What would happen if the government fell (couldn't pass its budget) and a dissolution vote failed as well? What kind of government would take over?
None. It all depends on who can group together without fresh elections. Labour may not vote to pass the budget, but they are not in a position to vote for dissolution because it would mean voting
with the SNP. Labour are also not in a position to justify it to the electorate or fight an election, certainly not financially. They are already viewed as, and can easily be potrayed as 'stick in the muds' who have failed to understand they are no longer in power in Holyrood or across a huge swathe of local government. Labour MSP's who's careers have spanned the burgh hall to Holyrood have not
known what it means to be in opposition have failed to adjust accordingly in Holyrood.
The SNP can continue with a month by month budget but it is impractical and would effectively stall most other pieces of legislation.