Great Britain- ‬Moderate
Joseph I of Portugal- Low

Ongoing Conflicts:
War of the Grand Coalitions: ‬Kingdom of Prussia, ‬Kingdom of Great Britain, ‬Ottoman Empire, ‬Finnish Rebels, Riksdag Rebels, German League v. ‬Free Republic of Poland-Lithuania-Moldova, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, Archduchy of Austria
Indian War: ‬Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Sweden, Persian Empire v. Kingdom of Denmark-Norway-Iceland, ‬Maratha Confederacy, Durrani Empire

Russian Empire:

-Your coronation was praised by many Russians, who view it as cementing internal stability. Even so, it has been followed by a period of unease. The Kazakhs advance, you have fallen ill, and war rages in Europe. How will you defeat your enemies and restore order to your new realm?

-The most concerning news to reach St. Petersburg these past few months was the conspiracy between numerous members of Russian society against you, both during the War of the Three Tsars and afterwards. Those accused include nobles, clergymen, and numerous commoners. Some plotted to deny you the throne, others to restore the family of Ivan VI, and still a third group to replace you when you were regent. How will you handle this treachery? Some urge brutal treatment, seizure of land, and trials while others believe mercy is required during such a time of diplomatic chaos. What is your choice?

-The situation in Finland is alarming many court officials, especially due to the proximity of the rebellion to your capital. Some fear that these rebels will strike Karelia once Sweden is defeated. They urge you to intervene directly in the conflict, while others believe Russia should stand back, as you are not entitled to the land. Will you allow the situation in Finland to develop on its own or take action, even if it means angering your erstwhile ally in Stockholm?

Archduchy of Austria:

-War it is! The Austrian people have flocked to your banners, Emperor Joseph. Your decision to respond to a perceived Prussian threat has been particularly popular in Bohemia, a region seen to be most at risk of being invaded. The capture of the Sudetenland and Zagreb have been promising, though the reversal at Breslau was quite disappointing. How will you win the war and end Prussian aggression?

-Maximilian I, the King of Bavaria, has demanded that he be granted Wurttemburg in the event your forces triumph in the region. He believes it would be a suitable reward for his loyalty, and is even willing to name your wife as his heiress if the offer is accepted, assuming he has no children of course. Some in Vienna urge caution however, highlighting that seizing the land could set a dangerous precedent and alienate the already shaky loyalty of some members of the Empire. Others see it as a once-in-a-generation opportunity. What will you decide?

-There has been universal horror over the actions of the Republic of Poland against the Church. Austria has been particularly affected, with thousands of priests crossing the border into your lands seeking refuge. The government in Warsaw has demanded they be returned, highlighting that they looked upon your offer of closer cooperation last turn highly favorably. The Pope, though, may not be pleased if your order priests to potentially be forced to violate their vows and face persecution. How will you deal with the “Polish Persecution”?

Kingdom of France:

-War has broken out across Europe. Prussia and Austria have returned to the fray, throwing thousands of men into the meatgrinder of Central Europe. Your ally, Joseph II, has publicly called on you to honor your alliance, which would draw France back into the conflict. Certainly those who hate Britain in the realm would be pleased. Others see you as too busy in India to get involved in affairs on the other side of the Continent, seeing the matter as one of little importance to daily affairs. What will you decide King Louis?

-The Marathas have entered the verge of collapse and are now showing a willingness to negotiate for the first time since the war began. They are asking you to submit an initial offer, which they will likely be willing to counter. With the Durrani free to prosecute fighting in the north, perhaps this may be a good idea. Others believe that since you enjoy such a numerical advantage, you should absorb the Confederacy in its entirety at the same time as repelling any potential Durrani uprising in the north. What will you decide?

-A series of controversial pamphlets have begun to spread throughout major cities in France. Some attack you personally, branding you a traitor for not joining the War of the Grand Coalitions and calling you “Louis the Lazy”. Others lament the plight of the French soldiers sent to India. There is even a republican element that can be observed. Most government officials are certain these are the work of foreign agents, pointing out the French in the documents is less than perfect. Some believe you should conduct a thorough investigation in order to get to the bottom of this before it takes a real toll, while others believe that the best path forward would be to not draw more attention to these hateful screeds, hoping ignoring it will cause the trend to fade. What will you do?

Kingdom of Great Britain:

-Your navy was forced back from Copenhagen, Norway has collapsed without British intervention, and the Spanish have seized Iceland and Greenland. Clearly the war has been less than perfect for Britain thus far. You Empire remains largely unharmed though, and there are optimists who believe the situation can be turned around. How will you prosecute the war?

-The natives in America have made an offer, peace in return for 10 years to resettle in the west. This has been backed by the leaders of most of the belligerent tribes and is seen in London as a way to seal peace. Colonists in the Americas however, believe it to be a trick by the tribes to stall for time. They demand a full-blown victory and the elimination of the native peoples now. With Britain involved in a larger conflict perhaps it would be wise to step back in the region? Or maybe a better policy would be to take a hard line so no other tribes get any ideas? What will you decide?

-The colonization northwards has angered many aboriginal people in Australia, who believe you to be violating your promise to them. They allege that your soldiers, who have established a series of coastal forts, should be withdrawn. Disease has only continued to decimate their people during the past few years and the arrival of more Europeans likely means further troubles. What will you do? These territorial gains were quite popular with the British public, so just backing off could be unpopular.

[Spamage]

Kingdom of Prussia:

-You have added another victory to your storied career, King Frederick. Prussian soldiers are outnumbered by the enemy, but they have the advantage of sitting in between two smaller enemy forces. How will the war be won? Some believe a further advance into Poland could bring the Republic to its knees, while others see a return to Bohemia as a better strategy. Or, perhaps the best offense is defense, forcing your enemies to face your men’s strong discipline and experience. What is to be done?

-The Finns have approached you, requesting that one of your family be appointed their King. In return, they would like a small contingent of Prussians to aide them against their two major enemies, the Swedes and the Russians. They believe any more soldiers would help and that you can spare the men. Others are more reluctant to risk thousands of men in a far-off fight just for your dynasty. Will you accept their offer?

-Spanish intervention in the war has outraged your people, drawing them into supporting the war effort. Particularly infuriating was the attack on New Prussia, which has further disrupted trade and brought the Dutch settlers to the verge of open rebellion, seeking to take advantage of the chaos. Many want to punish Charles III for his meddling, though others see this as less feasible due to the distances involved. Perhaps France could be involved? Others see peace with Spain as the best option for long-term advantages in the war against Austria, Russia, and Sweden. How will you respond to the egregious Spanish assaults?

Kingdom of Sweden:

-Your goal of seizing Norway, long desired by Swedish monarchs, has finally been achieved. With the collapse of Moltke’s forces the region lies open to an indefinite period of Swedish rule. The question has arisen however, about the level of local governance. While your creation of a national assembly for Norway was applauded, some wonder who exactly is welcome. Shall the local nobles appointed by Frederick V be allowed to participate in government? What about lesser officials, such as local mayors and bishops who worked with the previous regime? Will you weed them out of government or work alongside them in governing Norway?

-While many praise the successes in Norway, the situations in Sweden and Finland are dire. The Hat-Cap alliance has refused your offer of peace, demanding your immediate abdication before talks can even commence. With many rallying to their banner, it is crucial that they be defeated. Perhaps you could employ your Russian allies in cleaning up Sweden, though it may hurt your legitimacy if you are seen crushing a Swedish rising with foreign soldiers. How will you proceed?

-Sweden controls the entrance to the Baltic, for the time being at least, but the Sea itself as well as the North Sea remain free for enemy movement. Some admirals are urging a concerted effort alongside the Russians to lock down both areas and prevent further Prussian and British operations on sea. Others believe this strategy too risky, keeping in mind the sheer advantage in size enjoyed by the British fleet. What will you do navally?

Republic of Venice:

-Your men have occupied Tripoli, Doge Loredan, though the locals appear quite resentful of Venetian rule. Your joint Austro-Venetian Army is only just managing to keep order in the city, all the while rumors abound that the Bey is collecting an army off in the desert. Some generals think the offensive should be continued, stunning the locals into submission through a show of strength before they can organize. Others believe, especially in light of the failure to capture Algiers, a more defensive strategy would work. What will you decide?

-The inability to address the Illyrian situation has left the region on the verge of rebellion, especially after the absence of your soldiers to fight in Africa. In an extremely provocative action, several Venetian traders were murdered on the roads of the slavic areas, the locals alleging innocence. Pamphlets are circulating decrying the tyranny of Venice, “a false Republic” according to one document.

-Finland and Poland have both come forward to offer Venetian ships trading rights, should your government be willing. They point to the attempts to economically isolate their realms as making an appeal to Venice necessary. Undoubtedly access to either market would create new avenues of Venetian wealth in the North, though at the risk of angering powers such as Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. Perhaps responding should be done cautiously, though it is recognized that all three powers that could be offended sit hundreds of miles away, with little likelihood of them seizing Venice itself.

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont:

-The nobles and your son are outraged about your decision to let them be taxed, forming the “Society of God & Crown”, which demands an immediate return to the old order. Your heir’s behavior has only become more and more embarrassing over the past few months, especially considering the fact that most conservatives have come to view him as their natural leader. Perhaps he could be used as an intermediary between the hardliners and your government. Others see him as a liability that must be silenced. What will you do?

-Your aid to Austria was widely praised by the various factions who, despite their differences in domestic policy, believe closer ties with Joseph II are ideal. The clergy were pleased you aided a power fighting the pirate menace, the republicans that you were helping an ally of Poland, and the nobles that you were forging ties with a traditional ally. Some see joining the war as a real possibility, one that could serve to distract from domestic woes, though the decision is ultimately up to you as King. Others believe Sardinia has little to gain from a foreign conflict at such an uncertain time at home. What do you think?

-The creation of the “German League” and the “Catholic League” have caused some Italian princes to propose the idea of an “Italian League” in order to protect regional interests. They look to you as the natural leader (with Naples under Spain and Milan under Austria). Will you call such an alliance into existence, keeping in mind the potential to alienate neighboring powers (France and Austria). Or perhaps it is better Italian states act in their own individual interests for the time being?

Kingdom of Portugal:

-Under the terms of your ancient and traditional alliance with Britain, it is arguable that Portugal should get involved in the larger European war, perhaps by action against Spain, who shamelessly aided the Austro-Polish-Russo-Swedish alliance. Since 1756, when the first part of the War of the Grand Coalitions began, Portugal has largely lost little, so there does remain an appetite in some quarters for war. Others believe you should tread lightly, perhaps by ignoring the Spanish assault on the British and forging closer ties with France (maybe join the Catholic League). What will you do about the tense situation in Europe?

-The ruler of Mysore is calling on you to join him in a war against the Maratha Confederacy, which is near the verge of collapse due to recent French invasions. Thousands of miles in India lie open for the taking, he argues, if you prove willing to seize it. Others believe that you should hold back, lest you provoke the French (who may jealously guard their gains). Will you heed the calls to get involved in India, or maintain the status quo?

-Ouro Preto, a town in Brazil, has become the center of a massive gold rush in that colony. Thousands of laborers are mining that valuable resource in vast quantities, giving your economy a boost. You are now able to spend this money how you see fit. Perhaps you could reform domestic circumstances? Others believe you should offer to purchase a colony from one of the other powers? Or maybe it should be invested in Portuguese infrastructure? What will you do about this large source of wealth?

[Spamage]

Kingdom of Spain:

-Spain’s triumphs over the past few months can not be understated, particularly the capture of both Greenland and Iceland. While your immediate family was concerned about the attack on Britain in the North Sea, your daughter being the wife of George III, the people of Spain relish the opportunity to fight the British. Will you continue to fight alongside the Austrians, anti-Catholic Poles, and Russians or make peace? How will Spain navigate the rapidly evolving foreign situation, especially with territories potentially on the line?

-There has been a good deal more of criticism over your extensive lending of Spanish soldiers to France, in order to pacify India. It is seen as a waste of money, manpower, and influence to prop up a power that was once Spain’s biggest rival. Yet, Spanish troops have been essential in French successes there for the past year. Will you heed the calls to return the men to Spain, especially considering a war is raging, or should aid be continued, hoping that the French will eventually reward you for your loyalty?

-The Philippines have been secured in their entirety, provoking celebration in some quarters, dismay in others. Spain controls the Cape Colony, on the verge of a three-way war. The American colonies continue to grow, fostered by Spanish policy. How will you handle the extensive colonial holdings of your Empire? What policies will you pursue over the coming months to govern everywhere from Reykjavik to Rio de La Plata?

Ottoman Empire:

-The Austrians and Russians have attacked, formally ending the uneasy truce that existed following the previous war. Your protectorate, the Duchy of Zagreb, was overrun, though you’ve managed to expel the Poles from Wallachia for the time being. In Crimea, your vassal and the Russians fought to a stalemate. How will the war be won?

-Venetian intervention in Tripoli, even with your renunciation of the Barbary States, has caused outrage throughout your Empire. Whoever rules the city, it angers many Muslim subjects that a Catholic power is assaulting fellow Muslims with impunity. Since your call for the people to rise up and expel the Beys seems to have been ignored, some are calling for you to change your policy and be a more active opponent of the Venetians in this area. Perhaps you could supply them with gold? Or weapons? Or maybe they should be left to face their fate on their own?

-Persia has collapsed into a civil war, with the Afsharids attempting to reassert their former control over the region against the Zand Dynasty. Many in Istanbul see this as a favorable development, urging you to pick a side and ensure that a friendly leader is installed on the throne of your traditional rival. Others believe that you should open up yet another front, capturing as much land as possible while the region is in chaos. Or perhaps remaining uninvolved will allow the Persians to kill each other while your men watch. Whatever the case, some policy is required in Persia, it is up to you to determine what it will be.

United Provinces of the Netherlands:

-The Netherlands has undoubtedly been humiliated over the past few years, Marie Louise, though some believe that capable leadership and commitment can return the United Provinces to their former glory. While the Cape Colony is lost, territory in Australia, South America, and the East Indies remain. Some courtiers believe a concerted effort in expanding these holdings, particularly the Dutch East Indies, could be a morale boost the realm desperately needs. Will you interfere in Asian affairs?

-With the collapse of the Republican government under Jacob Gilles, the Orangists have been advocating for a reactionary agenda. They see the republicans as discredited following their experiment of exiling of you and your grandson. Many are calling for the coronation of William V as William I, King of the Netherlands. This would end centuries of republican rule under the United Provinces, though some hope it would bring stability to the situation. Will you create a formal monarchy in the United Provinces or allow for the Stadtholdership to continue as the primary means of executive power?

-Your realm sits isolated, especially following the Prussian invasion and restoration. While, undoubtedly, many would be wary about getting involved in a European conflict again, foreign policy is important. What relationships will you seek to establish for the Netherlands abroad? Which powers will you court as friends?



Armies & ‬Locations
Kingdom of Prussia
178,200 ‬Royal Army
20,000 Army of Stettin
6,500 Army of the Cape
15,000 ‬men garrisoned
(Can raise 1,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of France
35,000 ‬Army of France
58,020 ‬Army of East India
99,106 ‬Army of West India
49,000 ‬Army of North India
6,000 ‬Army of Quebec
40,000 ‬men garrisoned
(‬61,000 ‬Spanish Volunteers Included in Armies of India)
(‬Can raise 39,500 ‬more)

Kingdom of Great Britain
31,633 Continental Army (in Britain)
8,000 ‬Army of Britain
36,616 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of the ‬13 ‬Colonies
7,836 ‬Army of New York
8,124 ‬Army of Ohio
5,800 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of Australia
(‬Can raise ‬14,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Sweden
34,041 ‬Army of Norway
32,098 Army of Sweden
17,201 Army of Finland
12,000 ‬men garrisoned
(‬Can raise 0 ‬more)

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
25,390 ‬men raised and mobile
8,000 ‬men garrisoned
(‬Can raise ‬15,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Spain
10,000 ‬men raised and mobile
10,000 ‬Army of Naples
12,928 Army of Corsica
13,000 Army of the Cape
10,000 Army of Iceland & Greenland
22,000 ‬men garrisoned
15,000 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of New Spain
10,000 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of South America
2,000 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of the Philippines
(‬61,000 ‬Men in French India)
(‬can raise ‬0 ‬more)
 
Russian Empire:
42,057 ‬Army of Poland
46,000 Army of Konigsberg
43,021 Army of Norway
2,000 Army of Copenhagen
52,111 ‬Army of Kazakhstan
53,728 Army of Kiev
(‬can raise ‬7,000 ‬more)

Archduchy of Austria
102,368 Army of the North
39,216 Army of the Danube
40,000 Army of the Homeland
(10,000 Army of the Mediterranean with Venetians)
(‬can raise ‬6,700 ‬more)

Ottoman Empire
49,021 Army of Danube North
49,527 Army of Danube South
20,000 ‬Army of Istanbul
35,000 ‬men garrisoned
7,300 ‬Swiss Mercenaries
(‬can raise ‬28,000 ‬more)

Republic of Venice
5,721 Army of Tripoli
3,392 Army of Malta
+(10,000 Austrian Volunteers in Tripoli)
(‬can raise ‬23,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Portugal
20,000 ‬men raised and mobile
10,000 ‬men garrisoned
6,850 ‬Army of Brazil
(‬Can raise ‬24,000 ‬more)

Free Republic of Poland-Lithuania
86,437 Army of Poznan
30,000 Army of the North
69,528 Army of the South
10,000 Patriot Guard
30,000 men garrisoned
(can raise ? more)

United Provinces of the Netherlands
10,000 ‬Army of the Netherlands
2,000 ‬men Army & ‬Garrison of Dutch East Indies
10,000 Men Garrisoned
(‬can raise ‬45,000 ‬more)

Navies of the World
Kingdom of Great Britain
171 ‬Ships of the Line
119 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of France
107 ‬Ships of the Line
56 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Spain
55 ‬Ships of the Line
36 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Portugal
32 ‬Ships of the Line
20 ‬Frigates

Russian Empire
23 ‬Ships of the Line
2 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Sweden
22 ‬Ships of the Line
10 ‬Frigates

Ottoman Empire
18 ‬Ships of the Line
8 ‬Frigates

Republic of Venice
11 ‬Ships of the Line
21 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Prussia
6 ‬Ships of the Line
5 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Portugal
32 ‬Ships of the Line
20 ‬Frigates

United Provinces of the Netherlands
57 ‬Ships of the Line
43 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
1 ‬Ships of the Line
5 ‬Frigates

[Spamage]

Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia Crowned King of the Finns!
Smuggles himself into new realm

European Courts were surprised by the news that Augustus Ferdinand Hohenzollern, Prince of Prussia and younger brother of Frederick II, was offered the title "King of the Finns" by the rebels seeking to end Swedish rule. First crowned in a modest ceremony in Potsdam, the new ruler quickly smuggled himself into his new realm via the Baltic. Met with jubilation in Finland, who sees him as their path to recognition abroad and independence, the new King has declared his intention to expel the Swedes from his realm. He brings with him hope that Finland may follow the Prussian history of military excellence, though thus far his armies have not been seriously tried.

With a second realm in Europe now under the House of Hohenzollern, some of the Finnish rebels have looked warily on the Courts of Stockholm and St. Petersburg, curious about their response. Others wonder how other power-players in Europe will respond to this surprising act by Frederick II, who sent his brother a warm heartfelt congratulations and a dramatic sendoff. Undoubtedly though, the move has strengthened nationalist sentiments in Finland, perhaps sending more men into arms.

[Spamage]

World Military Update
July-December 1761

Summary: The War continued, perhaps even expanding. France sent an army of 50,000 to aid the Prussians in the war against the Poles, but Frederick II ordered them to defend Prussian territory while he went on the offensive. The results would be disastrous for the old alliance between France and Austria. Meanwhile, Russia restabilizes as Catherine delivered much needed victories against opponents at home and abroad. Adolf Frederick put an end to the internal revolt, only to be faced with an even greater challenge. The Ottomans have dealt with stalemates on most fronts, defeats in others. The crisis in Europe is at a breaking point. Revolutionaries and Empires against upstart monarchies. This is not even to mention two new realms, Naples and Iceland, who have determined to remove themselves from the Concert by declaring their independence...

War of the Grand Coalitions

Archduchy of Austria, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Free Republic of Poland, Duchy of Saxony, Durrani Empire, Maratha Confederacy
v.
Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, German League, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Finland, Riksdag Rebels, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway-Iceland, Kazakh Khanate, Khanate of Crimea, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of France, Mysore

Battle of Gothenburg: Decisive Swedish-Russian Victory

Determined to halt the rebellion in its tracks, and bolstered by moves to establish an official consitution, Adolf Frederick went on the attack. The majority of the Swedish forces, in addition to the Russian Army of Norway, descended on the region, defeating the Riksdag leaders in a series of terrible battles for the rebels. Gothenburg has been captured, much of the recently gained rebel land has been recaptured with little damage, and any hope of the Riksdag suceeding is quickly evaporating. Swedes appear relieved the crisis at home will likely soon be solved, especially with the news from Norway...

Anglo-Spanish Norwegian Langings: Major Anglo-Spanish Victory

With the Swedish Navy withdrawing back to harbor, the Russians felt too outnumbered by the now joint Spanish-English force. They too moved further into the Baltic. The British were thus able to land their own army of Norway in the region, quickly joined by Spanish soldiers. While storms complicated some aspects of the landings, much of the region has been captured. That being said, an upswing in Norwegian patriotism, in part due to the raising of an army by the local assembly, has created intense resistance in some areas. Being invaded by Swedes and Danes is one thing, British and Spanish something else entirely.

Siege of Helsinki: Decisive Finnish Victory

With the arrival of 20,000 Prussian reinforcements, plus the growth of morale following victories in the north, it soon became clear to the Swedish Army of Finland that they were outnumbered by about 4-to-1. Sensing that the situation was untenable, especially with rumors of a Anglo fleet en route and low supplies, the forces prudently withdrew, heading back to Stockholm. While Swedish officials were frustrated by the clear insubordination, others believe local commanders made the right decision in light of such a foreboding assault.  

Battle of Copenhagen: Decisive Prussian Victory

With the Russians focusing more on the affairs of Sweden's interior, a reserve force of 12,000 Prussians jumped at the chance, especially with the return of naval superiority, to capture Copenhagen. The small Russian garrison was overwhelmed by Danish civilians and Prussian soldiers. Though the city has been recaptured, and Moltke reinstalled as regent, Frederick V remains in Russian captivity, being moved to St. Petersburg before the recapture of his capitol.

Insurrection of Moscow: Decisive Russian Victory

With news of the conspiracy against Catherine public, and her intention to punish the offenders clear, there was a last-minute attempt to overthrow her regency. Centered in Moscow, the longtime Russian capitol, a group of clergyman and nobles plotted. A mass demonstration was planned, attended by hundreds. The city guard, sensing the situation spiraling out of control, decided to opt for the violent solution, fed up with civil conflict. The riot was brutally smashed, fighting in the streets with hundreds killed. Nobles were captured fleeing the scene and anti-Catherine officials were often murdered on sight by her zealous defenders. The city was further damaged by the chaos, but it appears Catherine's party has been victorious, restoring order in the city. While several dozen men have escaped, heading for the Ottomans or Prussians, most have been killed. Even so, while she was victorious, the shakiness of legitimacy in Russia at the moment has been demonstrated to some.

Third Battle of Gdansk: Stalemate

Prussia was ambitious, its attempts to go into defensive mode having resulted in no attacks. Frederick II, sensing his military numerical advantage, made an ambitious move to liberate East Prussia. His forces approached Gdansk, that oft-damaged settlement, before they met serious opposition. The Third Battle of Gdansk saw thousands of casualties on both sides and another stalemate has prevailed in Eastern Europe. Some point out that Frederick may not have had the men to lose, but neither do the Poles and Russians. While modest Prussian gains were made landwise, it is estmated they lost more men than their foes.

War in the Crimea: Slight Polish Victory

The Army of Kiev withdrew, stunning the Ottomans and Crimeans who could not believe their good fortune. Yet, just as soon as the news arrived, it was followed by reports of a Polish assault into the region. Volunteers and a detachment from the Army of Wallachia pushed into Crimea, capturing some territory, before meeting a joint Ottoman-Crimean force in the west. The fight was largely indecisive, with slight casualties on both sides, and has many questioning the future of the region.

War in Silesia: Slight Austrian Victory

Frederick II ordered the 50,000 man French Army, sent to aid the fight against the Poles, to stay back and defend Prussian land while he went on the offensive. The men were stationed in Silesia, coming into contact with the larger Austrian Army moving north out of Bohemia, eager to assault Prussia with news of the Third Battle of Gdansk. The former allies clashed with little hesitation, the French force collapsing under Austrian strain, retreating north. The Austrian campaign would've taken more land, but the onset of winter has slowed operations. Nevertheless, many Frenchmen are perplexed why Louis XV has started to fight in Europe with so much of his forces in India.

War in Wurttemburg: Decisive Wurttemburg Victory

The Bavarians thought they had triumphed in Wurttemburg, lured on by local praise and celebrations of their arrival. Local officials even surrendered, offering a large festival in Stuttgart. The feast was pleasant, the soldiers enjoying themselves alongside their leaders. They were unaware however, of treachery. The wine was drugged, the civilians were often soldiers in plainclothes, and the city was a trap. In a brutal move, the locals slaughtered the dazed Bavarians, thousands of soldiers fleeing the city, and the region, back to Bavaria. It has been a major setback for that King's attempts to crush the enemies of Austria.

War in Bosnia: Major Austrian Victory

Despite being outnumbered, the Austrians were eager to advance further into Ottoman-held land. They faced the Northern Army of the Danube in the Battle of Sarajevo and emerged victorious, sending the Ottomans into a panicky retreat. Many credit the victory to superior Austrian morale, aided further by the land gains made in the following days. As a result, tensions are quite high among the Turks, suddenly eyeing their fellow Bulgarian and Greek subjects with new suspicion.

War in Wallachia: Slight Ottoman Victory

"Mopping up" Wallachia proved to be a good deal more difficult than anticipated. The Poles employed brutal tactics when they retreated, not to mention leaving guerilla fighters behind. Skirmishes between Ottoman and Republican forces have occured throughout the theater, often with Ottoman victories, but until a decisive blow is struck, the region will likely remain in turmoil. Optomists though, highlight that land was captured from the enemy.

Second Battle of Omsk: Decisive Russian Victory

More good news from Catherine arrived from the East, where a massive Russian Army (the traditional force joined by the arrival of the Kievans) inflicted a brutal defeat on the Kazakhs, reversing their gains and capturing land for Russia. While the Kazakhs were more used to the terrain, their attempts to bring battle tactics of the past to bear against an army both larger and better equipped than them brought misery. Though the Khan will fight on, the blow has undoubtedly been felt throughout the tribes.

Battle of Gujarat: Major Durrani Victory

With men arrived from Persia, and sensing local support, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched an assault on the French Army of the North, even with less men and worse weaponry. Much to the surprise of both sides, the Durrani managed to beat back the Army of the North, capturing much of the region as loyal Muslims denounced French rule and greeted the Afghans as liberators. Even so, the French forces remain largely in tact despite moderate casualties. The future of Northern India now seems to be in contention after a year or so of quiet. Can the French Raj, so recently established be maintained?

Battle of Gadchiroli: Major French Victory

The French Army in the east continued to roll through the region, dealing a series of crushing blows to the remaining Maratha forces facing them. Most of the region north of the Godavari River now sits in French hands, the remaining Maratha of the east fleeing to the south to join with their compatriots.

[Spamage]

Battle of Beed: Stalemate

To the west however, the Maratha were determined to fight on. At the Battle of Beed, they proved themselves a force still to be reckoned with, though losing much of their force in the process. French advances in the west have been stalled for the time being, though some wonder if it is too late to save the Confederacy.

Mysore Invasion of Maratha Confederacy: Major Mysore Victory

To the south, the remaining Maratha were caught off guard by Mysore's stunning assault. Overwhelmed and shocked, the meager Maratha resistance was pushed north. The fate of the Confederacy hangs by a thread.

[Spamage]

News
July-December 1761

CHARLES III DEPOSED AS REGENT FOR SON!
Neapolitan Nobility Demands Independence

Spain's switching of sides was not received well throughout their lands, in particular there was great consternation in Naples. The people of that Kingdom had once admired King Charles, he having reigned for years before his ascension to the Spanish throne. Even so, they viewed his actions since his abdication with near-universal disdain. The loss of Parma was lamented, the vacillating foreign policy viewed as erratic, and the lack of a substantive response to the pirates was concerning. Taking all these factors into account, a group of nobles decided to act. When the Naples Army withdrew from Corsica and returned to the realm, it joined them in declaring an end to Charles' powers as regent. Bernardo Tanucci has been installed instead. While they stress his son ought to remain as King and they hope to continue as members of the Catholic League, their interests do not align closely enough with Spain for any sort of union, weak or strong, to continue.

The Kingdom now looks to Spain, eager to see how Madrid will respond. The militarists in Charles III's Court are demanding that the King recapture the realm, asserting his rights over his former subjects. Others see the disunion as a blessing, believing so long as Charles' son retains the throne the agreement is acceptable. The real test will be whether Charles acquiseces to the demands of the new Neapolitan regents for the return to their King to Naples, permanently.

Chaos in Prussia! Gundpowder Sabatoge Throughout the Realm!

It appears some other realm has gotten revenge on Frederick of Prussia, the results having been terrifying. The war effort was disrupted when a series of terrifying exploses emerged throughout the Kingdom. Caches of gunpowder in urban and rural areas have been devastated, killing dozens of soldiers/civilians while also lowering the amount available to the military. Upon futher investigation, it has been revealed that other stashes have been polluted with gravel, damaged with other chemicals, or stolen. Naturally prime suspicion rests on the Poles, Austrians, or Swedes. Others speculate though, that it may have been Prussian subjects, discontented with their King's long-term military campaigns. Whatever the case, morale in the realm has been severely shook.

Spain Makes Bold Claims in Pacific Northwest!

Seeking to expand its presence even further in the New World, Charles III and his government began a policy of expansion north from California. Thousands of Spanish soldiers have been dispatched north to set up forts, encourage missions, and clear the way for settlement. While the move is supported by many in Spain, it is likely to cause controversy throughout Europe. How the British and Russians, both with similar ambitions of their own in the region, will react remains to be seen. Perhaps they will make similar claims of their own?

Catherine II Recovers!

Catherine's illness seemed to worsen as summer progressed, uncertainty dominating the realm as it was unclear who would succeed her as regent. At one point it appeared the Empress would die within hours, when her condition slowly began to improve. It is clear whatever caused the sickness is no longer exposed to the Empress, who has begun to return to her former level of health. Though much more thin, and paler, the people of Russia have been surprised about the degree of her recovery. Celebrations in St. Petersburg have commemorated the change as a miracle, divine blessing of her decision to crown herself and fight the Ottomans.

FRANCESCO LOREDAN DIES IN VENICE!
POISON OR AGE?

Venice was shocked on the morning of October 17th, 1761 when it was revealed that Doge Francesco Loredan, the reformist leader of the Republic, was found dead in his apartments. Presiding over a period unique in Venetian history, the leaders was praised for his policies of peace, even if they were tarnished by intervention against the pirates at the end of his reign (no matter how justfied it was agreed to be).

Of course, rumors began to swirl in the aftermath of the sudden loss. Some place the blame on the Ilyrians, others see the murder as resulting from Tripolitanians. Certainly the Doge had no shortage of enemies that would've liked to have seen him dead. Some have even claimed that the radical reformists in Venice did the deed, killing their leader who had become an obstacle to further reform. Whatever the case, the city was filled with mourning and tears, the Republic's future suddenly unclear.

Second Diplomatic Revolution?
Franco-Prussian Alliances Destabilizes European Diplomacy, British Election

Europe was shocked by the sudden French intervention in Poland, moreso when the French soldiers ended up clashing against their former Austrian allies. While most in Prussia favored the move, other civilians have been more skeptical. The move has caused unease among minor powers of the Holy Roman Empire, who dread French expansion, as well as a general feeling of mistrust (as France had technically in the eyes of many betrayed its Austrian and Russian allies).

Another unintended consequence of the move involved the British Elections. France and Britain have been at war intermittently since William III seized the throne of Britain in the late 1600s. The Nine Years War, War of Spanish Succession, War of Austrian Succession, and now the War of the Grand Coalitions have left many skeptical about any sort of cooperation between Britain and France. The result in the General Elections was a Whig landslide, the new delegates demanding a repudiation of any cooperation with France, a formal protest filed against Prussia, and peace on the Continent. The very optics of the British being seen as aiding Bourbon expansionism, what the war has undoubtedly become in the eyes of many following the coronation of Stanislas in Paris, are terrible. George III must consider his nation's path forward very carefully.

Kingdom of the Netherlands Proclaimed!
Century of Republican Netherlands Ends with a Whimper

Marie Louise took matter into her own hands following her restoration as regent for her grandson. Recognizing the instability plaguing the United Provinces, and seeing the unique opportunity provided by the intervention of Britain and Prussia, it was decided to establish a Dutch monarchy. In a dramatic series of events a reform package was rushed through the Staats General. The United Provinces were dissolved, William V being proclaimed William I of the Netherlands. Republican pretenses were ended as a new era in the Netherlands was proclaimed. The House of Orange with govern as monarchs, with a limited national assembly serving as the legislative body.

Thus, years of Dutch Republicanism have ended. The government established during the wars against Spain, conflicts between Orangists and Republicans, and traded across the world is no more. If its succesor regime can live up to its legacy will be determined in the coming years.

The Polish Question
France Crowns Stanislas As King of Poland, Attempt on the Life of Alexander II in Prussia!

There was strong outrage in Poland when Louis XV decided, with the backing of both Spain and Sardinia-Piedmont, to have his father-in-law, the former King of Poland, returned to his post. Stanislas was recoronated in a lavish French ceremony, Versailles making it clear what future they believe is best for the Poles. The news sparked controversy, particularly in Britain, where the Polish Revolutionary War has also become seen as a war of Bourbon expansionism. Stanislas has no sons, his only heir being his daughter, the current wife of Louis XV. Though the Bourbons maintain there will be no Franco-Polish Union, it has not stopped some from worrying. It reminds many of the Boubon inhertance of Spain earlier in the century, and all the horror that entailed.

Another incident occured with the other claimant however. In Potsdam an attempt was made on Alexander II's life, with his palace catching fire and unknown individuals assaulting him. Though he managed to escape, the former Polish monarch has grown paranoid, particularly towards Frederick of Prussia. He has privately expressed doubts about the death of Ivan VI and fled the Kingdom. It is rumoured the Prussian government would like to also back Stanislas, naturally causing the fire to be viewed with new suspicion. In order to safeguard himself, Stanislas has relocated to Mecklenburg, where the Duke has granted him asylum.

The Polish emigres were reportedly furious about the French coronation. Stanislas had not reigned for years, the move being deemed self-serving on the part of Louis XV, who wants to expand his grandchildren's inheritance. There remains a sizeable camp loyal to Alexander II, refusing to fight unless guarantees are made he will gain the throne. A minority have expressed support for Stanislas though, but even that appears lukewarm. Perhaps the only way to rally the emigre community will be victory against the Revolutionaries, as the actions by the monarchs this turn only seem to have divided it further.

[Spamage]

The Concert of Europe

January 1762

Nations, ‬Leaders, & ‬Players:
Russian Empire- Empress Catherine II Romanov (‬Henry Wallace)
Kingdom of France- ‬King Louis XV Bourbon
Kingdom of Prussia‬- ‬King Fredrick II Hohenzollern (‬Chairmansanchez)
Archduchy of Austria‬- ‬Emperor Joseph II Habsburg (‬Dereich)
Kingdom of Great Britain- ‬King George III of Hanover (‬DKrol)
Kingdom of Spain- ‬King Charles III Bourbon (‬LouisvilleThunder)
Ottoman Empire-‬ Sultan Mustafa III Osmanoğlu (Averroes)
Kingdom of Sweden- ‬King Adolf Frederick (‬YPestis25)
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont- ‬King Charles Emmanuel III Savoy (‬TimTurner)
Kingdom of Portugal- ‬King Joseph I Braganza (‬Mike88)
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Regent Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (PiT)
Papal States- Pope Benedict XV (X)
Kingdom of Finland- Augustus I Ferdinand Hohenzollern (Kingpoleon)[‬/center]

Economic Standings:
Kingdom of Spain- ‬Strong
Kingdom of Great Britain- ‬Strong
Archduchy of Austria- Strong
Kingdom of Portugal- Strong
Kingdom of Prussia- ‬Moderate
Kingdom of France- ‬Moderate
Papal States- Moderate
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont-Moderate
Ottoman Empire- ‬Moderate
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Moderate
Kingdom of Sweden- ‬Weak
Kingdom of Finland- Weak
Russian Empire- ‬Weak


Popularity:
Frederick II of Prussia- ‬Very High
Joseph II of Austria- ‬High
Mustafa III of Ottoman Empire- ‬High
Augustus Ferdinand of Finland- High
Louis XV of France- ‬High
Charles III of Spain- ‬Moderate
Benedict XV- Moderate
Marie Louise of the Netherlands- Moderate
Charles Emmanuel III- Moderate
Catherine II of Russia- ‬Moderate
Adolf Frederick of Sweden- ‬Moderate
George III of Great Britain- ‬Moderate
Joseph I of Portugal- Low

Ongoing Conflicts:
War of the Grand Coalitions
Archduchy of Austria, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Free Republic of Poland, Duchy of Saxony, Durrani Empire, Maratha Confederacy
v.
Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, German League, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Finland, Riksdag Rebels, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway-Iceland, Kazakh Khanate, Khanate of Crimea, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of France, Mysore

Russian Empire:

-The Kazakhs are on the retreat, their defeat in Siberia having humiliated them. With the potential for conquest, your generals are asking how the territory is to be administered. They believe the Khanate should be completely annexed, all levels of that society integrated into the Russian state. Others believe this could bog your realm down in an endless war with the locals. Or perhaps it is best to wait to decide until order is restored?

-Moscow was in insurrection, chaos having struck the city during the last few months. Order has been restored, the nobles and clergy who were plotting now sitting in Russian prisons. Will you brutally execute them, setting an example of those who challenge your rule, or treat them with mercy, like the Empress Elizabeth. During her reign no prisoners were executed. Will you rescind this policy following such dire attempts at rebellion or try to keep former policies in place?

-Spain has claimed vast swathes of the Pacific Northwest, challenging Russian potential in the region. Though Alaska remains small, some advisors believe you should likewise claim more land in the region, perhaps all the way down to the Californian border. Certainly the New World has the chance for profit, but it could also cause controversy if your claims overlap with Spain, or even Britain’s. Yet, you are at war with both powers so perhaps claiming is not as big of a problem as assumed. Will you be bold and demand more colonial territory or be cautious and avoid further international conflict?

Archduchy of Austria:

-Austrian soldiers have reentered Silesia, Emperor Joseph, for the first time since they were expelled in the War of the Austrian Succession. Though this has caused your realm to enter war with France, expanding the war, many hope the next few months will see further Austrian expansion. With victories in Bosnia, this desire has only increased. How will you manage the war?

-French entry in the war may have provided you with a chance to rally the Empire against its two major enemies, one who has meddled in the Empire for more than a century and another who attempted to dissolve it entirely. Prussia was already deemed by most princes to be a major threat, but the French involvement has caused a good deal of panic. Will you attempt to rally the Diet against your enemies, even if their is a chance of failure and further Imperial instability?

-There are still 10,000 Austrian soldiers in Tripoli, helping the Venetians secure the area. With the death of Loredan, and the failure to capture most of the pirate realm, some are calling for you to withdraw the expeditionary force. Others believe Austria should take leadership of the campaign, pointing out there are more Austrian soldiers than Venetians in Africa. What will you decide?

Kingdom of Great Britain:

-The elections were shocking, King George, but reflect the view of many against cooperation with France. The Whigs have retained their power, tying the Tories to the “Papists”. Will you seek to exit the war, switch sides, or continue to fight even without the consent of the people? It must be remembered that the recently enfranchised Catholics (in Ireland and Scotland) How will you manage the crisis of confidence at present?

-The decision to grant colonial representatives seats in Westminster was a popular one with colonial subjects. Some have questioned whether or not the delegation’s size should be expanded, pointing out the high number of people per representative in the Americas compared to in England proper. Likewise other colonies, Jamaica and Barbados have begun to inquire about receiving their own representation. Another question is whether, now that they are represented, if the colonies should be taxed at the same rate as England? Certainly it would be a solid way to generate revenue. What will you do?

-Spain has claimed much of the Pacific Coast in North America, an ambitious move that has caused outrage in the Americas. Most of the 13 Colonies have at one time or another alleged that they should expand across the Continent, coast to coast. Even though you’ve decided to found new colonies rather than granting the old ones unlimited expansion, the principle stands. Will you lay your own claims in America or drop the matter until a later date, even if it means Spain settles the region?

Kingdom of Prussia:

-The alarming stalemate in Poland has continued, leaving Prussia without any significant territorial gains to speak of. With Austria now threatening Silesia, perhaps a rethinking of the situation is necessary. Do you have any ideas on how to manage the conflict? Will you keep pushing towards East Prussia, march on Poland, or turn and stop the Austrians? What will Prussia’s plan be?

-Copenhagen has been liberated, Moltke sending his praise. He would like aid in governing the area and restoring order, hoping that the 12,000 soldiers can remain in Copenhagen while he raises an army. This comes as Prussian generals are urging you to withdraw the men and send them to more urgent fronts. Will you help him rebuild Denmark, with the potential for a local army to be raised in the long-run, or face your immediate enemies with the men right now?

-Alexander II, the deposed ruler of Poland, has fled your realm following the attempt on his life. He sits in Mecklenburg, spreading vicious lies about you and supposed involvement in the fire at his palace. France has crowned Stanislas as their claimant, which would place the Bourbons as eventual heirs to the Polish crown, causing some to believe you ought to follow suit, in order to preserve your alliance. Others think reconciling with Alexander II would be a better solution, given the unpopularity of yet another Bourbon realm.

[Spamage]

Kingdom of Sweden:

-You have mostly defeated the Riksdag rebels, the stunning turnaround due to the large influx of Swedish and Russian soldiers. Yet, this is what left Norway open to capture by the British. Finland’s rebellion likewise has only grown in strength. How will you manage the conflicts in and around Sweden?

-The decision to establish a constitution has resulted in a convention on Swedish and Norwegian officials. Thus far, they seem to be proposing a National Assembly, 4 year elections held among large landowners, and limits to the power of the Crown. Norway and Sweden would share a federal assembly, with each realm having its own regional body, exemplifying federalism. Royalists on the committee have assured the right of you to hold most executive controls, but even so the Assembly can overrule some decisions. Will you accept these proposals or put more pressure on the drafters in order to ensure stronger powers for yourself?

-Icelandic rebels, tired of being subject to repeated invasions, have come forward with an offer. They would like one of your sons, other than your heir, to be granted the title King of Iceland. They were inspired by Prussia’s decision to crown Augustus Ferdinand as King of the Finns. Will you take them up on their offer, potentially drawing international outrage, or play it safe and ignore the proposal? Or should you demand that they submit to your rule directly, even if it means they may refuse?

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont:

-Naples has revolted against your Spanish allies and many in your realm see a unique opportunity to expand. Perhaps Sardinian soldiers could be deployed to put down dissent and restore order. Advisors believe you could demand Sicily or a large amount of gold as compensation. Will you make the move? Or should Spain’s problem be dealt with by Madrid?

-You had previously backed Stanislas of Poland during the War of the Polish Succession from 1733-1735, siding against Austria and Russia. Many see parallels with the present, with France again at war with Austria and Russia to restore his claim. There are calls for you to enter the war alongside them, returning to your former position as a powerplayer in Italy. Certainly those who covet Milan and Tuscany are eager to expand the fighting and there is a growing sense of urgency due to the nature of Polish republicanism. Will you get involved, or steer clear of the war?

-The nobles have issued an ultimatum, demanding a withdrawal of their taxation and threatening to not pay the Crown if they are not listened to. They would like their rate to be halved, putting their percentage lower than that of the common people. While giving in may solve the discontent, it could make you appear weak and draw outrage from other social groups. What will you do?

Kingdom of Portugal:

-Mysore has declared war on the Maratha, and seeks direct Portuguese aid in the fighting. They demand an immediate transfer of gold, men, and arms to tear down the final remaining shreds of that loathed Confederacy. In Portugal opinion is divided. Some see it as a worthwhile investment, thinking that you would benefit in the long run. Others believe that they can manage on their own and Portugal should not risk too much for so little potential gains. What will you do?

-Europe continues to burn, with the war expanding and taking new shapes. France abandoned Austria and joined with Prussia. Spain too has switched alliances. Since 1756, when the first part of the War of the Grand Coalitions began, Portugal has largely lost little, so there does remain an appetite in some quarters for war. Others believe you should tread lightly, perhaps by forging closer ties with France (maybe join the Catholic League). What will you do about the tense situation in Europe?

-Ouro Preto, a town in Brazil, has become the center of a massive gold rush in that colony. Thousands of laborers are mining that valuable resource in vast quantities, giving your economy a boost. You are now able to spend this money how you see fit. Perhaps you could reform domestic circumstances? Others believe you should offer to purchase a colony from one of the other powers? Or maybe it should be invested in Portuguese infrastructure? What will you do about this large source of wealth?

Kingdom of Spain:

-There was great surprise about the switching of sides, though it has largely been accepted by the Spanish people. Your daughter is the queen, after all. Some expressed concern about the expedition to Norway though, wondering why Spanish soldiers were being deployed so far from home in a theater that does not concern Spain’s immediate interests. After fighting in Greenland and Iceland, with no immediate gains, their skepticism does seem to be supported. How will you assure them that your campaigning is a worthwhile decision?

-Naples has revolted, issuing a clear challenge to your control in the region. While they allege to be loyal to your son, in whose name they govern, the nobles may have set a dangerous precedent. Many in Madrid believe you should demand the title of regent be returned, both because of your former rule in that Kingdom as well as the precedent such an overturn of a regency would set. Will you? Furthermore, how will you respond to their demands that your son be handed over?

-Spanish expeditions in Africa have whetted an appetite for expansion on that continent. Spaniards look to Madagascar, West Africa, or even somewhere near New Prussia as potential sites. This could give access to new goods, establish ports for vessels returning from Asia, and reaffirm Spain’s status as a colonial power. Others see it as leaving the potential for your realm to overstretch, get distracted, and waste sums of money. Will you expand in Africa or focus on your other colonies?

Ottoman Empire:

-The war has been mixed for your realm at present. Assaults in the Crimea and attempts to retake Wallachia failed for the Poles, but the Austrians have managed to move further into Bosnia, threatening your European territories from the north. How will you stem the tide of disorder? What must be done to win the war?

-The Persian civil war has intensified, with thousands of refugees fleeing into Iraq. They demand a safe haven from the fighting. Naturally, the issue has aroused controversy. While they could be valuably employed, they are Shi’ites. Furthermore, they are Persian nationals. Attempts to settle them could provoke outrage in your realm. Expelling them may be viewed as too harsh though. How will you handle this tough issue?

-Barbary pirates, desperate following the loss of Tripoli to Venice, have even begun to target Ottoman shipping, deeming you just as vulnerable as the European powers. Communication and transportation of goods have thus become slower as a result, with merchants less willing to risk goods being shipped via sea. Will your forces take an active position against these intolerable acts? Or should the bribe be paid? How will this controversial situation be addressed?

[Spamage]

United Provinces of the Netherlands:

-The coronation was a huge success, most Dutch eager to put the chaotic politics of the last decade or so behind them. Even so, there were a number of irreconcilable republicans, who have reportedly taken their activity underground following the birth of the Kingdom. Some advisors are urging a thorough investigation of the matter, while other officials believe that it is best to leave the matter be, so as to not outrage more moderate republican elements. What do you say?

-Dutch expansion in the East Indies has begun, with Papua New Guinea now hosting two fledgling settlements. While during previous settlement, the Dutch attempted to integrate with local elites during colonial expansion, this island seems different. The locals are far more hostile to your presence, even attacking settlers on some occasions. This presents you with a dilemma. Will you try to take a conciliatory path with the furious natives or seek to battle them for control of the island?

-Your settlement at New Holland (Australia) has begun to come up against significant local populations fleeing British settlement. While there was a treaty between natives and Britain, they quickly violated it and expanded north nonetheless. Now demanding the original inhabitants move inland, thousands have fled that half of the continent entirely, moving towards your realm. Will you expel them, aid them, or even potentially arm and return them? How will you manage this strain on your growing dominion?

Papal States:

-Pope Benedict XV, the Catholic world is in dire straights. Austria and France, once allies, have turned on eachother, Polish repression is harming that Church, and two continental Protestants assault Europe. How will you navigate the tough situation this political climate has created?

-Clearly one of the most outrageous actions since the Reformation is the damage to the Polish Catholic Church. The government’s demand that clergy swear an oath of loyalty has caused riots both for and against the proposal. In some cities, where bishops have refused and fled, churches were ransacked and defiled. It appears, in light of the divisiveness of the issue, both sides have only become more entrenched in their position. What will the Papacy do about this pressing matter? Is negotiation the solution or should harsh words be issued in defense of the oppressed clergy?

-European monarchies have seized many powers of the Church. Bishops are appointed by the Crown in most realm, nations such as Portugal have begun to expel Jesuits, and some have even had the audacity to suggest taxing Church lands. In such a situation, some are wondering if the power of the Papacy should be increased. Will you attempt to assert Papa Authority? Or should the matter be set aside until there is more stability?

Kingdom of Finland:

-Welcome to Finland, King August Ferdinand. You have arrived in a realm newly created, one under threat on both sides (east and west), though not lacking in morale. The Swedes have finally been expelled from Helsinki and the Russians have taken no significant actions for the time being, leaving you with a bit of breathing room. How will you fight to ensure your new realm retains its independence?

-With Helsinki comes the capture of hundreds of former Swedish administrators, officials, and even a few Riksdag representatives. These men undoubtedly have a unique skill set when it comes to governing your territory, so some advisors believe they should be pardoned and employed in governing your new realm. Others see them as traitors, viewing hiring them as an act of borderline treason. What will you do? Will former Swedish officials be a proper choice or should government positions be given to Finns?

-Your brother, and primary patron, is an absolute monarch. The Russian Empire is an absolute monarchy. Meanwhile the Swedes were a semi-representative monarchy through the Riksdag. How will you rule in Finland? Will you work with some sort of assembly or rule by divine right?

Kingdom of France:

-King Louis, the War in Europe has just expanded. With your coronation of Stanislas as King of Poland and clashes with Austrian soldiers in Silesia, France now has more enemies in Europe. Some are concerned with the deployment of so many men in India during a time of domestic unease. How will you manage the war? What steps will you take to ensure victory for the Bourbon cause?

-The Maratha are on the verge of collapse, willing to discuss terms of surrender. This has been a continuous bright spot during your war in India. Yet, to the north, the Durrani remain a potent threat. Many doubt that your soldiers have the capability to invade their homeland, and they've assaulted much of Gujarat. How will you manage your new holdings in India? What steps will be taken to keep them safe?

-Domestic opinion on the war has been mixed, though most of your subjects are willing to trust you. Even so, there were some embarassing criticisms levied in the Estates General. Some believe you should use the state of emergency to renege on your promises of calling the body regularly. Others think that now it the last time to be meddling in such divisive issues, pointing to Sweden as an example. How will you deal with dissent among some of your subjects, upset over the events outside of France?

Kingdom of Naples:

-Naples has declared independence from the regency of Charles III, Bernardo Tanucci. The nobles and people look to you to govern the realm in these difficult times. Undoubtedly your first priority should be to secure the person of your monarch. As a Spanish Prince, and under the guardianship of his father, he sits in far off Madrid. How will you deal with Spain to secure both your young ruler and independence? Some desire force be shown in order to intimidate, while others think diplomacy could be an effective solution.

-As you are now freed from Spanish protection, it is clear Naples will have to establish its own foreign policy. Some look to Austria as a natural ally, stressing traditional ties and common enemies, while others would desire to see France as a partner. With war raging in Europe, undoubtedly the decision must not be made hastily. Where will Naples look for international friends?

-While reaction to the coup was generally favorable, many of the local officials in Naples were appointed by Charles III back when he ruled the Kingdom. Undoubtedly they would have sympathies with him should he decide to take action against your attempts at liberation. There are open calls to remove those appointed by the former King from office and replace them with loyal officials, others see meddling with government structure at such a time of uncertainty as only leading to trouble. What will you do about Charles III's officials in Naples?

[Spamage]

Armies & ‬Locations
Kingdom of Prussia
162,723 ‬Royal Army
11,464 Army of Copenhagen
6,500 Army of the Cape
10,000 ‬men garrisoned
(20,000 Prussian Volunteers in Finland)
(Can raise 1,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of France
61,280 ‬Army of Silesia
47,320 ‬Army of East India
49,755 ‬Army of West India
96,133 Army of North India
6,000 ‬Army of Quebec
40,000 ‬men garrisoned
(‬60,000 ‬Spanish Volunteers Included in Armies of India)
(‬Can raise 4,500 ‬more)

Kingdom of Great Britain
28,732 Continental Army (in Britain)
8,000 ‬Army of Britain
36,616 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of the ‬13 ‬Colonies
7,836 ‬Army of New York
8,124 ‬Army of Ohio
5,800 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of Australia
(‬Can raise ‬15,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Sweden
33,017 ‬Army of Gothenburg
29,642 Army of Sweden
17,200 Army of Stockholm
12,000 ‬men garrisoned
(‬Can raise 0 ‬more)

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
25,390 ‬men raised and mobile
8,000 ‬men garrisoned
(‬Can raise ‬15,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Spain
10,000 ‬men raised and mobile
10,120 Army of Norway
47,000 ‬men garrisoned
15,000 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of New Spain
10,000 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of South America
2,000 ‬Army & ‬Garrison of the Philippines
(‬60,000 ‬Men in French India)
(‬can raise ‬0 ‬more)

Russian Empire:
83,987 ‬Army of Poland
43,021 Army of Norway
100,268 ‬Army of Kazakhstan
(‬can raise ‬7,000 ‬more)

Archduchy of Austria
101,888 Army of the North
37,214 Army of the Danube
40,000 Army of the Homeland
(10,000 Army of the Mediterranean with Venetians)
(‬can raise ‬6,700 ‬more)

Ottoman Empire
42,365 Army of Danube North
44,390 Army of Danube South
20,000 ‬Army of Istanbul
35,000 ‬men garrisoned
7,300 ‬Swiss Mercenaries
(‬can raise ‬28,000 ‬more)

Republic of Venice
4,922 Army of Tripoli
3,392 Army of Malta
+(10,000 Austrian Volunteers in Tripoli)
(‬can raise ‬23,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Portugal
20,000 ‬men raised and mobile
10,000 ‬men garrisoned
6,850 ‬Army of Brazil
(‬Can raise ‬24,000 ‬more)

Free Republic of Poland-Lithuania
87,242 Army of Poznan
30,000 Army of the North
64,528 Army of the South
30,000 men garrisoned
(can raise ? more)

United Provinces of the Netherlands
10,000 ‬Army of the Netherlands
6,000 ‬men Army & ‬Garrison of Dutch East Indies
10,000 Men Garrisoned
(‬can raise ‬41,000 ‬more)

Kingdom of Finland
47,062 Army of Helsinki
20,000 Prussian Volunteer Force
(‬Can raise 5,000 ‬more)

Papal States
15,000 men raised and mobile
(can raise 30,000 more)

Kingdom of Naples
20,000 Army of Naples
15,000 men Garrisoned
(‬can raise 30,000 ‬more)

Navies of the World
Kingdom of Great Britain
171 ‬Ships of the Line
119 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of France
107 ‬Ships of the Line
56 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Spain
60 ‬Ships of the Line
41 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Portugal
32 ‬Ships of the Line
20 ‬Frigates

Russian Empire
23 ‬Ships of the Line
2 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Sweden
22 ‬Ships of the Line
10 ‬Frigates

Ottoman Empire
18 ‬Ships of the Line
8 ‬Frigates

Republic of Venice
11 ‬Ships of the Line
21 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Prussia
6 ‬Ships of the Line
5 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Portugal
32 ‬Ships of the Line
20 ‬Frigates

United Provinces of the Netherlands
57 ‬Ships of the Line
43 ‬Frigates

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
1 ‬Ships of the Line
5 ‬Frigates

[Spamage]

The Tumultous 1750's and '60s

Summary of the First War of the Grand Coalitions (1756-1759)
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 had far-reaching consequences. Britain and France, sworn enemies, swapped allies as war returned to Europe. This new conflict would have wide-ranging effects, bringing some Empires to their knees while others rose in their place.

The First War of the Grand Coalitions (1756-1759) was fought in many theaters. In the Americas, the French lost most of their colonial holdings. After months stalemates, the British and Portuguese were able to take Guyana, Saint Domingue, and Louisiana from French control. These territories were crucial gains, weakening the Louis XV's sway in the New World and cementing a Spanish-British oligopoly on power in North America. Though Portugal made peace early, content with its gains, French agents were unable to counter the British.

Britain itself would see fighting in this period. Stirred up by French agents, Ireland rose in revolt, hoping to restore the Jacobite claim to the throne. While gains were initially substantial, George II's patient policy of slow and deliberate recapture blunted the rebellion. The Young Pretender was slain while his father lingered on in exile, never seeing his crown won.

In Western Europe though, the French would have much more success. The Dutch, initially rallying to the Anglo-Prussian alliance early in the war, were abandoned following the victory at Brussels. French soldiers stormed into the United Provinces and caused the region to descend into chaos. Dykes were broken and untold economic damage was comitted.

That would not be the main theater of continental actions though. Prussia and Austria, the two powers arguably with the most at stake, slugged it out in Central Europe. Frederick II was able to take Saxony with ease, following up on his success with the seizure of Bavaria. Quickly, it became clear the Prussians had the upper hand. Not only did Bavaria and Saxony fall though, but soon Bohemia as well. Before an adequate response could be prepared, Vienna itself was captured. Maria Theresa was killed and her son Joseph became the Archduke-in-exile while his father governed in his name. Francis did not surrender though, attempting to hold on, managing to keep the Ottomans at bay while the Prussian gains turned into a stalemate.

The most important part of the First War of the Grand Coalitions was actually only tangentially related to the larger conflict. King Augustus III, the elected ruler of Poland, decided to restore absolutism in the realm. While allied with the Austrians, French, and Russians in the larger war, he faced civil war at home. The Sejm, jealously guarding their rights, fought against the King's efforts to install absolutism. Though they were crushed in the immeadiate months following the war, weakening the power of the nobility in Poland, the Pope's denunciation of the Anglo-Prussian-Ottoman alliance rallied the common people against the King, who had decided to switch sides in the War of the Grand Coalitions. So began the Polish Revolution, a conflict that would have long-lasting implications for the future of Europe. Augustus III was overthrown, put on trial, and executed.  A member of the nobility was elected King Alexander II amid constitutional reform and the rise of republicanism.

Russia was another major theater in the First War of the Grand Coalitions. Prussia helped the young Ivan VI, the deposed infant Tsar, by supporting a rebellion in his name. With the murder of Empress Elizabeth, this chaos was only further aided by the return of her nephew Peter III from Siberia, proclaiming his wife had no right to rule in the name of their infant son. Due to the extensive domestic chaos, Russia was unable to play a major role in the fighting in Central Europe, likely partially to blame for the poor Austrian performance. This civil war was actually also accompanied by Ottoman invasions, resulting in the brutal capture and looting of Kiev for the first time in recent history.

The last major theater of the First War of the Grand Coalitions was India. British and French colonizers raged a brutal war alongside their Mughal and Maratha allies, respectively. Fighting between the Europeans was largely inconclusive, but the Maratha Confederracy helped topple the old Mughal monarchy. The region collapsed into anarchy as it  became increasingly clear British India was under major threat.

Ultimately, after 3 years of war, it became clear that the British and Prussians held the upper hand. The French were the first to exit the war, leaving the Austrians to fend for themselves. Months later, Francis negotiated peace with Prussia. The Holy Roman Empire was irreporably weakened, Prussia seized much of Saxony and the Sudetenland, and the Ottomans created a satillite Duchy of Zagreb. Austria in dire straits, many expected peace to last on the continent...

[Spamage]

The Rise of Republicanism (1757-1762)
One consequence of events in Poland was an upswing in the ideas of Republicanism and Constitutionalism across Europe on a scale never before seen. Not only did the collapse of the Augustine Party in the Father's War create a Polish constitutional monarchy, it delegitimized the government of that realm. Alexander II, unable to govern effectively, was essentially pushed out of his Kingdom by a growing wave of republicanism. This, of course, led to the foundation of the Free Republic of Poland, but also had effects outside that realm.

The Dutch government had been greatly destabilized by the defeat in the First War of the Grand Coalitions. This, coupled with the death of the popular Anne of Hanover and events in Poland, left the realm open to discontent. Jacob Gilles, a Republican in the Staats General, joined a vast conspiracy in ousting William V and his grandmother-regent, Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel. The Prince of Orange fled while attempts were made to establish a true Dutch Republic.

The third government that became more Republican was Venice. Though that city-state had branded itself as a Republic for centuries, only under the leadership of Francesco Loredan did it truly begin to live up to its creed. This Doge enacted a series of wide-ranging reforms. His title was to be put up for election, voting rights were expanded, and elections were to be held more frequently. Unlike the other two Republics though, Venice attempted to have peaceful relations with its more conservative neighbors.

While other realms would not become Republics, there was also an upswing in constitutionalism in this period, enacted by monarchs wary of events in Poland. In France, the cornerstone of absolutism in Europe, Louis XV made widespread concessions to the convened Estates General, promising to call them annually. In Sardinia-Piedmont too, the King enacted a constitution and attempted to govern, with limited success, alongside an elected body. These realms would also be followed by the Swedes, who within several years were granted their own constitution in an attempt to weaken the power of the Riksdag party in a civil war. Other absolutist states also made concessions. Prussia abolished serfdom, Austria reformed the system of government, and the Ottoman Empire made vague promises of tax reform to appease their Orthodox subjects.

Just because reforms were being enacted though, does not mean that the old monarchies approved of events in Poland and the Netherlands. Prussia and Great Britain took the lead, just months after the end of the First War of the Grand Coalitions, in attacking the Netherlands. This, in turn, caused the Poles to back their fellow Republicans. A new era of war in Europe had begun and, though just months away from the previous war, it had far different implications.

Needless to say, the Dutch Republicans imploded when no aid came from France. Prussian soldiers overwhelmed the small army, causing that realm to be taken for the second time in a decade. Prussian soldiers expanded their goals however, and even moved against the far-off Cape Colony, seizing it and naming the land New Prussia. William V was restored, being crowned King of the Netherlands in short order.

Poland, though, was eager to fight on. War with Prussia continued, inconclusively, when suddenly Wallachia arose in rebellion, inspired by Polish agents. Fighting continued until, sensing and opportunity and upset over Prussian involvement in Russia, the Second War of the Grand Coalitions began (1761-1767). Austria, Poland, Russia, and Sweden started out at war against Prussia, Britain, and the Ottomans. This would soon change though. The French, sending men into Prussia to fight the Poles (who were seen as a major threat) accidentally clashed with their former Austrian allies. Thus, France and Austria ended their former alliance and entered fighting against one another. This would grandually alienate the British from their close relationship with Prussia.

---- (where the game ended)
Ultimately, half the continent was embroiled in some sort of civil war at the same time as an expansive intercontinental conflict. An attempt to establish Frederick II's brother as King of Finland, initially sucessful, ultimately failed. He fled the realm in 1764, following the capture of Helsinki by a Swedish Army. King Adolf Frederick declared the new Kingdom of Scandinavia, bringing Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and Finland under Swedish hegemony. In Russia meanwhile, Catherine, now Empress, triumphed against the Kazakh raids. While early in the war they were damaging to the ruined Siberia, Russian weaponry and numbers eventually defeated the Khanates, absorbing them into the larger Empire.

Britain exited the war in early 1763, signing peace with Austria. The French and Prussians were formidable though, and so fighting continued. Central Europe was greatly damaged, with fighting in Silesia occuring off and on. The Poles though, having seized East Prussia and threatening Berlin itself were the larger threat. The Republic was highly unstable, growing increasingly more radical as victory was not achieved. This radicalism manifested itself primarily in attacks on the Catholic Church, which in turn provoked a counter-Revolution in Krakow. Conservatives, upset with the radicalism and paid by Prussian agents, overthrew the radical National Assembly, establishing a third revolutionary government, the Polish Legislature. This would be a more moderate, though still republican, form of government led by the right.

Austria, Sweden, Russia, and Poland signed peace with the Prussians, French, and Ottomans at long last in 1767. The Sudetenland and Zagreb were returned to Habsburg control, Poland gained a strip of land connecting Gdansk to the rest of the realm, Russia annexed Kazakhstan and was named protector of Georgia, while Sweden was allowed to keep Norway, Greenland, and Iceland (becoming Scandinavia). The Prussians meanwhile, absorbed the remainder of Denmark into the German League, and the French were recognized as the sole power in India. Finally, with fighting continuing intermittently from 1756 to 1767 Europe was at peace.

Changes and Trends (1756-1770)
The events of this period undoubtedly had global implications. The French gained dominance over India, the British and Dutch established settler colonies at New Holland and Australia, the Prussians began a long period of colonial rule in New Prussia, and the Spanish-British dominance in the Americas set the stage for a new series of questions in the following decade. No one power emerged triumphant though, the various great powers enjoying a balance of power. Even so, going into the 1770s, it was clear that Europe would have new challenges to face. Nationalism and popular awareness had increased to higher levels as economic transformations began to take hold in England, France, and Westphalia. A new era was dawning in Europe.

Europe in 1770

World in 1770