Dinosaur Vocalizations

[Frodo]

Science has marched on quite a bit since the 'Walking with Dinosaurs' series burst onto our collective consciousness in 1999, so if they did a remake, you are going to find that not only would the dinosaurs look different, they would sound quite different as well.

Here is a selection of some dinosaur sounds from the Cretaceous as they can best recreate them.  They are incredible:

And here is the full collection covering the entire Mesozoic:

[Meclazine for Israel]

They have also used A.I. to determine how ancient civilisations like Egyptians and Aztecs sounded in real life. Back in a time when Arabs and Jews intermingled in peace and harmony.

For example, it is likely Jesus Christ spoke Greek.

The Sound of Ancient Languages of Egypt, Aztecs

https://www.instagram.com/reel/CwGM-BAPBGg/

[T'Chenka]

This is awesome. Thanks for sharing.

[Pheurton Skeurto]

Those Dryptosaurus sounds are TERRIFYING.

[Frodo]

The Spinosaurus Aegyptiacus is nothing short of haunting....  

[Frodo]

And now in their proper natural setting:

[LAKISYLVANIA]

One unusual thing about the C-Pg extinction is its fast recovery compared to other greatest mass extinction events.

I think that's one additional thing that speaks in favour of the asteroid impact, because well an asteroid impact is impactful, brief and sudden. But at the end also a temporary thing, its one asteroid, Earth isn't continuously getting bombared by asteroids (well except for the immediate aftermath of returning debris..)

The C-Pg one is a very brief but sudden extinction.

Most evidence suggest the majority of dinosaurs must've disappeared within a few years, most non-avian dinosaurs already being extinct in like a century following the events.

The birds are the continuation of dinosaurs and its legacy, some birds such as terror birds even briefly re-occupied the same niches the non-avian dinosaurs did after the extinction but not with the same dominance as dinosaurs did because of the new players in the game and the fractured nature of the game.

People sometimes forget most avian dinosaurs also did go extinct. It's just the very brief ones that made it are the ones that responsible for the biodiversity of birds today, and most of that is basically the "Neoaves" family, neo standing for new, aves for bird.

Birds rapidly exploded in diversity when conditions returned to normal after the extinction, almost doing it instantly and initially also quicker and more succesful than mammals.

For mammals, the dominance was more restricted to the northern hemisphere and they seemed to have adapted very well to the changes in the Cenozoic era (era from the extinction event till today), that being the rise of grasslands (grass did not exist yet in the era of dinosaurs) and the general cooling in the 2nd part of cenozoic, which saw Antarctica getting lost to the world of ice.

[LAKISYLVANIA]

For birds, it's not very clear what species survived, but the overwhelming majority was wiped out. It's suggested that about +-five-six species survived and are responsible for the diversity of today.

Those being:

- the stem animal species of Neoaves
- the stem animal species of Galliformes (landfowl incl. chicken)
- the stem animal species of Anseriformes (waterfowl)
- the stem animal species or 1 species of Palaeognathae (ancient birds, most likely closest related to an ostrich)

Most bird species alive today belong to Neoaves clade.

All having in common with the exception of neoaves that they were flightless at the time or could hide in freshwater environments (which is also how crocodiles made it past the border), them also being more generalist than the more specialized pterosaurs that were less well adapted to change, and most of those also being too sizeful. Also speculated based on skull size that the birds that make it through the border also had a bigger brain size than some that didn't.

Amphibians also had that freshwater advantage, mammals were small generally and could burrow under ground, them being more of nocturnal omnivores/insectivores at the time, reptiles that weren't dinosaur were quite small and were better able to hide/more energy-efficient.

The northern hemisphere was much heavier hit by the immediate aftermath than the southern hemisphere. The T-Rex restricted to Laurentia (the western land mass in North America) being in one of the most heavily hit locations, almost certainly immediately doomed. The tuatara (living fossil) used to be globally spread before the extinction, after the extinction it survived and was able to maintain a colony till this day on New Zealand, the only place they weren't wiped out from (and also one of the largest places mammals didn't make the cut except for the bats which developed flight... and well humans and their pets but thats only recent, because New Zealand already was disconnected from other land masses at the time and mammals weren't around when NZL separated). The best places to be at to survive the extinction likely were Antarctica (Marie Byrd land) and New Zealand, which is for instance how also waterfowl are thought to have made it past the border by surviving there. Only from galliformes its known that they also survived in the northern hemisphere (the family of chicken/landfowl) due to their unique ability to burrow or hide underground as a bird species.

There is also speculation that some non-avian dinosaurs were already on the decline when the asteroid hit due to increased environmental stress, increased competition (usually something going megasized is an indicator of a predatory arms race), and well dinosaurs were megafauna and also climate disruption/ongoing volcanism but those weren't enough on their own to explain the extinction itself.

For mammals also, there were a few around but the ones that were best able to survive or rediversify were placentals (in northern hemisphere) and marsupials (in southern hemisphere), given the world of mammals specifically also saw major changes in biodiversity decline.

Species on the northern hemisphere were at an advantage due to the larger biomass and increased competition there, with Africa quickly becoming more similar to the northern hemisphere. Followed by India when it collided with Asia. Antarctica froze and South America recently saw a major turnover when it connected with North Americas biogeographical realm that at that point was connected to Eurasia-africa during colder epochs.

Birds had the advantage to fly to new lands of course which is how they exploded in biodiversity quickly after the extinction. They had an entire new world to take for them.

[LAKISYLVANIA]

The other largest mass extinction events being


Cambrian explosion/End Ediacarian The reason we speak of Cambrian explosion is because of the sudden rise of calcified remains, better protection which makes remains animals easier to preserve. The evolution of eye in first predators also appeared here. But there was a very weird Ediacarian fauna already present, most didn't make it past this border with a decline of 10 million years preceding this change, associated with an ice age (which also would've boosted oxygen levels). This was a biodiversification event following gradual decline, which made the oceans a tiny bit more modern-looking relative to the absolute weird Ediacarium which was a time of experimenting basically.

Late Ordovician second greatest of all time but species didn't make it onto land yet. Also seems to be relatively sudden over 2-3 stages, with a crisis followed by cooling and than warming, which maybe also suggests a external cause for this one (cosmic event).

Late Devonian extinctionS series of multiple extinctions event or very large timeframe of much higher background extinction rates, in multiple pulses, land wasn't impacted and first vertebrates exploring land also likely originated here.

Devonian was a time of massive changes, rapid rise and diversification of armored fish and jaws, also known as age of fish which saw increased stress on other species and also an evolutionary arms race. Towards the middle and end, there was a period of time, long-lasting lasting tens of millions of years with several pulses of heightened extinction, likely caused due to a combination of causes: volcanism and climate change.

And also the rise of plants on land, which would've messed up the atmospheres balance, increasing oxygen due to increased photosynthesis kicking off a cycle of rapid cooling, sea level falls, shallow seas drying up, general drying, warming, anoxia events multiple times over & over again.

This is also when the first fish (aside of arthropods which did it earlier) adapted to land establishing itself as amphibians. None of land life, incl. fauna seems to have been affected here

End Capitanian On itself a big one, one of the mass extinctions but often forgotten due to being a prelude to an even bigger one 13 million years later. Cause is likely volcanism in what is today known as Southern China. This is also peak supercontinent phase which would've made living generally more extreme, and also seems to have affected the way volcanics work by reducing plate tectonics and increasing hotspot-related/mantleplume volcanist events.

Life never really recovered from this one before the next one would hit.

Permian-Triassic The mass extinction among mass extinction events, known as The Great Dying.

On land it gave a massive blow to (ironically) the ancestor of mammals and relatives: the synapsids making the diapsids be in a better position to rediversify and dominate (dinosaurs and relatives). Both at that stage were still "reptiles". None of those went fully extinct but many of those groups did however, which is one of the reasons why a lot of those stem animals and mammal-reptile crosses aren't really around anymore.

All classes were affected, no animals really did well here. This is the only known extinction event among both plants and even insects.

In the oceans, it was even worse with staple animal species disappearing from the fossil record, wiping off 96% of species in the ocean, making the oceans never look the same again.

Cause is Siberian Traps, which lasted about 2 million years and also was a series of pulses within those years, including also having some additional eruptions post-border making recovery very slow and problematic. Recovery took about tens of millions of years.

Earth was a sick planet.

Triassic-Jurassic This one really ensured the dinosaurs would dominate hereafter as it eliminated most competitors of them. Cause is likely volcanism related to opening of the Atlantic/breakup of the supercontinent.

End-Cretaceous We all know this one

Modern day one.. We all know this one too, it's just a matter of whether you're in denial about it occuring or not, but if most megafauna/wildlife is already gone or only able to live in zoos or in restricted places in some nature reservations in Africa, than you know we have a problem.