Age of Steam and Steel: Gameplay Thread
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« Reply #150 on: August 27, 2020, 05:37:22 AM »

Quote
Treaty of Leizhou

I . The Chinese Empire recognizes the Leizhou Concession as a legitimate holding of the Kingdom of Scandinavia.
II . The Chinese Empire agrees to a 50% reduction on tariffs on imported Scandinavian goods.
III . The Kingdom of Scandinavia agrees to permit trading at Leizhou from Joseon and other merchants engaged in trade at Leizhou prior to the establishment of the concession.
IV . The Kingdom of Scandinavia agrees to forbid the settlement of missionaries at Leizhou.
xGustaf Stierneld, Utrikesstatsminister
x Youfú Emperor
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« Reply #151 on: August 29, 2020, 10:24:09 PM »
« Edited: August 29, 2020, 10:34:02 PM by Spamage »

1838 News of the World

Shift in the Mandate of Heaven: China, 1838
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Triumph of the Xing
  The writing was on the wall for the Qing Dynasty well before the Yansheng Emperor was murdered in Shenyang. The infighting following the death of that emperor between his brother and his cousin, coupled with concerted Korean intervention, ensured that 1838 would bring an end to that dynasty’s presence in China. From Nanjing, the Youfu Emperor ordered his men to strike at the Beijing Qing. Given that faction’s overall weakness, and the need to defend from the Shenyang Qing, the meagre forces of the Beijing Qing were beaten back. In the panicked retreat thousands abandoned the Manchu, declaring their loyalty to the Xing Dynasty. Beijing itself was briefly awash in chaos. When the smoke cleared the so-called Zuigao Emperor, brother of the slain Yangsheng Emperor, was found dead in the palace alongside his guards. It was not immediately apparent as to whether he had been murdered by over-eager Xing agents, committed suicide, or been caught in an unfortunate accident. Needless to say, the death of the Qing claimant ensured a smooth transition of power in the city.
   Disaster would follow roughly simultaneously in the south, where the Xing Army of Guangzhou pushed against the remnants of the once-proud southern Qing army. A mere two years ago there seemed to be hope for a recovery in the region, especially with the collapse of the Guang, but these plans were dashed. When news arrived of the death of the Zuigao Emperor, whatever fight remained quickly drained. Faced with mass desertion, the commanders that remained loyal to the Qing did battle with the advancing Xing near Guangzhou. Following their defeat and surrender, Xing power in the south was all but assured. After more than two centuries in power, Qing control of China is no more. Although the Xingyun Emperor still controls the remnants of his realm in Manchuria, the hated nomads have at long last been kicked out of the realm.
   Yet, although the Xing have gained supremacy in the region, challenges remain. The Russian dominance over Mongolia, sealed with victory in October 1838, would serve as a stark reminder that much of the former Qing lands remained in a state of de facto independence. The Hui, Yue, Tibetans, and Uyghurs all do not answer to the new dynasty and show no indication of doing so. Nor do former subjects such as Nepal (now a French puppet), Mongolia (occupied by Russia) and Manchuria (divided between the Qing remnants and the Koreans). Many look to the widely accepted Youfu Emperor and wonder if or how he will secure his new realm.

Frontier Wars
  The Russian victory over the Mongolians was all but assured. Although it would take the entire year of 1838 to complete, the last scattered nomadic resistance was either systematically eliminated or forced to cross into Qing-held lands in Manchuria. Regent Maria Augusta would proclaim Mongolia as another core province of the Russian Empire in December, refraining from further action in the theater given the deteriorating situation in Europe itself.
   Despite the collapse of the Beijing Qing and the opportunity it presented, the Shenyang Qing demonstrated little offensive action in the second half of the year. If has become evident that the Prince of Beizi sees himself as most secure in a defensive posture, assured of the support of the ethnic Manchus against either the Han or the Koreans coming from the southeast and southwest. Korea itself slowly abandoned Shenyang, taking away whatever valuables could be found and moving more towards the coast, occupying Yingkuo.
  

War in North America
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   Britain would demonstrate that, whatever land setbacks had occurred in 1837, it still held naval supremacy in 1838. As Louisianan intervention in the American War became evident, London decided to enact a blockade. Louisianan trade from the Gulf was ground to a halt, British vessels seizing trade ships. This was coupled with a simultaneous, albeit of mixed effectiveness, effort to encourage a boycott of Louisianan products throughout the rest of Europe due to their reliance on slave labor. In the short term, the economic impact was felt immediately, goods from the Plains, Texas, and Louisiana proper rotting away in the harbor of New Orleans while these same items saw their value spike in Europe. As with the Suez a couple of years ago, the British blockade of Louisiana could impact economies thousands of miles away.
   The land military situation would prove to be a mixed bag in 1838. The siege of Atlanta ended in a southern victory, the combined armies of Louisiana and the rebels beating the British in the city and eliminating the Army of Georgia entirely, a significant loss. Still, Britain had far more soldiers at its disposal that either American government. An effort to follow up on the surrender of Atlanta with gains in Cumberland was beaten back by the combined armies of Richmond and Transylvania. A second British force pushed south into North Carolina, ensuring that much of Virginia was recaptured by the end of the year. A British raid on Charleston proper proved to be a stunning success. In an embarrassing scene, representatives of the Americans were forced to flee west to Montgomery, 1838 ending with their supposed capitol in the hands of the enemy.  Britain has made significant gains, but there has been attrition due to the harsh nature of the conflict.
   Further to the west, the war was more brutal. The Louisianans smashed into Sioux territory, inflicting a defeat on the British tribal allies, who were in clear retreat. Civilians and soldiers alike faced the wrath of the Louisianans. The success of the National Gendarmerie has meant that the Sioux will be unable to provide the British with tangible military aid for some time. The British responded with raids into northern territories held by New Orleans, crossing the Missouri River and capturing more lightly-defended land.  
   The most alarming development was the eruption of a slave revolt along the banks of the Mississippi, the British supplying arms and training to those willing to seize their freedom. On both banks, thousands rose against the Americans and Louisianans, plantations awash with blood as contentious fighting began. Although the presence of the local garrisons has prevented the rising from spiraling further out of control, both American and Louisianan leaders have eyed the rising nervously, afraid it could spread into a broader internal conflict as such a dire time. This is coupled with the threat the slave rebellion has posed to trade along the Mississippi river. Although vessels continue to cross, it is feared the slave rebels could shut down the waterway if they were properly supplied.
   The growing fighting in the American War has led the Kingdom of Mexico, led by King Louis of Orleans-Bourbon, son of the King of Louisiana, to condemn the British blockade and threaten support of Louisiana should the support to slave risings continue. Quebec, meanwhile, would promise neutrality once the British decided to hand over their settlements in the Pacific Northwest. Although there was a pro-war sentiment in Louisiana, any momentum was stalled as the issue of slavery remained at the forefront of the war, citizens of Boston unwilling to lock arms with slaveholders in the south.


Blood and Wine: Catholic Republicanism in South America
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   Whatever the fate of the rebellions in Europe, it is clear that Catholic Republicanism will leave a long-term impact on South America. The toppling of the Brazilian government ensured that the realm could assume a leadership role in the struggle against Spain, Prussia, and counter-revolutionary forces from Panama to Patagonia. Bishop de Andrade met with representatives of other revolutionary groups and declared the Holy Alliance in Sao Paulo. Brazil, Colombia, Upper Peru, and Paraguay agreed to cooperation against their numerous common enemies. It was clear they intended to be active in the coming year.
    Conversely, the collapse of another government to Catholic Republicanism hastened the peace negotiations between the Spanish and La Platans. It was clear a common enemy existed. The Treaty of Santiago was formalized in late August 1838. The independence of La Plata was recognized, a watershed moment in the history of the South American revolutions. In addition, Spain ceded any claims over Patagonia to the government of General Juan Manuel de Rosas, who quickly organized rapid settlement of the frontier. Upper Peru would be partitioned in the event rebels in that region were defeated. In return, La Plata offered total military cooperation, an alliance, and recognition of Spanish claims to the rest of their New World territories. United in purpose and goals, the forces of traditionalism rallied, preparing for the coming storm.
   This would be a fight for life or death. Colombia made this evident when, after three years in captivity, Prince Frederick of Quebec was removed from his comfortable imprisonment in Bogota and beheaded before a crowd of rebel fanatics. His death was condemned by his mourning parents in far-off Quebec, who announced a concerted policy of supplying the Prussians and Spanish against the Catholic Republicans, though direct military involvement was avoided. Following the death of Frederick, the remaining Quebecois military advisors and captured servants were likewise killed in an orderly fashion.
   Fighting would occur on almost every area of the continent. A joint Colombian-Brazilian force smashed north into Panama, the would-be canal changing hands yet again. Construction has been halted, again, as Prussian and Louisianan workers have been rounded up and executed.
  The major thrust of the Catholic Republicans would be a massive, rapid strike south into La Plata. Indeed, the border forces of La Plata were overwhelmed, Uruguay, Corrientes, and Buenos Aires falling into the hands of the Catholic Republicans in short order. The capture of the city of La Plata gave the Brazilians hundreds of captive government officials, the underlings of General de Rosas. They were dispatched of in short order, a series of show trials occurring in the following weeks. The Commander of La Plata, however, was nowhere to be found, leading soldiers elsewhere in the struggle against the Catholic Republicans.
   De Rosas and the Spanish coordinated their efforts against the weakest link of the Catholic Republican states: Upper Peru. Unlike in the other states, the ideology here did not emerge from a groundswell of public support, but instead a recognition of the importance of cooperating with other rebel governments. An effort by a joint Brazilian-Upper Peruvian army to advance into Peru itself was beat back. La Plata, meanwhile reassumed control over its traditional territory in the region. By the end of the year, Upper Peru would be in dire straits, losing vast tracts of land to the Spanish and La Platans. The declining situation of that realm has allowed the two traditionalist powers to open up direct trade and transportation in the face of foes on multiple fronts.
   Prussia would not be idle in the face of renewed Brazilian initiative. Efforts by the new republic to construct a navy were repeatedly bedeviled by Prussian shelling, sabotage, and blockade. As in Louisiana, the markets of Brazil have been closed to Europe by the fleet of a stronger naval power.
  
Two More Revolutions
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Netherlands
  The decision of King William II to make peace with the French and abandon the Flemish to their fate was unpopular. This may not have sealed his fate alone, but the simultaneous agreement to hand over the Sons of Willem was unconscionable. It appeared that, in some instances, Dutch citizens would be forced to face the justice of the French legal system, an outrageous affront. Thus, the government faced the perennial crisis, as internal opposition boiled into full blown revolution. Unlike in the past though, this revolution would not emerge from the streets or States General, but the military. Upset over the weakness of the government, and filled with the prospect of Dutch nationalism, a group of generals organized a coup just three weeks after peace with France was signed.
   On the morning of September 9th, 1838, the Army of Amsterdam mutinied, seizing control of the city. Government offices were surrounded, preventing officials from getting to work, as King William II was placed under arrest, being confronted by a group of high-ranking generals. His son, Crown Prince William, was declared William III, but forced to sign a document further ceding the powers of the Dutch Crown, not to any democratically elected body, but a military Executive Council. Thus, the military assumed control over the Dutch government. Although most terms of the Treaty of Amsterdam were accepted by the new authorities, efforts to extradite the Sons of Willem slowed to a crawl as the Executive Council sought to amend that portion of the agreement.
   The new Dutch government felt it needed to cement its nationalist credentials, especially given it would ultimately abide by most of the peace with France. Aid for Flanders was seen as hopeless by this point, the sheer volume of French soldiers dooming the uprising in the region. Out for blood, and seeing the chaos in the east, the government undertook a modest strike to the northeast, seizing Ostfriesland, a member of the German League and close ally of the Kingdom of Prussia. The land was immediately declared a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Executive Council daring the Prussians to strike back given their numerous other rivals in Europe itself.
   The rivalry between the Army and the Navy would be demonstrated by the broader response to the Dutch Revolution. Several dozen admirals declared their continued loyalty to William II, joining with colonial officials to denounce the army’s seizure of control over the state. In far-off New Holland, these various groups assembled in the colonial capitol of Willemstad and issued the “Declaration of 1838.” This document renounced any loyalty to the military junta in the metropole, declared the East Asian Colonial Federation or Oost-Aziatische Koloniale Federatie (OAKF), and vowed to restore William II to this rightful throne. Consisting of Ceylon, the East Indies, and New Holland, the OAKF demonstrated it remained a force to be reckoned with by launching a preemptive strike against several minor realms in Borneo. Although the new government has indicated peaceful intentions in East Asia, it has been vocal in its willingness to defend the gains against the Spanish during the past few years. The OAKF retains the loyalty of the substantial Dutch Asian fleet in addition to the existing forces in the region.

Portugal
  Undoubtedly events in the former colony of Brazil would have an impact on Portuguese politics, especially given the continued economic links between the two states. Coupled with what was seen as a lethargic monarchy and a tense political situation in Europe proper, the recipe was ripe for an explosion of activity in Lisbon.
   Ever since the restoration of the House of Braganza following the failure of the so-called “Spanish Empire” fifty years ago, Portugal was a mild player at best in European affairs. The childless King Jose II Braganza was content to spend his time hunting and enjoying the high life during his long reign, which only ended with his death from overeating in 1836. His death, and the accession of his conservative nephew Antonio to the throne changed domestic perceptions of the Crown.
   The lethargic reign of Jose II has ensured that the “absolute” powers of the Crown had slowly been eliminated. This encouraged a sort of proto-meritocracy, the most effective officials running the show. Ofttimes these men were also reformist. This was not the case for King Antonio II, a devout Catholic and opponent of his uncle’s men.
   Although the first few years passed relatively peaceably, the events in the Americas and northern Europe did have an impact of Portugal. Although the largely civilian government that operated the Privy Council knew something was afoot, it was not clear what. They would be shocked when, in May 1838, a series of protests erupted in Lisbon.
   The initial cause of the riots was news of a corruption scandal within the civilian portion of the government. Condemned by a broad segment of Portuguese society, the accused ministers refused to step down, alleging they had been framed. Protests continued for two weeks until, in a stunning move, King Antonio himself took to the streets, calling for a “purification” of Portuguese society to be more in line with Catholic principles and for an elimination of the evils of Liberalism in the realm. The government was caught unsuspecting and did not know how to respond to criticism from the sovereign. A general mutiny in June 1838 was the civilian administration arrested and Antonio II proclaimed “Most Catholic King of Portugal.”
   King Antonio of Portugal harnessed two conflicting movements and bound them together in a bizarre sort of chimera. Himself a staunch sympathizer to Catholic Republicanism, he sought to wed this to monarchism. No name has emerged for this new ideology thus far, but many see it as a startling development. Focusing on the purification of government, mass reform of society, and close cooperation with the revolutionary realms across the globe, he was dubbed the “People’s King” by a jubilant crowd in Lisbon. Seizing absolute control of his realm, he appeased the republicans by arresting nobles and seizing their estates. Arms were shipped to Brazil and slavery abolished in the few remaining Portuguese colonies. A Royal Guard consisting of fanatics has been established and began to enforce the new order when local officials have proven reluctant.
   Antonio’s role in the 1838 Revolution has been condemned thoroughly in Spain, where King Philip VI took the opposite direction in reform, adopting liberal policies. Given King Antonio’s support for Brazil, Iberia now too looks as though it could be the site of further conflict. How the rest of Europe will react to a betrayal by one of their fellow monarchs and his drift into radicalism remains to be seen, though it is also unclear what the Catholic Republican states of South America will make of a bizarro-hybrid realm.

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« Reply #152 on: August 29, 2020, 10:25:36 PM »


The Great Eastern War
European Peace Shattered; Fighting Dominates Continent
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Prussia Strikes!
   Other rulers may have looked at the growing crisis in Europe with despair, but King Frederick of Prussia saw opportunity. Already possessing secret agreements with the Neapolitans and the Swiss, he believed that an assault on the beleaguered Habsburgs would bring that ancient enemy to its knees. His decision to attack the Austrians would set in motion a series of events that would see most of Eastern Europe forced into two rival coalitions, regional rivalries and betrayals merging with broader political goals.
   The Prussians crossed into Saxony on July 7th. That Kingdom was wholly unprepared. The loss of land to the Prussians in 1835 has been severely demoralizing for the government in Dresden. Although the modest Royal Saxon Army took the field against the 300k Prussians, it proved clearly inadequate. Once the field army was easily swatted aside, Dresden and Leipzig soon fell to the invaders. Within the span of two weeks Saxony was yet again conquered by the Prussians. King Frederick Augustus II vowed to fight on from exile, leading his family and 25k armed Saxons out of his principality and towards the Habsburg garrisons in Bohemia.
   It was at this juncture the fruits of the Saxon Affair became ripe for harvest. With Prussia providing the opening, the minor Saxon princes to the west, wary of the expanding Rhenish state and still unenthusiastic about the Austrians, declared their loyalty to King Frederick of Prussia and announced their intention to immediately join the German League. The betrayal had been somewhat expected by local observers, but it still represented a defection from the cause of the Habsburgs.
   The Prussians did not stop in Saxony. The massive force moved into Bohemia, seeking to seize that constituent realm. Here a major problem emerged from the stunned Austrians. In addition to the 70k men that had been stationed there, there were 25k Saxons. This was in the face of a massive Prussian force of roughly 300k (slightly less with the casualties from Saxony) invading the realm in three separate columns. The Habsburg commanders elected to focus east. At the Battle of Nachod, the Prussian Army of Breslau was forced to retreat with heavy casualties in the face of a spirited Habsburg defense. Small settlements in Upper Silesia were even retaken for the first time in almost a century. Yet, this victory would be nowhere near enough to stem the bleeding. The Armies of Berlin and Brandenburg poured into Bohemia from the northwest.
   The Habsburg army was forced to withdraw into Moravia, unable to defend against happenings in Bohemia. City by city the region surrendered to the massive Prussian force, culminating on September 21st with surrender of Prague. Having proven so frustrating in the past to capture, that city is now in the hands of the Habsburg’s perennial foes. Although further Prussian advances were considered, the general staff judged with the onset of winter that more operations could not be sustained, especially when news from West Germany arrived.
   Over the next several weeks further disastrous news for the Austrians arrived from further afield. In far-off Africa the Austrian colonies around Delagoa Bay were rapidly seized by the Prussians, indicating to many that the attack on their Empire had been well-considered and premeditated.

Italian Theater
   If the Prussian invasion to the north was alarming to the Austrian government, positive news would emerge in other theaters of the conflict, particularly in Italy. Reinforcing their armies, the Austrians marched back into Tuscany, more than ready to do battle. The Battle of Siena saw 195k Austrians assault the 133k strong Neapolitan forces. This proved to be a decisive Austrian victory. The Army of Naples was routed, the ensuing flight seeing the entirety of Tuscany and Romagna returning to Habsburg control. Although some level of localized partisan resistance continued throughout the north, the absence of any sizeable Neapolitan force was a severe blow. Throughout the end of the year the Austrians focused on ending local rebellions, the partisan controlled areas in the north receding to near the Swiss border and the remainder of rebel-held Genoa.
    France has not yet gotten involved in the broader continental struggle to its east, but it came back into Italy with a vengeance. Although the armies were restrained in their treatment of civilians, under explicit order from Paris to cause no harm, they demonstrated themselves implacable foes of the Swiss “volunteers” and would-be rebels. Slowly and deliberately the French crossed the Alps, marching into Piedmont. Turin was liberated first; an organized effort being made to go from village to village and arrest those who had either cooperated or instigated the risings in French-backed Italy. Although, like the Habsburgs, problems would persist along the Swiss border, within several months most of Piedmont was brought to heel.
   As the French moved south towards Genoa next, news arrived of the Austrian victory at Siena. Full of despair, and seeing not other option, the partisans elected to meet the remainder of the French army in battle, praying for a miracle to reverse the setbacks of the year. This miracle would not come. The Battle of Arenzano saw the meager rebels forced to the east, holing up in the city of Chiavari as Genoa proper fell back into French hands. It remains unclear how Paris will respond to the fact that the Habsburgs have already liberated Parma.
   Thus, the forces of Italian nationalism have been forced into an embarrassing retreat. The Swiss are unable to help the Neapolitans given the success of the Austrians and French in retaking the north, while the Kingdom of Naples has begun to bleed white. Though optimists in the government of Francis I point of that both Rome and Naples proper are secure, other advisors worry about the trajectory of the conflict.

Russian Treachery?
   In St. Petersburg, Czar Peter III conducted negotiations with a broad number of powers. Russia’s policy to the west had largely been one of pragmatism in the last few years, especially as its neighbors began to jockey with one another for friendly relations with St. Petersburg. Many had seen the assault on the Ottoman Empire as a decisive signal that the government intended to focus south, but the events of 1838 would given the Russian people a sense of whiplash, as the Czar ordered a surprise assault on the Austrians, seeing plunder to be had amidst their inferno.
   Thus, a hasty truce was made with the Ottomans, the Russians agreeing to withdraw in exchange for the concession of Moldovia. The forces of Wallachia then turned north in a deliberate fashion, launching a surprise invasion of Transylvania. The Habsburgs had been prepared for the possibility, but had truly not expected the Russians to act against them, especially after so many decades of peace.
   The Russians outnumbered the Austrians, but proved to be clumsy in crossing the Carpathians and engaging the enemy. Although they defeated the smaller Habsburg army at the Battle of Kronstadt, further advances would be slowed by seasonal weather and resistance from the ethnically Hungarian populace, unwilling to tolerate Russia’s surprise assault. By the end of 1838 roughly half of Transylvania was seized by soldiers of the Czar.
   A second operation attempted to invade Ruthenia and link up with the Prussian and Polish republican forces. This was beat back by a defense led by Archduke Maximilian who was actually able to make marginal gains along the border once the Russians had been forced back.

Scandinavian Surprise
   Scandinavia struck at once when it became clear Russia was intervening in the Habsburg affairs. Two massive forces consisting of roughly 200k men crossed from Finland and Estonia, seeking to decapitate the Russian government in St. Petersburg. Indeed, the Russians were caught off-guard by the move, their force of 100k clear outnumbered. Prevented from flight by the Scandinavian maneuvering around the capitol, a desperate attempt to break out was led by the Russians at Tosno. The Scandinavians and Russians faced off, the desperation of the Russians not proving fully adequate to overcome the numerical disadvantage. Defeat became evident and Czar Peter gambled on an attempt to escape with his children. He himself and Grand Duke Alexander tried to escape via land, proving unsuccessful and being captured just hours later. His grandson, Grand Duke Ivan, was to remain in the city, while the Crown Prince, Grand Duke Peter, fled with the Baltic fleet.
   St. Petersburg itself surrendered at once as the thousands of wounded Russians poured back into the capitol. The city descended into panic, government officials attempting to slip away but being prevented from moving by orders of the Scandinavians to prevent movement in or out.
   The Russian Baltic fleet moved into the open sea once it became clear that St. Petersburg would fall. A series of skirmishes with the Scandinavians on the sea proved that the Russians still possessed some of the fire of Peter the Great, the enemy vessels being forced into a hasty retreat. Yet the Russian navy, led by the Crown Prince, faced a dilemma, the entirety of the coastline controlled by Scandinavia (an obviously hostile power) or Prussia (and ostensible ally, though no agreement had yet been signed). The Russians elected to seize the sparsely populated Scandinavian island of Hiiumaa as winter set in.
   Thus, most of the Russian royal family fell into Scandinavian captivity in one quick strike. Yet, all was not lost. The women of the Russian Court, Czarina Maria Augusta of Saxony and her daughter Grand Duchess Alexandra had been on a pilgrimage of Kiev when news of the assault reached them outside of Moscow. In a demonstrated of formidability that would endear her to the Russian people, the Czarina declared herself regent on behalf of her captured husband, setting up an emergency government in Moscow with the support of her daughter and the surviving members of the Court.
   As a Saxon, it is unclear how the emergency government of the Czarina will react to events in the west, though Maria Augusta did make it clear that, even with the capture of her husband, youngest son, and grandson, the desire of Russia to defend itself had not fully dissipated. This defensive posture would prove quite appropriate, as news emerged of disasters to the south.

Ottoman Assault
   There is little indication the Ottomans truly intended to honor the truce with the Russians. Once it became clear that the Army of Ukraine had, in fact, invaded Transylvania, the Ottomans sprung into action across their empire, determined to inflict revenge for the Russian assault at their moment of weakness. This occurred at the same time the Persians abandoned their erstwhile allies, standing aside while the Russians faced the revenge of the Ottoman Empire.
   The first sign that hostilities were not yet over occurred on the Suez Canal, where the Russian Army of the Suez was systematically arrested and imprisoned. The forces of the other major powers merely looked on as the Turks captured their supposed co-operators. It was with great satisfaction to Ottoman officials the Russian soldiers were placed in the custody of the Sharif of Mecca.
   Across the Empire, the Russian forces that had been invading Mesopotamia were intercepted during their march north. Not expecting the Turkish assault, they were caught off guard and both forces quickly shattered. Although some core forces remained intact at the end of the year, fleeing well north of the Caucuses, the Russian presence in Mesopotamia had been all but eliminated.
  Georgia, still nursing the desire to become an independent realm, did little to defend itself in the wake of the coming Ottomans. Tiflis surrendered, opening the way further north. The victorious Ottomans did not stop here, beginning a march into the sparsely populated Russian lands north of the Caucuses towards Crimea. Although some commanders questioned the sense of the orders, given the vulnerability of Astrakhan to the east, they nonetheless complied. Most of the eastern shores of the Black Sea have returned to Ottoman hands for the first time in more than a century.
   At the same time, the Turks reinforced the besieged army in Crimea, landing thousands of men in an attempt to win back the long-contested peninsula. Although the Russian Black Sea fleet attempted to prevent this from occurring, a series of engagements saw their ships forced to flee into the Sea of Azov. The Ottomans on the peninsula now greatly outnumbered the besieging Russians and the predictable followed. The aggressors became the defenders, the Ottoman Army easily dispatching the Russian soldiers on the peninsula. By the end of the year, control had been restored to most of the region.
   In other regions of the Empire, operations against the nationalist rebellions continued apace. The Greeks were pushed back by a ruthless Ottoman counter-offensive, Thessalonica placed under siege as the prospect of Athens being seized in 1839 becomes increasingly plausible. In Egypt, at long last, the final embers of the nationalist rebellion were extinguished with the defeat of the nomadic tribesmen in November, the survivors broadly agreeing to respect the status quo of the region.

Polish Consolidation
   Poland may have had a convoluted initial rising, but a combination of developments ensured that by the end of the year, Radziwill’s Republican Poland would be the sole faction left standing.
   Prussia issued a two-pronged war front against Plater and the Catholic Republicans. She was disparaged relentlessly in publications portraying her as an evil, hysterical woman who lusted after power. On the ground, the Prussian Army initiated a brutal counter-offensive aimed at crushing her version of Polish nationalism. This involved full-fledged and open cooperation with Radziwill in Warsaw, leaving no doubt he was a Prussian ally. Plater was bold in her leadership, fending off the inevitable until well into the summer. Yet, she could not sustain the losses of such brutal warfare. By July she was cornered, killing herself in a besieged storehouse alongside several priests and loyal followers. She left a suicide note, ominously vowing revenge, praising global Catholic Republicanism, and maintaining her call for a Polish state.
   The collapse of Plater’s government occurred roughly the same time news emerged from the chaos in St. Petersburg that Adam Czartoryski was been killed in the Scandinavian seizure of the city. Although Stockholm wholly denied any involvement, and dubbed the death a clear accident, there have been fingers pointed at them, the Prussians, and the Austrians, all who would have much to gain by seeing the proposed King of Poland taken out of the picture. Whoever was responsible, the small royalist party saw little option other than to back Radziwill, in the hope that he would consent to a future restoration of the Polish Monarchy.
  With Poland secured, the rest of the year would see joint Prussian-Polish cooperation with further raids into Austrian Poland. Lublin was captured, though the Habsburg garrison in Krakow elected to face a siege rather than surrender. The normal Austrian Army of Poland was too occupied beating back an attempted Russian invasion of Ruthenia to provide any substantial aid, though with the Russian retreat many wonder what 1839 will hold for the various factions contending for control of the region.

Three-Way War in Germany
   The Kingdom of the Rhine would face a renewed Austrian assault, reinforcements arriving for the Habsburg forces, at the same time it launched a rapid assault into the German League, hoping to spark the fires of revolutionary nationalism in that region, a prospect of limited success. The result has been mixed, the forces of each faction engaging the other two at various times over the past year.
   To the south, the Austrian forces would be bolstered by reinforcements from the Habsburg lands as well as the local soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire. Here the push against the Kingdom of the Rhine continued. Stuttgart finally fell in July, a development much celebrated during a difficult time for the Habsburgs. The seizure of the remainder of Württemberg opened the door for the recapture of parts of the Rhineland, the Palatinate falling into Austrian hands as winter snows set in.
   The reason for some of the Austrian success was a shift of the Rhenish initiative to the north. Seeing that their situation would not improve if they continued to face the Austrians with their existing resources, and incensed over revelations of Prussian duplicity in the previous year, a desperate strike was made into the German League, roughly coinciding with the Dutch seizure of Ostfriesland. Demonstrating the same fervor that had been seen in Ansbach the previous year, Hesse-Darmstadt and Bremen were largely overwhelmed. The locals seemed to be solidly divided about the arrival of the Rhenish. Although some embraced them as nationalist liberators, more resented the surprise attack on the German League. At the Battle of Hanover, the Prussians halted the rebel incursion, though in the chaos surrounding the engagement little land was taken back.
   Although they are facing two of the most formidable military powers of the Continent, that is not to say the Kingdom of the Rhine is wholly isolated. A nonaggression pact was signed with the military government of the Netherlands, while it is assumed some sort of similar agreement was reached with France, observers on the ground pointing out the lightness of garrisons on either side of the border. Still, with the loss of Württemberg and the newfound ire of the Prussians, the only hope of this nationalist state will be that their common enemies beat each other to a pulp before either can defeat them.

Plater’s Revenge
   Many assumed that the threats of the late Emilia Plater, issued shortly before her suicide in rural Poland, were empty and vague. The December Disaster at the end of 1838 would cause some to think otherwise. The events of that day would have Catholic Republican fingerprints all over them, Polish nationalists framing it as posthumous justice for their slain leader.
   Berlin was absolutely rocked in the middle of the night on December 18th by a substantial explosion. It became clear immediately that some sort of incendiary explosion had occurred in the sewer system below Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin. The Palace itself was severely damaged, a whole wing torn apart and collapsing in on itself. As the locals raced to put out the flames before they spread, which they would do successfully, the scale of the damage became clear.
   It was immediately evident that none of the four royal children (Frederick, Elena, William Henry, and Maria Augusta) had been harmed by the blast. The mother of the King, Augusta of the Palatinate, had likewise been spared, her apartments in another area of the palace. Unaccounted for were the King and Queen. It would only be at ten in the morning the following day that the remains of the King were recovered. Queen Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was found injured just minutes later, but the injuries she had sustained were too severe, she succumbing to bleeding within a couple of hours.
   Given the state of war Prussia was in, enemies to the east and west, decisive action was necessary. As in Russia, it would be the women of the family who stepped up. Augusta of the Palatinate was quickly declared regent for her 12-year-old grandson, who became King Frederick IV of Prussia. Although it was unusual in Prussia for a woman to serve as regent, Augusta had both the popular support and reputation to ensure that whatever opposition there was to her quickly was silenced. She vowed to find her son’s killers and win the war.
   Preliminary investigations would point to a Catholic Republican plot. A group called the “Eyes of God” had reportedly been hiring agents in the city and palace to undertake its scheme of blowing up the palace. It was assumed that the scheme was the result of Polish or Brazilian intrigue, with some modest evidence indicating both factions bore a degree of responsibility. Other evidence, perhaps more circumstantial, incriminates the Austrians, who allegedly had a spy ring operating in the city. Needless to say, the preliminary investigation has resulted in dozens of arrests.
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« Reply #153 on: August 29, 2020, 10:26:34 PM »


RED FRIDAY IN PARIS
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   Domestic French politics was in a state of unease at the end of 1837. The socialists were openly defiant, the conservatives apathetic, and the liberals ascendant but proving uncooperative at times with the Crown. Clearly the situation was untenable, as the actions of 1838 demonstrated, and in need of a shakeup.
   Flanders would continue to dominate headlines for the first half of the year, but with the Treaty of Amsterdam and the refusal of the new Dutch military junta to resume aid to the Flemings, the rebellion was widely seen as doomed. Yet, the holdouts continued, brutal fighting burning through the region until early Summer. The Battle of Brussels was particularly gruesome, some of the excesses making it seem as though the “Martyrs of Bruges” from 1837 had been blessed to have died when they did. Allegations of French misconduct ran rampant including setting churches full of Flemish children aflame, though the government in Paris claimed this was mere propagandistic slander.
   In a demonstration that the Crown was firmly in the camp of nationalism and French glory, General Bugeaud was rewarded for his invasion of Zeeland in 1837. This came at the moment many on the left were calling for him to be put on trial for disobedient conduct. Bugeaud himself became seen as the leader of the growing nationalist faction in French politics. Operating outside of the mainstream conservative movement, Bugeaud and his nationalists support the Crown at the same time demanding glory for the French people. Less bound by traditional ideology, his new movement would come into focus with the bloody happenings in Paris.
   As the British and Prussian blockades of the Louisianans and Brazilians respectively began to take effect, the prices of goods in France began to fluctuate rapidly. Luxuries and sweets saw their prices spike, sugar and coffee in particular. Factories were unable to get all the raw materials necessary to operate, disrupting employment and production. Given the Dutch military junta demonstrated little indication to trade with their former enemies, the people of France bore the brunt of the blockade. A wide variety of individuals were blamed, though eventual consensus would label the Sacred Union government as responsible through sheer mismanagement.
   The government responded with an attempt to enact a pension for families of deceased soldiers and the elimination of child labor. The King himself sought to demonstrate affection for his subjects by visiting soldiers, conferring with the families of the slain, and reiterating his support for constitutional government. Yet, this was not enough to placate the socialists.
   On the morning of October 7th, mass strikes began in the factories. Workers were upset by pay cuts caused by the recession and disrupted operations. The slaughter of civilians in Flanders was likewise viewed as a secondary cause for the unrest. When the capitalist leaders tried to bring in strikebreakers, the events turned violent. Riots swept through Paris itself. Some portions of the city police mutinied, joining the socialists against what was seen as an out-of-touch establishment. Barricades were constructed, calls for a republic ringing out through the streets.
   The risings were a solely socialist-backed event. The central government, led by Adolphe Thiers (a liberal) ordered General Bugeaud and the Army of the North to subdue the situation before it spiraled out of control. Thus, began the “4 Days of Freedom” where the city of Paris was largely occupied by the rebels, King Louis making a brave stand at Versailles and refusing to flee the palace despite the proximity of the rebellion.
   Bugeaud was initially hesitant to risk the lives of his soldiers, so also organized some paramilitary forces from his nationalist supporters. They were set loose in the city first, aiming to take out potential rooftop shooters and infiltrate barricades. Then the assault began, the day becoming known as Red Friday for the color of socialism and the blood spilled. Socialists all throughout the city found themselves up against the determined fury of the Royal Army. Block by block and building by building the city was slowly recaptured. Fighting was brutal, when nationalists were discovered in the socialist ranks they were brutally killed. No quarter was given to the socialists either. For another two days before the smoke cleared and the last building surrendered, Paris was the scene of conflict.
   Although the defeat of the rebellion has undoubtedly strengthened the domestic political security of the crown, it has come at the cost of the popularity of the monarchy. A king living in opulence and luxury, having his soldiers mow down Flemings, factory workers, and people of Paris is not good optics. Even among the supporters of the Crown, it is widely accepted that that some of the excesses ought to have been avoided. Bugeaud is more controversial than ever, even some liberals seeking to distance themselves. While the socialists have been tainted with treason, especially those few delegates who partook in the rising, some fear they may be driven underground. Regardless, others point out that, in the end, might is right. The rebellion has been subdued and the Crown remains in command. Perhaps that is all that truly matters.

Tokugawa Ienari Dies Aged 65
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   Edo would be rocked by the news emerging in late November that the esteemed and venerable Tokugawa Ienari, ruler of Japan for the last 54 years, died of natural causes. Although his son Tokugawa Ieyoshi was quickly ensconced in power, in line with the wishes of the late leader, there is little doubt that such a sudden change in leadership has greatly undermined faith in the government, perhaps at one of the most crucial moments in recent history.
   When Tokugawa Ienari took power in 1787 the world was wholly different. Japan itself was far more isolated and had not yet undertaken the vast reforms that would characterize the reign of the new leader. At his death his realm not only has made numerous steps forward, but has expanded outwards as well. Any common Japanese subject informed just decades ago that the realm would occupy Formosa and Hainan, with naval operations dominating the region, would have been stunned and full of disbelief.
   Yet, some fear Ienari was the only leader who could parlay his authority and experience into foreign action. As far as he moved the realm, there still remains those who resent his actions and would see traditionalism return as a dominant political force in the Shogunate. Great pressure emerged in the weeks following the death of the old Shogun for his son to seek peace with the Dutch. Although Ieyoshi did send a group of diplomats to Willemstad, a move that caused some outrage with the Xing who felt abandoned, no treaty had been concluded between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the OAKF by the end of the year.
   Within Japan, there are growing concerns that a broad variety of opposition groups are organizing. The Emperor, as always, is serving as the focal point of some rebel plots. The peasants remain disgruntled by the tax reforms while conservative daimyo resent the growing trade with the world. This is a divided realm and, if not managed carefully, Ieyoshi could find himself facing civil strife.
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« Reply #154 on: August 30, 2020, 02:43:25 AM »

The Emperor Speaks

YESTERDAY, July 7, 1838- a date which will live in infamy. The Empire was suddenly and deliberately attacked by military forces of the Kingdom of Prussia.

The Emperor was at peace with that Kingdom and, at the solicitation of Prussia, was still in conversation with its Government and its King looking toward the maintenance of peace in Central Europe. Indeed, hours before Prussian columns began marching towards Bohemia, the Prussian Ambassador in Vienna provided a reply to an Austrian message aimed at the maintenance of peace. And while this reply stated that it was unclear if Berlin would accept the proposed agreement, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.

It will be recorded that the timing of the messages from Prussia makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Prussian Government has deliberately sought to deceive the Empire and Emperor by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.

The attack on Bohemia has caused severe damage to Austrian military forces. We regret to tell you that very many lives have been lost. In addition Austrian ships have been reportedly seized on the high seas between Pola and Delagoa Bay.

Prussia has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the area of Bohemia. The facts of recent days speak for themselves. Our subjects have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our peoples. As Emperor and Protector of Our Subjects, We have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. But always will we all remember the character of the onslaught against us.

No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the united and diverse subjects of the Empire in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. I believe that I interpret the will of God and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.

Hostilities exist. There is no denying the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph -- so help us God.
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« Reply #155 on: August 31, 2020, 12:53:01 AM »

Joseon-Zhongguo Treaty of Prosperity

1. The border between the lands recognised as belonging to the realm of Joseon and those belonging to that of the Middle Kingdom shall follow the Yalu River from the Yellow Sea upstream until it meets the blue line marked on the map which it shall follow until it reaches the Whale Sea.

2. Outer Manchuria will be held by the Joseon realm as a duchy of the Middle Kingdom, the boundary between Inner and Outer Manchuria being the Songhua River.

3. The full might of the Joseon realm shall be committed to securing Manchuria as a part of the Middle Kingdom.

4. The right of Korean traders to conduct trade within the Middle Kingdom shall be maintained as normal.



x Queen Regent Sunwon on behalf of her grandson King Heonjong
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« Reply #156 on: August 31, 2020, 07:07:44 AM »

Joseon-Zhongguo Treaty of Prosperity

1. The border between the lands recognised as belonging to the realm of Joseon and those belonging to that of the Middle Kingdom shall follow the Yalu River from the Yellow Sea upstream until it meets the blue line marked on the map which it shall follow until it reaches the Whale Sea.

2. Outer Manchuria will be held by the Joseon realm as a duchy of the Middle Kingdom, the boundary between Inner and Outer Manchuria being the Songhua River.

3. The full might of the Joseon realm shall be committed to securing Manchuria as a part of the Middle Kingdom.

4. The right of Korean traders to conduct trade within the Middle Kingdom shall be maintained as normal.



x Queen Regent Sunwon on behalf of her grandson King Heonjong
x Youfú Emperor
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« Reply #157 on: September 02, 2020, 12:29:06 AM »
« Edited: September 02, 2020, 06:38:37 PM by Spamage »

Age of Steam And Steel
Turn 5: 1839
(Source: Self-Made)

Nations, Leaders, and Players
Kingdom of France: King Louis XVIII Bourbon (Windjammer)
United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Americas: King Charles III of Hanover (Blair)
Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mustafa IV Osmanoğlu (Kingpoleon)
Kingdom of Scandinavia: King Frederick VI Oldenburg & Queen Catherine of Holstein-Gottorp (Ypestis)
Russian Empire: Regent Czarina Maria Augusta Wettin (HenryWallace)
Kingdom of Prussia: Queen Regent Augusta Wittelsbach (Lumine)
Divine Republic of Brazil: Bishop-President Joaquim Gonçalves de Andrade (X)
Habsburg Monarchy: Emperor Francis III Habsburg-Lorraine (Dereich)
Kingdom of Louisiana: King Louis-Philippe II Bourbon (DKrol)
Xing Dynasty: Youfú Emperor (thumb21)
Qajar Persia: Mohammad Shah Qajar (PSOL)
Joseon Korea: Queen Regent Sunwon (True Federalist)

Economic Standing:
Joseon Korea: Strong
Kingdom of Scandinavia: Moderate
United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Americas: Moderate
Russian Empire: Moderate
Kingdom of Prussia: Moderate
Qajar Persia: Moderate
Ottoman Empire: Weak
Xing Dynasty: Weak
Divine Republic of Brazil: Weak
Kingdom of Louisiana: Weak
Kingdom of France: Weak
Habsburg Monarchy: Weak



Popularity:
Emperor Francis III Habsburg: High
King Francis I Bourbon: High
Czarina Maria Augusta Wettin: High
Sultan Mustafa IV Osmanoğlu: High

Queen Regent Augusta of Prussia: Moderate
Mohammad Shah Qajar: Moderate

King Louis XVIII Bourbon: Moderate
King Frederick VI & Queen Catherine of Scandinavia: Moderate
King Louis-Philippe II Bourbon: Moderate
King Charles III of Britain: Moderate
Bishop-President Joaquim Gonçalves de Andrade: Moderate
Youfú Emperor: Moderate
Queen Regent Sunwon: Moderate

Current Global Conflicts:
Chinese Civil War: Qing Dynasty vs. Xing Dynasty, Tokugawa Shogunate vs. Secessionists (1825-)
Eastern War: Tokugawa Shogunate, Xing Dynasty, Kingdom of Spain vs. East Asian Colonial Federation (1836-)
Latin American Catholic Republican Revolutions: Holy Republic of Colombia, Divine Republic of Brazil, Diocese of Paraguay, Upper Peruvian State vs. Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Prussia, La Plata (1823-)
Northern Italian War: Kingdom of Naples, Italian Rebels, Swiss Republic vs. Kingdom of France, Italian Principalities (1837-)
Great Eastern War: Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Naples, Polish Rebels, Greek Rebels vs. Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Kingdom of Scandinavia vs. Kingdom of the Rhine, Kingdom of the Netherlands (1837-)
Qajar-Durrani War: Qajar Persia vs. Durrani Empire (1838-)

(Source: Self-Made)


Kingdom of France:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The smoke from Red Friday is still fresh in Paris. While you managed to prevent the socialists and other agitators from seizing control of your realm, the human cost has been quite high. Still, your government has prevailed. You must now decide how to handle the aftermath of the horrible revolt in Paris. Some are calling for the socialist delegates elected to the government to be expelled from the chamber. The nationalists, led by Begeaud have even demanded that you outlaw socialism and republicanism in their entirety. More moderate officials, including Thiers, have urged caution, highlighting that banning the socialists or alienating them further could drive them underground, where you would only have a limit idea of what they are plotting. How will the French Crown respond to the attempt to topple it in 1838?

-Although the war in Flanders was one of the causes of Red Friday, the rebellion did not gain steam until economic issues had come to the forefront. The twin blockades of Louisiana and Brazil have disrupted the French supply chain, perhaps even more so that the events in the Suez. Unemployment has risen and the price of finished goods have fluctuated rapidly. The British and Spanish, who face similar economic disruption, have offset the worst of the crisis with weapon production for their massive wars. France, now, is largely at peace, save for intervention in Italy, so this may not be as practical. This economic disruption is coupled with the devastation of the second most industrialized part of your realm (Flanders). How will you restore the economic glory of France, King Louis?

-France faces a bevy of foreign policy issues in 1839. Although the new Dutch government has largely stood by the Treaty of Amsterdam, they have ceased sending you the Sons of Willem, arguing that issue should be renegotiated. You have reclaimed some of the traditional Italian principalities, but others have been liberated by the Habsburgs. Some wonder if you ought to even restore the cowardly and unpopular Dukes of the region to power at all. The rest of Europe is on fire as France has largely stood on the sidelines, perhaps being key in tipping the balance. How will you handle these wide-ranging problems facing the foreign ministry?


United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Americas:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Advances have been made in the war against the rebels and their Louisianan collaborators. Yet, the war rages on. Virginia has been recaptured and real progress can be observed. Although the Sioux have been crippled by a Louisianan assault, your forces have not been defeated anywhere, save for the siege of Atlanta. Now, with the slave revolt, a potential friendly force has emerged. How will you prosecute the war in North America in 1839?

-As you liberate the South, new questions arise. In particular, your commanders have disputed how to handle Virginia, which is mostly under your control. Should you keep the estates of traitors intact? What is to be done about the slaves, both those who escaped in the chaos and those who still remain in captivity? Should the rebel regions be restored their seats in Parliament? If you keep gaining land in this region, it is likely that these matters will only become more pressing, so it is wise to tackle them head on.

-Your touring committee on parliamentary reform has returned to London. Wary of the threat of popular rising, and seeing the truly outdated nature of some ridings, they have called for a redistricting of Parliament, with the new seats being based on population rather than historic distributions. This is coupled with a recommendation to increase the franchise further, perhaps eliminating property restrictions or replacing them with income-based exclusions. The Tories have already rejected the calls for reform, while the Whigs staunchly favor it. Some fear that this issue could engender partisanship on a new scale in British politics. How will you handle the franchise issue now that it is time to deliver on your promises?


Kingdom of Scandinavia:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Great monarchs, the people of Scandinavia stand firmly behind you in the struggle against Russia. The capture of St. Petersburg and Czar Peter IV brought joy to the hearts of many and hopes that the war would soon be over. Even now, his son sits somewhat marooned on an island with what remains of the Russian Baltic fleet. Given the Czarina’s seizure of the regency in Moscow, those hopes for a quick victory may not necessarily be the case. Now you face the prospect of war against the largest polity on Earth. Though the Ottomans and Habsburgs stand alongside you, each is distracted by more local concerns. How will you follow up on your stupendous success in St. Petersburg and prosecute the war in 1839?

-Prussia’s invasion of Austria has given many in Stockholm pause over the late Frederick III’s role as “protector” of the Schleswig-Holstein Germans. Some fear the government in Berlin could use any slight pretext to seize that territory from you and urge you to renounce the agreement, especially given the late King is now dead and his son is too young to do anything about the issue. Prussia’s aggression has been coupled with that regime’s cooperation with the Russians, so the two largest powers surrounding you are now friendly. This has caused many to advocate a hard line against Berlin, perhaps even war. How will you handle these awkward tensions with the Prussians? Will you revoke the title “Protector of the Schleswig-Holstein Germans”?

-The election in the Baltic States has been a mixed bag. While the nationalists won the day, choosing a semi-separatist Baltiskaministerstatssekreterare, the very fact you allowed for voting ensured an increase in loyalty throughout the region. It is recognized that the limited degree of autonomy they have been granted is preferable to any sort of representation that would be granted by either the absolutist Prussians or Russians. A secondary benefit of the nationalists carrying the day is that the interests of the Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, and Baltic Germans are so widely divergent that they cannot govern effectively, allowing for you to maintain a great deal of flexibility in oversight of these provinces. The first issue dominating the Baltic assembly is the question of Scandinavian land acquisition in the region, something the local officials are trying to restrict. The Baltic states are the poorest of your European possessions and the economic dynamism in other parts of the realm has meant that many wealthy Swedes and Danes have begun to buy up traditional noble estates and small landholdings. While this is perfectly legal, many locals have resented increasingly being beholden to faraway landlords who care little for local circumstances or customs. Any restriction on property acquisition is unpopular in Stockholm, opposed by both the liberals and conservatives, while the Baltic representatives have grown increasingly insistent. How will you manage this first disagreement in internal Scandinavian affairs under the new constitution?


Russian Empire:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Czarina Maria Augusta, the actions of your husband propelled Russia to war, but also has led to the simultaneous resurgence of Russia’s age-old enemies in Scandinavia and the Ottoman Empire. Along most of the western frontier you face hostile powers, with the sole excepting being your border with Prussia. Your invasion of Transylvania gained some slight territory, but at a heavy cost, while the assault on Ruthenia was a failure. How will the Russian Empire prosecute this Great Eastern War in 1839?

-The capture of your husband, son, and grandson has caused great unease. The fact that the Crown Prince is somewhere in the Baltic is likewise concerning. You have been left as the head of Russia out of necessity. It is evident that the nearly successful decapitation of the Russian government has created a sizeable defeatist faction, which would see you negotiate terms in order to free your husband. Others, of a more nationalist bent, believe that to surrender would embarrass Russia and taint the image of the monarchy. How will you balance the needs of your dynasty, to be whole, with the needs of the Empire, which craves victory?

-Mongolia has been seized and, for now, peace exists in Siberia. Yet, many have noted the hostility with which the Chinese public has reacted to the “barbaric” Russians arriving directly to their north. Although the Xing Dynasty is still newly-established, and perhaps a bit shaky, there are those at Court who fear that it will see your focus to the west as a chance to try and liberate Mongolia. Indeed, striking the Europeans would be a huge propaganda victory for the somewhat xenophobic Xing. Perhaps a treaty formalizing the transfer would be in order? Alternatively, envoys from the Prince of Beizi, the holdout Qing ruler in Manchuria, have reached Moscow. In return for an alliance and joint military cooperation, he would have you help him reestablish his family in China in return for the surrender of Xinjiang, outer Manchuria, and Mongolia to the Russian Empire. Although this is tantalizing, many caution that it could be irresponsible to engage in war here while the west is aflame, even if you probably do have the manpower to do so. What is to be done about the east?


Habsburg Monarchy:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-You stand in the middle of flames, Emperor Francis. Germany, Italy and Poland are in a state of revolt. Prussia and Russia have breached the frontiers. The colonies have been seized. This is perhaps the direst moment in the history of your dynasty since your forebears fought in the War of the Grand Coalitions almost a century ago. It is up to you to reverse the chaos of the past year. How will you restore the Habsburg Monarchy to its preeminent position?

-Your alliances with Scandinavia and the Ottoman Empire are loose and circumstantial, to say the least. Although you all have a common enemy, Russia, there are some at Court who fear for the prospect of separate peace deals. This clique believes that you ought to formalize ties to your “friends.” Even if you have had troubles with the Ottomans for the last 4 centuries, and Scandinavia evokes reminders of the Empire of Gustav Adolphus, undoubtedly closer ties could have benefits. Others remain more cautious, still unwilling to trust these powers. They would have you lean on other powers such as Britain, France, or the Netherlands, making concessions to draw them into the conflict. What will your diplomatic initiatives 1839 be?

-As your armies have marched back into West Germany and Northern Italy, the dilemma of property rights has emerged. In both areas, capture by the rebels saw great exchanges of land occur, secular and Church lands alike have been seized by new owners or existing owners sided with the rebellion. As your soldiers enter these territories, some of your generals have suggested seizing the property of those deemed to be traitorous, including the nobility, and distributing it elsewhere. This could engender hatred and further tensions though, even if it created an organized, loyalist class. There is also a question as to whether or not Church lands should be restored in full? Will you listen to some at Court and rationalize the erratic situation that once prevailed in this area of the Holy Roman Empire? What will you do in the regions liberated from either Neapolitan or Rhenish control?


Kingdom of Prussia:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Augusta, your son and daughter-in-law are dead, victims of a horrible assassination attempt. The wretched cretins responsible have not yet been caught and it is an open question as to who is responsible. While most of the surface-level evidence points to the Poles, and Plater in particular, there is enough circumstantial evidence to implicate a wide variety of other actors, including the Habsburgs, Brazilians, Dutch, Scandinavians, or Rhenish. What steps will you take to find your son’s killers? Furthermore, how will you protect your young grandchildren from meeting the same fate as their parents?

-Your son’s initial offensive seems to have done the trick and caught the decrepit Habsburg Monarchy off-guard. Prague has fallen to Prussian forces, an impressive feat. Yet, the Emperor in Vienna has vowed to continue the struggle. Events in Poland have become a slog, while the Scandinavian assault on Russia has created a new potential enemy to the north. You so not stand alone, at your side is the Russian behemoth and the beleaguered Neapolitans. How will you advance the cause of Prussian glory in 1839?

-The Kingdom of the Rhine has assaulted you and your allies just as the new Dutch government seized East Frisia. Due to your great foresight in placing defensive forces in the region, the worst was avoided, but still, this insult demands retribution. With revolution on the western border some are calling on you to focus your efforts here in the coming year. What will be done about the surprise attack against Hanover?


Ottoman Empire:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Sultan Mustafa, although you have been framed at an utmost villain in Russia, the revenge for the assault of 1837 has been applauded all throughout your empire. Ottoman soldiers have pushed them out of the Crimea and sent them a punishing message in the Near East. Yet, by infuriating the Russians it is almost certain the war will continue beyond the year. What is your military strategy for 1839?

-The recapture of Wallachia, occurring as a result of your “truce” with the Russians, has been successful. The former Duke has fled, hiding out with the Russian army in Transylvania rather than face any reprisals for his abandonment of your cause in 1837. What will be done with the principality? Some want it absorbed to the larger empire outright, believing that the Romanians cannot be trusted with autonomy. Others argue that you just ought to name a new duke, such as the still loyal but deposed Duke of Moldovia. Giving the region independence, while ensuring friendly relations, would probably just demonstrate Ottoman weakness at a crucial moment. What will you do about Wallachia?

-Beyond your military issues, diplomacy will also be important in the coming year. A truce has been secured with Persia, but thus far no formal peace agreement has been established. You have two ostensible allies in Austria and Scandinavia, but no formal agreement between you three powers has been established as of yet. Your global reach also means you may be able to draw more powers into war against the Russians, should that be your prerogative. How will you approach the issues of diplomacy in 1839?
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« Reply #158 on: September 02, 2020, 12:29:27 AM »
« Edited: September 02, 2020, 06:37:31 PM by Spamage »

Divine Republic of Brazil:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Bishop de Andrade, you lead the Divine Brazilian Republic at a crucial moment. After half a century, the shackles of liberal republicanism have finally been removed and you are free to act. Already, Brazilian soldiers have joined with their brothers in Colombia, Upper Peru, and Paraguay to spread the gospel to La Plata and Peru proper. Yet, resistance has been fierce, the forces of traditionalism and order seeking to oppress your movement and restore satanic rule. The war could still go either way, La Plata remaining a strong opponent and the Spanish resilient in Peru, despite your best efforts. How will you ensure your crusade is victorious in 1839?

-With the Catholic Republican seizure of Brazilian government, the issue of slavery has naturally come to the forefront. Your allies in Colombia abandoned the practice just a couple of years ago by decree, only enslaving those caught in the act of resisting the government and freeing the existing slave class. In Brazil, there are far more slaves than in all of Colombia. Some in your regime fear the reaction of the landholders should you move against slavery, reminding you that the past two governments both sidestepped the issue by being noncommittal and taking no action. Hardliners and dogmatists, on the other hand, are insistent that you enact reform. What is to be done about this divisive issue?

-The events in Portugal have been extremely divisive in your government. Half of your officials see the King as an evil tyrant, regardless of the purity of his intentions. They would have you denounce Catholic Monarchism and refuse to cooperate with that ruler. The other half have been inspired by King Antonio and would have you cooperate with him. While he is a king, his government has followed many Catholic Republican practices, including uplifting the Church and disposing of the nobility. Given his recent offer of cooperation, the issue is quite pressing. How will you respond to the events in Lisbon?


Kingdom of Louisiana:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Louis Phillippe, while there have been setbacks in the war thus far, that does not mean it is anywhere near lost. The British in Atlanta have been wholly eliminated, while they take thousands of casualties trying to plug the holes in their Empire that you have poked. With the fall of Charleston, your American allies have relocated to Montgomery and this closer proximity has allowed for an even greater degree of Louisianan influence to seep into their government. As the war continues to rage, what will your commands be for 1839?

-The British blockade has been punishing, there is no doubt about that. Plantations have lost their steady flow of income at perhaps the worst moment possible. The new question is how you will respond to this economic terrorism. There are plenty of proposals. Some in your government have suggested that the impact of the blockade demonstrates your realm is too reliant on foreign trade and urge you to subsidize newer methods of production and the growing of foodstuffs, which is more valuable for the war effort. Others would have you funnel your trade through your son’s realm, though the King of Mexico has been forced to place a sizeable tariff on imports by his Mexican advisors. Some say that the economic pain is good, as it might draw the aid of a friendly power such as France. What is to be done about this growing economic issue?

-The alarming reports of a slave rebellion north of Baton Rouge have been proven true. It appears the British have sent arms and supplies to the rebels, who have seized control of a portion of the Mississippi and slaughtered plantation owners on both sides of the river. This development has caused panic in some quarters and demonstrated the true appeal that the British promise of emancipation exerts. It is feared this rising could spread, so many of your generals would have it crushed quickly. Beyond that, however, how will you ensure that the ideas of this rebellion are contained and don’t seep into other regions, igniting further guerrilla fighting?


Qajar Persia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Your assault on the Durrani Empire has been initially quite successful. The Turks to the north have heeded your calls to revolt, fed up with Durrani control and wary of the growing Russian presence to the north. Yet, the element of surprise is no more. From Kabul, there are reports that the Shah is preparing his people for war, calling on them to remember the past victories of his predecessors against the Safavids in the 1780s. An alarming prospect that has emerged is the potential for French involvement, Paris having recently signed a pact of non-aggression with the Shah. What will you do to protect your gains in 1839?

-Your men stood aside as the Russians were defeated by the Ottomans, a move that has earned you harsh censure in Moscow and condemnation from some of your own subjects, who are upset by the abandonment of the very Czar that put you on the throne. Yet, what’s done is done, especially given the new war in the east. Now it is time to negotiate with the Sultan and settle terms for a lasting peace deal, if that is what you wish. You have preserved your gains in the region. What will your agreement with the Ottomans look like?

-In northern Iran, officials have noted a mass increase in the migration of Khivans, Turkmen, and other ethnic groups from the north into Persian territory, the migrants fleeing Russian control. From the northwest, many Muslims from the Caucuses have also used the land border between you and the Russians to pack up and head south. This has caused controversy with your existing subjects, who have found their towns overwhelmed with refugees and demand the expulsion of these newcomers. Yet, others at court would have you resettle and arm these people, regardless of their original culture. This issue could spark controversy with the Russians, especially is unscrupulous nationalists use the open border to organize opposition. How will you respond to the migration in the north?


Joseon:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The Joseon Dynasty has thus far enjoyed great success in the invasion of Manchuria. Although the evil Prince of Beizi eludes your armies, much land has been gained, the treaty with the Xing merely formalizing what was becoming a clear reality on the ground. Now you must decide what to do next. With your control over Outer Manchuria guaranteed by treaty, will you continue to fight against the Qing remnants or is it time to withdraw into a defensive posture? If the fight is to continue, what will be done to ensure that the Prince of Beizi does not live to see 1840?

-The growing expansion of the Korean rail system is not without its opponents. Of late, those most incensed have been the peasants and others forced to move from their traditional property. All throughout the realm, along your new railways, there have been outright protests and demands to cease construction, rural villages and smallholders having been shunted aside by overeager officials looking for the quickest routes. Petitions have arrived at Seoul alongside some reports of work being sabotaged. While your officials in charge of the project urge you to push forward, pointing out the popularity of the already completed lines with the inhabitants of urban areas. This issue requires a balancing of traditional Korean life and the benefits of your reforms. What will you do?

-The newly acquired region of Outer Manchuria is sparsely inhabited. Already, many of your grandson’s subjects have looked north with undisguised greed and ambition, longing to settle the region as the Chinese did in southern Manchuria over the course of the last century. Certainly, the land has great potential, but there are Manchus who currently live in the area, even if not a lot. Will you permit mass settlement in the north, perhaps even using incentives to get Koreans to move there, or would such a move undermine the spirit of your cooperation with the Xing Emperor and prove to be counterproductive?


Xing Dynasty:
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-The Qing have been utterly defeated in the South. Beijing is now yours. The shattered remnants of the Manchu Dynasty now only exist on the periphery of the Great Xing Dynasty. Now, with China proper secured, it is time to restore the preordained order to the region. The separatists must be handled, either through negotiation or force. There are alarming reports that the Hui and Yi people have begun to establish an alliance, aimed solely at preventing you from punching south or west. Manchuria still stands defiant and foreign vultures such as the Habsburgs, Russians, Scandinavians, Dutch, Japanese, and Koreans have all made gains at the expense of the realm while China was weak. What will you do to reestablish China’s role as the preeminent power in Asian affairs?

-Now that you are largely the sole dynasty in control of China, and given the fresh start your rise represents, many look to you to provide a new ethos for how the Xing Dynasty will carry itself in regards to modernization. Though your rule was initially based on hostility towards the reform of the Qing, the experience of your soldiers with Habsburg weaponry and increased collaboration with foreign powers seems to have provided room for an alternative path, one of greater international engagement and modernization on your own terms. Already, neighboring powers such as Korea and Japan have seen great economic growth come from their efforts to embrace new inventions and innovate. Will China follow, if so how?

-The Japanese have been close collaborators with your regime during the last few troubled years. With the death of Tokugawa Ienari, his son has sought to formalize the gains made over the past few years with a treaty. He requests the establishment of a trade republic in Formosa to be influenced jointly by Beijing and Edo, Japanese control over the two ports seized from the Qing in mainland China formally recognized by treaty, and the return of Hainan to your sole control. The offer has been deemed reasonable by most of your advisors, though hardliners argue that you ought to give not an inch to the barbarians, especially after your settlement with the Koreans. Still, alienating Japan could be a costly mistake, especially after they’ve helped you so much. How will you respond to the offer of the Tokugawa?



Armies and Locations
Russian Empire
42,400 Army of St. Petersburg Remnants
47,400 Army of Poland
62,200 Army of Mongolia
79,400 Army of Transylvania
6,000 Army of Crimea
37,700 Army of Astrakhan
5,000 Army of Alaska
50,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 360,000 more)

Kingdom of France
278,000 Army of Flanders
73,400 Army of Northern France
144,100 Army of Southern France
80,000 Army of Bengal
40,000 Army of Gujarat
21,100 Army of the Sacred Heart (Burma)
40,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 2,000 more)

Habsburg Monarchy
198,000 Army of Wurttemburg
171,400 Army of Italy
81,500 Army of Bohemia
62,000 Army of Poland
50,000 Army of Ansbach
33,400 Army of Transylvania
9,800 Army of the Suez
36,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 32,000 more)

Kingdom of Prussia
89,900 Army of the West
92,000 Army of Brandenburg
95,000 Army of Berlin
93,500 Army of Breslau
105,000 Army of Poland
8,300 Army of the Cape
9,800 Army of the Suez
6,000 Army of Angola
5,000 Army of the Congo
3,000 Army of Borneo
1,000 Army of Singapore
30,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 2,000 more)

United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Americas
90,000 Army of Britain
50,000 Army of Richmond
36,000 Army of North Carolina
18,000 Army of Missouri
10,000 Army of New York
32,700 Army of Cumberland
10,000 Army of Australia
3,000 Army of the North
3,000 Army of the Midlands
1,700 Army of Ghana
1,500 Army of Nigeria
9,800 Army of the Suez
3,000 Army of Richmond
30,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 145,000 more)

Shenyang Qing Dynasty
89,000 Army of Manchuria
10,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 0 more)

Ottoman Empire
5,000 Army of Egypt
81,000 Army of Kars
107,000 Crimean Force
48,000 Northern Caucasus Force
35,000 Army of Greece
15,000 Danube Army
5,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 19,000 more)

Xing Dynasty
105,000 Army of Jiangsu
83,400 Army of Guangzhou
51,000 Army of Wuhan
23,000 Army of Hainan
10,000 Army of Formosa
30,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 62,000 more)

Kingdom of Spain
80,000 Army of Spain
41,000 Army of Yucatan
57,000 Army of Peru
17,000 Army of Guyana
11,000 Army of the Llanos
14,400 Army of Chile
20,000 Army of Cuba
20,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 11,000 more)

Kingdom of Scandinavia
85,000 Army of Jutland
91,000 Army of Finland
64,000 Army of the Baltic
23,000 Army of Lagoda
5,000 Army of Liberia
5,000 Army of Eritrea
7,500 Army of Mombasa
2,000 Army of Gabon
8,200 Army of the Suez
1,000 Army of Socotra
35,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 17,000 more)

Kingdom of Naples
144,700 Army of Tuscany
10,000 Army of Sicily
20,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 6,000 more)

Republic of Brazil
71,000 Army of La Plata
19,000 Army of the South
30,000 Army of the North
8,000 Army of Colombia
6,000 Army of Upper Peru
10,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 68,000 more)

Joseon Korea
53,000 Army of the North
36,000 Army of the South
6,900 Northern Flying Corps
10,000 Corps of the Ussuri
10,000 Marine Corp
31,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 34,000 more: 14,000 Koreans, 20,000 Manchurians)

Kingdom of Louisiana
14,000 Army of Florida
19,500 Army of the South
29,000 Army of Colorado
18,000 National Gendarmerie
9,000 Army of the North
10,000 men garrisoned
(Can raise 28,000 more)

Qajar Persia
45,000 Northern Army
49,000 Army of Basra
14,000 Army of the South
15,500 Army of Gwadar
(Can raise 2,000 more)


Navies of the World
United Kingdom of Britain, Ireland, and the Americas (First-Rate, Dominant)
Kingdom of France (First-Rate, Dominant)
Kingdom of Scandinavia (Innovative, Sizable)
Kingdom of Prussia (Advanced, Sizable)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (Advanced, Sizable)
Kingdom of Naples (Advanced, Standard)
Kingdom of Spain (Modernized, Sizable)
Kingdom of Quebec (Modernized, Standard)
Habsburg Monarchy (Modernized, Limited)
Kingdom of Louisiana (Modernized, Standard)
Republic of Brazil (Modernized, Limited)
Russian Empire (Reformed, Standard)
Ottoman Empire (Reformed, Standard)
Tokugawa Japan (Modified, Standard)
Joseon Korea (Modified, Standard)
Xing Dynasty (Traditional, Standard)
Qajar Persia (Traditional, Limited)
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True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자)
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« Reply #159 on: September 02, 2020, 06:45:21 PM »

An Open Letter from the Queen Regent of Joseon to the Prince of Beizi

Prince,

It should be clear to you now that your murderous plot against your cousin has failed to gain you the Mandate of Heaven. However, you may still be of service to the Manchu people and to the Middle Kingdom. Abandon your folly and seek shelter in such land as will suffer your presence. Thus you would help bring the Chinese Civil War to a quick and merciful end. While it is regrettable that would mean that a murderer would escape justice in this life, the sooner you abandon this pointless war, the more lives will be saved, and thus find favor under Heaven. I am content to know that Heaven will surely see to your just punishment whether it be in this life or the next, though I must admit I cannot say whether the Youfú Emperor would be similarly content.

Know this, O Prince, you face a momentous decision. The safety of the Joseon people requires that I reject and oppose any effort to place a murderous cur in command of a neighboring land. That is why I reacted against your illegitimate rule even before consulting with the Youfú Emperor. There shall never be peace between us so long as you seek to rule any part of Manchuria, not even if you should find the support of some other power. However, I cannot in good conscience engage in a war solely to bring you to justice in this life, so thus if you will not torment the Manchus with your vile presence, I shall leave you to peacefully ruminate over the consequences of your folly for so long as you shall live.

Queen Regent Sunwon
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« Reply #160 on: September 03, 2020, 12:07:35 AM »

Proclamation from Stockholm

On the Treacherous Murder of the Prussian King Frederick III
   The House of Oldenburg, and indeed all of Scandinavia mourns the death of the late King, His Majesty Frederick III of Prussia. Due to the marriage of Adolf Frederick and Louisa Ulrika, the Houses of Oldenburg and Hohenzollern are bound, and as such the grief of the Royal Family is especially deep. In honor of King Frederick’s memory, a national day of mourning is hereby declared for the 3rd of February, 1839, and special services shall be held throughout the constituent realms in his memory.
   While peace yet persists between their two realms, the National Assembly has also placed all relevant aid at the disposal of the Prussian Crown for the investigation of the dastardly bombing of the Charlottenburg Palace. This shall include access to relevant documents from both the Scandinavian State Archives in Stockholm, and the newly acquired Russian State Archives in St. Petersburg. With Europe in conflagration, the Utrikesstatsminister Gustaf Algernon Stiernold shall be the designated Scandinavian envoy to the funeral services for King Frederick III, and shall pay his respects to the newly anointed King Frederick IV.
   
On the General Conduct of the War
      King Frederick, Queen Catherine and the entire National Assembly hail the efforts of the Scandinavian army in the previous year. In one swoop Ingria has been taken, and with it Finland and the Baltic Territories made secure.
      Scandinavia did not want war and indeed, in the lead up to the Great Eastern War took every effort for the maintenance of the peace. Yet, instead of finding a similar effort in the halls of St. Petersburg, our efforts for peace were met with a stony silence. Upon discovering a Russian plot to betray their allies and seize a wide swath of the Habsburg Patrimony, Scandinavia was left with no choice but to intervene in accordance with the Prague Convention, a document which still holds weight in Stockholm.
      Scandinavia has no territorial ambitions on Russia and would welcome a mediation to bring about general peace on the continent. Central and Eastern Europe has been home to its share of blood-letting in the past half century, and Scandinavia has no desire to see another long episode of barbarism take place.

On the Capture of the Tsar Paul and the Escape of the Crown Prince
   It is now widely known that Tsar Paul, Grand Duke Alexander, Prince Ivan, and various other members of the Russian Royal Family have fallen into the custody of the Scandinavian Army. They shall be treated with all due respect and transported at once to apartments befitting their station. They shall be afforded all luxuries expected of a ruling royal family, and shall further be provided with security to ensure that their safety is guaranteed while in Scandinavia.
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« Reply #161 on: September 03, 2020, 02:01:02 AM »
« Edited: September 07, 2020, 12:38:30 AM by True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자) »

조선 법원 선포
Proclamations of the Court of Joseon

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Queen Regent Sunwon in accordance with the advice of the advisors of her grandson King Heonjong, announces on this Seollol of the sixth year of his reign (1839) the following acts for the better organization of his government:

Ministry of State Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Minister of State shall be the Prime Minister, serving as first among equals. Any government function not specifically assigned by law to a particular ministry or bureau shall be the responsibility of the Minister of State or such ministry or bureau to which he allocates the function.

2. All diplomatic functions except those with the Emperor of the Middle Kingdom shall be transferred from the Ministry of State to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

3. The governors of the ten provinces shall report to the Minister of State.

4. Ministry of State shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Records, the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Celestial Relations, and the Bureau of Public Safety.

4. The Bureau of Records shall maintain the government archives so that needful records can be preserved and consulted as needed.

5. The Bureau of the Census shall undertake those functions specified by section 4 of the Survey and Census Act, 5 Heonjong.

6. The Bureau of Celestial Relations shall handle all diplomatic functions with the Middle Kingdom, but consular functions shall be handled by the Bureau of Consular Services of the Ministry of Foreign Relations, and intelligence functions by the Bureau of Foreign Intelligence of the Ministry of Foreign Relations.

7. The Bureau of Public Safety shall employ vigilants to guard the government buildings, lands, roads, and servants, to investigate crimes committed against the Joseon state and the king's subjects, to fight and prevent fires and other natural disasters, and to serve in such other manners that will improve the safety of the commonweal.

Ministry of Personnel Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Personnel shall manage the civil service, which shall consist of those non-military personnel of the government other than those positions appointed directly by the king. Civil positions directed appointed by the king shall include ministers, bureau chiefs, provincial governors, and provincial subministers, plus those positions so specified in other acts or edicts.

2. The Ministry of Personnel shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Examination, the Bureau of Assignment, and the Bureau of Audit.

3. The Bureau of Examination shall administer examinations to ascertain the fitness of Joseon subjects for the civil service. It shall do so by means of a general examination and specific examinations. The general examination shall be similar to the existing gwageo in that it shall ascertain the ability of an examinee to apply the principles of the Thirteen Classics to government administration, save that it will be conducted in the Joseon language using the eonmun script, and that clarity of language instead of literary style shall be ajudged. Specific examinations shall ascertain the abilities of an examinee in specific skills relevant to particular posts.

4. The Bureau of Assignment shall for each open position in the civil service select those applicants who are qualified based upon their examination grades and experience. The superior for that position shall select from the pool of qualified applicants, giving priority to persons of the closest grade.

5. The Bureau of Audit shall periodically review each member of the civil service to judge his qualifications and performance and determine whether he should be recommended for promotion, transfer, retention, or dismissal. Those with twenty or more years of government service shall be provided with a pension if dismissed. No member of the civil service shall be dismissed from the civil service without the concurrence of either that member or his superior. No member of the civil service shall be promoted or transferred save by the concurrence of both that member and the superior of the proposed new posting.

Ministry of Justice Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Justice shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Codification, The Bureau of Justiciars, the Bureau of Criminal Prosecution, the Bureau of Criminal Defense, the Bureau of Prisons,and the Bureau of Mercy.

2. The Bureau of Codification shall prepare a criminal code compiling the criminal law of Joseon. Once the code is approved, the bureau shall annually propose such amendments to the criminal code as it judges necessary to incorporate either punishments established in newly passed acts or edicts or to improve the administration of criminal justice.

3. The Bureau of Justiciars shall, in conjunction with the Ministry of Personnel, appoint justiciars to preside over the Supreme Criminal Court, the provincial Criminal Courts, and the county Criminal Courts. Each justicar shall also hire subsidiary personnel such as bailiffs, marshalls, and clerks deemed necessary for the operation of his court, save that for courts with multiple justicars, the chief justicar of that court shall do so for the entire court.

4. The Bureau of Criminal Prosecution shall, in conjunction with the Ministry of Personnel, appoint royal attorneys for each criminal court to prosecute cases before the various criminal courts accusing defendants of a violation of the law, even if the presumed victim declines to press a case.

5. The Bureau of Criminal Defense shall, in conjunction with the Ministry of Personnel, appoint royal defense counsels for each criminal court to assist defendants accused of a violation of law, save that defendants may choose to obtain other counsel.

6. The Bureau of Prisons shall be transferred from the Ministry of Prisons and Mines and shall operate such prisons, jails, and work camps as may be needed for the administration of criminal justice. It's primary purposes shall be the removal of dangerous criminals from society and the reform of those entrusted to its charge so that will be less likely to return to crime upon release. Work camps should, to the greatest practical extent, provide prisoners with skills they can use after release.

7. The Bureau of Mercy shall periodically review the cases of those remanded to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons to see if the convicted have sufficiently reformed as to warrant a remission of sentence, via pardon, commutation of sentence, or parole.

Ministry of War Act, 6 Heonjong
1. In addition to the military forces of the Joseon realm, the Ministry of War shall consist of the following civil bureaux: the Bureau of Supply, the Bureau of Arsenals, the Bureau of Military Personnel, the Bureau of Military Veterans, and the Bureau of Military Intelligence.

2. The Bureau of Supply shall procure the victuals, uniforms, and non-military equipment needed by the army and see to it that it is supplied in a timely manner to the army.

3. The Bureau of Arsenals shall establish, maintain, and operate arsenals to produce the arms, ammunition, gunpowder, explosives, and other military provisions needed by the armed forces. In peacetime, it shall ideally maintain sufficient excess capacity in the arsenals so as to be able to supply the needs of the military in wartime. Moreover, it shall establish such armories as needed to be able to both see to the supply of military provisions to the armed forces and provide a reserve of military provisions for the armed forces in the initial stages of a conflict until the arsenals could change from peacetime to wartime operation.

4. The Bureau of Military Personnel, in conjunction with the Ministry of Personnel, shall see to the rank and assignment of military personnel in accordance with their ability and experience, save that general officers and regimental commanders shall be appointed by the king.

5. The Bureau of Military Veterans shall see to the provision of homesteads to retired enlisted personnel with thirty years of peacetime military service, with a period of wartime service shall be counted as twice the length of equivalent peacetime service.

6. The Bureau of Military Intelligence shall determine the military capabilities and techniques of foreign militaries and prevent our own being learned by hostile powers.

7. The Royal Military Academy at Seoul shall have at least 1,000 cadets and be organized into a Regiment of Cadets, officered by the instructors of the academy, that shall be available to serve as part of the capital garrison.

Ministry of Rites Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Rites shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Court Ritual, the Bureau of Arts, and the Bureau of Publication.

2. The Bureau of Court Ritual shall consist of such artists as necessary to perform the dances, dramas, and music needed for the edification of the royal court.

3. The Bureau of Arts shall establish academies to train persons in the various fine arts, including dance, music, drama, painting, ceramics, and calligraphy.

4. The Bureau of Publication shall prepare and print authorized editions of the Yongbieocheonga, the Thirteen Classics, the Palman Daejanggyeong, the Bible, and such other principal spiritual texts used by devotees of spiritual disciplines practiced by the Joseon people. They shall be written in the Joseon language using the eonmun script. The texts shall be prepared after consulting with scholars of those traditions to ensure they faithfully represent the original texts.

5. For recognized spiritual traditions, the head of that tradition within the Joseon realm shall be deemed equivalent to a bureau chief of the Ministry of Ritual for purposes of precedence at court functions.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Joseon language name of this ministry shall now be 외무 사역 instead of 야만인 사역.

2. There shall be established within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the following bureaux: the Bureau of Consular Affairs, the Bureau of Diplomatic Intelligence, and the Bureau of Foreign Languages. Ambassadors shall be deemed of rank equal to bureau chiefs for purposes of pay and precedence.

3. The Bureau of Consular Affairs shall be responsible for establishing and maintaining consulates in foreign cities where trading privileges for Joseon merchants have been obtained and for monitoring and interacting with consulates in Jon cities where trading privileges for foreign merchants have been allowed.

4. The Bureau of Foreign Intelligence shall be responsible for acquiring information about the intentions and capabilities of foreign governments and leading personalities thereof.

5. The Bureau of Foreign Languages shall provide translation services as needed by the king and his government. It shall also establish one or more academies for the study of foreign languages.

Ministry of the Navy Act, 6 Heonjong
1. In addition to the naval forces of the Joseon realm, the Ministry of the Navy shall consist of the following civil bureaux: the Bureau of Naval Supply, the Bureau of Docks and Yards, the Bureau of Ships, the Bureau of Naval Personnel, the Bureau of Naval Veterans, and the Bureau of Navy Intelligence.

2. The Bureau of Naval Supply shall procure the victuals, uniforms, and equipment needed by the navy and ensure that they are supplied in a timely manner to the navy. Arms and ammunition shall be procured from the Bureau of Arsenals of the Ministry of War unless urgency or inability require they be obtained otherwise.

3. The Bureau of Docks and Yards shall establish, maintain, and operate the naval docks and yards where the ships of the navy shall be kept functioning while in commission, or ready to be put into service while in ordinary.

4. The Bureau of Ships shall design and have constructed or acquired the ships needed by the navy and the coast guard.

5. The Bureau of Naval Personnel, in conjunction with the Ministry of Personnel, shall see to the rank and assignment of naval personnel in accordance with their ability and experience, save that admirals and ship captains shall be appointed by the king.

6. The Bureau of Naval Veterans shall see to the provision of pensions to retired enlisted personnel with twenty-five years of peacetime naval service, save that a period of wartime service shall be counted as twice the length of equivalent peacetime service.

7. The Bureau of Military Intelligence shall determine the military capabilities and techniques of foreign militaries and prevent our own being learned by hostile powers.

8. The Royal Naval Academy at Busan shall have at least 1,000 aspirants and be organized into a Regiment of Aspirants.

Ministry of Finance Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Finance shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of the Treasury, the Bureau of Revenue, the Bureau of the Mint, the Bureau of Banking, and the Bureau of Pensions.

2. The Bureau of the Treasury shall be responsible for the storage and investment of public funds, and for the financing of any public debt.

3. The Bureau of Revenue shall be responsible for the collection of tax revenues whose collection is not otherwise delegated to a different bureau or ministry by law.

4. The Bureau of the Mint shall be responsible for the production of coins as specified in the Coinage Act, 4 Heonjong. It shall also investigate the production of counterfeit coins and have authority to arrest those accused of counterfeiting.

5. The Bureau of Banking shall supervise the Bank of Joseon established by the Edict Establishing a Central Bank, 4 Heonjong and grant charters to private banks meeting such standards of fiduciary responsibility deemed necessary by either the bureau or the Bank of Joseon. Branches of foreign banks shall be allowed to operate in Joseon cities open to foreign merchants of the same nationality provided that Joseon banks have the same privilege in cities in that nation that are open to Joseon merchants.

6. The Bureau of Pensions shall be responsible for the payment of pensions to those retired from any branch of government service, and their widows and surviving minor children.

Ministry of Public Works Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Public Works shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Government Buildings, the Bureau of Water Engineering, and the Bureau of Military Engineering.

2. The Bureau of Government Buildings shall have primary responsibility for acquiring, building, and maintaining such structures as may be needed by the government to perform its functions. It shall coordinate with those who will be making use of such buildings to ensure the buildings provided by the bureau are sufficient to the need and shall minimize costs to the government.

3. The Bureau of Water Engineering shall be in charge of all public works involving harbors, rivers, canals, bridges, reservoirs, waterworks, sewers, and any other work dependent upon or impacting the waters of the Joseon realm. As necessary, it shall coordinate its activities principally with the Ministries of the Navy, of Natural Resources, of Commerce, of Transportation, and of Health.

4. The Bureau of Military Engineering shall be in charge of the construction of defensive installations. As necessary, it shall coordinate its activities principally with the Ministries of War and of the Navy.

5. The ministry shall operate one or more academies to train persons in the art and science of engineering so as to ensure there are sufficient talented engineers for its needs and those of the Joseon realm as a whole.

Ministry of Natural Resources Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing is renamed the Ministry of Natural Resources (천연 자원 사역).

2. The ministry shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Agriculture, the Bureau of Forestry, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Bureau of Mining, the Bureau of Natural Reserves, and the Bureau of Survey.

3. The Bureau of Agriculture shall conduct scholarship into the current state of agriculture in the Joseon realm and how it might be improved, providing both reports on its findings and publications and instruction readily available to the people of the Joseon realm.

4. The Bureau of Forestry shall conduct scholarship into the current state of forestry in the Joseon realm and how it might be improved, providing both reports on its findings and publications and instruction readily available to the people of the Joseon realm.

5. The Bureau of Fisheries shall conduct scholarship into the current state of fishing and aquaculture in the Joseon realm and how it might be improved, providing both reports on its findings and publications and instruction readily available to the people of the Joseon realm.

6. The Bureau of Mining shall conduct scholarship into the current state of agriculture in the Joseon realm and how it might be improved, providing both reports on its findings and publications and instruction readily available to the people of the Joseon realm. Moreover, it shall prepare for the sale of those mines currently held by the Bureau of Mines of the Ministry of Mines and Prisons to private ownership since improvements in mine engineering make the use of penal labor for the operation of mines less desirable.

7. The Bureau of Natural Reserves shall operate silos and storehouses. The silos shall be operated in accordance with section 2 of the Edict Concerning Basic Foodstuffs, 5 Heonjong. The storehouses shall hold such ores, metals, or other non-perishable natural resources as determined to be needed to supply the military and commercial needs of the Joseon realm in the event of a temporary disruption to either their supply or demand due to war, embargo, natural disaster, or other causes.

8. The Bureau of Survey shall perform the duties specified in section 2 of the Survey and Census Act, 5 Heonjong. Moreover, it shall prepare maps of both domestic and foreign lands and seas.

Ministry of Commerce Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Commerce shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Trade Stabilization, the Bureau of Weights and Measures, the Bureau of Standards, and the Bureau of Commercial Intelligence

2. The Bureau of Trade Stabilization shall determine and administer import duties in accordance with the Edict on Import Duties, 2 Heonjong. It shall also administer any export duties such as those imposed by the Edict Concerning Basic Foodstuffs, 5 Heonjong.

3. The Bureau of Weights and Measures shall see to it that official copies of the the official standards of weights and measures are readily available at the cost of production, so that a uniform standard of weights and measures are readily available to all.

4. The Bureau of Standards shall perform the functions assigned in the Edict Concerning Commercial Standards, 4 Heonjong.

5. The Bureau of Commercial Intelligence shall seek to make available knowledge of foreign commercial methods, practices, and laws that could be used to improve the commerce of the Joseon Realm.

Ministry of Transportation Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of Transportation shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Harbors and Canals, the Bureau of Roads, and the Bureau of Railways.

2. The Bureau of Harbors and Canals shall manage the harbors and canals of Joseon to maximize the ease of waterborne transportation while minimizing the impact upon the commercial, agricultural, or health needs of the people of Joseon.

3. The Bureau of Roads shall manage the road system of Joseon.

4. The Bureau of Railways shall manage the railway system of the Joseon realm.

(additional acts in this proclamation in the next post)
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« Reply #162 on: September 03, 2020, 02:04:17 AM »
« Edited: September 03, 2020, 02:07:51 AM by True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자) »

(continued from previous post)

Ministry of Education Act, 6 Heonjong
1. There shall be established a Ministry of Education (교육 사역), which shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Schools, the Bureau of Colleges, the Bureau of Academies, the Bureau of Universities, and the Bureau of Eonmun.

2. The Bureau of Schools shall establish schools for the primary education of boys in their sixth to eleventh years of life. They shall be instructed in the use of mathematics and eonmun, the basics of history, ethics, and the arts, and in the martial techniques of taekgyeon (unarmed martial arts), ssireum (wrestling), gungsul (archery), geomsul (swordsmanship), and changsul (spearmanship). Instruction shall be free and compulsory, with attendance required for a minimum of 120 days per year, and each school shall be open at least 180 days per year.

3. The Bureau of Colleges shall establish colleges for the secondary education of boys in the twelfth to seventeenth years of life. They shall be free to attend, but not compulsory. The curriculum of the colleges shall be tailored to the needs of their students and be intended to prepare them for various vocations or crafts, or for tertiary education.

4. The Bureau of Academies shall establish academies for the tertiary education of young men in various professions. They shall not be generally free to attend as the schools and colleges are, but a year's instruction may be paid for by the exchange of three years of government service in that profession after attendance. They shall manage the academies in conjunction with the ministries likely to employ their graduates.

5. The Bureau of Universities shall establish universities for the tertiary education of young men in the arts and sciences.

6. The Bureau of Eonmun shall be the successor to the Ministry of Eonmun.

Ministry of Mines and Prisons Disestablishment Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The mines of the Bureau of Mines shall be transferred to the Bureau of Mining established by the Ministry of Natural Resources Act, 6 Heonjong.

2. The Bureau of Prisons shall be transferred to the Ministry of Justice as specified by the Ministry of Justice Act, 6 Heonjong.

3. All other functions and personnel of the Ministry of Mines and Prisons shall be transferred to the Ministry of State for termination or reassignment. Members of the civil service whose posts in the Ministry of Mines and Prisons are eliminated will be offered the choice between transfer or early retirement.

Ministry of State Security Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Ministry of State Security shall consist of the following bureaux: the Bureau of Inspection, the Bureau of Counterintelligence, the Bureau of Codes and Ciphers, and the Bureau of Central Intelligence.

2. The Bureau of Inspection shall be the successor to the Ministry of Inspection established by section 1 of the Edict Concerning Propriety, 2 Heonjong.

3. The Bureau of Counterintelligence shall investigate and counter attempts to subvert the members of the government service by either foreign governments or private persons.

4. The Bureau of Codes and Ciphers shall provide codes and ciphers needed by the government and decode and decipher such codes and ciphers as might be used others make use of.

5. The Bureau of Central Intelligence shall coordinate the activities of the Bureau of Military Intelligence, the Bureau of Foreign Intelligence, the Bureau of Naval Intelligence, the Bureau of Commercial Intelligence, the Bureau of Counterintelligence, and the Bureau of Codes and Ciphers.

Ministry of Health Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The organization of ministry as established in the Edict Creating the Ministry of Health, 4 Heonjong is confirmed.

2. In addition, there shall be established within the ministry a Bureau of Public Health that shall track the spread of communicable diseases and have the authority to declare quarantines to contain them. Moreover, the bureau shall provide inoculations against such diseases at no cost to the recipients and may require their acceptance.
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« Reply #163 on: September 03, 2020, 08:14:28 PM »
« Edited: September 03, 2020, 10:59:45 PM by True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자) »

조선 법원 선포
Proclamations of the Court of Joseon

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Queen Regent Sunwon in accordance with the advice of the advisors of her grandson King Heonjong, announces on this Daeboreum of the sixth year of his reign (1839) the following act for the organization of the Duchy of Outer Manchuria:

Outer Manchuria Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The boundaries of the Duchy of Outer Manchuria are those specified by the Joseon-Zhongguo Treaty of Prosperity.

2. The administrative capital of the duchy shall be the city of Ningguta.

3. The criminal and civil law of the duchy shall be that of the Middle Kingdom as supplemented by that of the Joseon realm and of those laws specific to the duchy.

4. The administrative law of the duchy shall be that of the Joseon realm as supplemented by acts and regulations enacted specifically for the duchy and those of the Middle Kingdom.

5. The primary official language of the duchy shall be the Manchu language written in the Manchu script, with the Guanhua language written in the Hanja script and the Joseon language written in the Eonmun script, being secondary official languages.

6. As much as possible, the duchy shall be administered as if it were an eleventh Joseon province, save that its governors and subministers shall also report to the appropriate officials of the Middle Kingdom.

7. The flag of the duchy shall be of a blue dragon grasping a taegeuk in its jaws on a white field such as the following:

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« Reply #164 on: September 04, 2020, 12:18:55 PM »

조선 법원 선포
Proclamations of the Court of Joseon

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Queen Regent Sunwon in accordance with the advice of the advisors of her grandson King Heonjong, announces on this Meoseumnal of the sixth year of his reign (1839) the following act for the improvement of the Province of Dumanju:

Dumanju Settlement Act, 6 Heonjong
1. The Bureau of Survey shall give priority to surveying Dumanju so that it may be fully incorporated into the Joseon realm.

2. The Bureau of Water Engineering shall for the next ten years give priority to projects on the Duman River and its tributaries.

3. The Bureau of Roads shall for the next ten years give priority to road-building projects in Dumanju.

4. Homesteads assigned to newly retired army enlisted personnel shall be located in Dumanju.

5. Where land is taken for the use of the Bureau of Railways or any other government project, the affected person shall be given the option to instead of being paid the cash value of the land, receiving twice the acreage in Dumanju and receiving assistance in moving there.

6. For the next ten years, there shall be no tax assessed on buildings or other land improvements in Dumanju. In the following ten years such taxes shall be phased back in at the rate of one-tenth of the base tax per year.
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« Reply #165 on: September 04, 2020, 08:29:12 PM »
« Edited: September 04, 2020, 10:35:46 PM by True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자) »

조선 법원 선포
Proclamations of the Court of Joseon

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Queen Regent Sunwon in accordance with the advice of the advisors of her grandson King Heonjong, announces on this Samjinnal of the sixth year of his reign (1839) the following:

Coinage Act, 6 Heonjong
1. This act supersedes the Coinage Act, 4 Heonjong.

2. The Bureau of the Mint shall establish a mint for the production of brass cast coins in the capital of each province. Mints shall be established at Seoul and Daegu for the production of milled silver and gold coins.

3. All coins produced by the Bureau of the Mint shall carry inscriptions of the denomination and year of minting using the eonmun script and Arabic numerals.

4. The Bureau of the Mint is directed to produce the following coins:

     Brass Coins
Brass coins shall consist of at least 8 parts copper to 1 part alloy, the alloy to be of 8 parts zinc to 1 part tin.

Brass coins shall be minted using the cast cash method in the denominations of 1, 2, and 3 mun, with at least 1 don (3.75g) of brass per mun. The raised rim of such coins shall bear the inscription Joseon realm (권 조선) and the year of mintage, for example (6 헌종) incised into the rim, with the denomination raised in the field with the the number of mun (1, 2, or 3) above the square hole and the word mun (문) below the hole and the hanja characters 通寶 (tongbao) placed to the left and right of the square hole.

Silver Coins
The Bureau is directed to acquire the equipment necessary to begin production of milled silver coins. Once acquired it is to use the equipment to produce round silver coins with milled edges, which shall bear the image of a mugunghwa flower on one side and a dragon on the other.

Silver coins for domestic use shall consist of at least eight parts silver to one part brass. They shall be minted in denominations of 1 don, 2 don, 3 don, 1/2 nyang, and 1 nyang, containing the stated amount of coin silver. (1 nyang = 1 tael = 10 don = 37.5 g ≈ 11 Spanish or Mexican silver reales)

For purposes of international trade, the mint is authorized to mint coins similar to Spanish and Mexican silver dollars containing at least nine parts silver to one part brass, weighing 7 don 2 pun. The denomination shall be known as the won (원) and fractional coins of ½ won, ¼ won, and ⅛ won may be minted in addition to the 1 won. To facilitate their use in international trade, the hanja character 圓 for the denomination shall be used in addition to the eonmun character 원. The won and foreign coinage of similar weight and fineness may used for the payment of customs duties at the rate of 1 won equaling 7 don.

Gold Coins
Since there is now sufficient silver coinage for domestic trade, the mint may now engage in the minting of gold coins containing at least eight parts gold to one part brass. Gold coins shall be shaped as rounded octagons with milled edges, and shall bear the image of a mugunghwa flower on one side and a taegeuk surrounded by the eight trigrams on the other. They shall be minted in denominations of 1 don, 2 don, 3 don, 1/2 nyang, and 1 nyang, containing the stated amount of coin gold.

5. The brass mun, the silver don, and the silver nyang shall be the standard coinage of the Joseon realm. The standard of account shall be the silver nyang, with one thousand brass mun equal to one silver nyang or ten silver don. Only the brass mun, the silver don, and the silver nyang shall be legal tender for all debts private or public. The silver won, the gold don, and the gold nyang shall be minted only upon the request of a person, using silver or gold that person presents to be minted and with that person paying the cost of minting.

6. The Ministry of Finance may by regulation establish the value in silver nyang of gold nyang and of foreign gold or silver coinage in the paying of customs duties or other taxes, fees, or fines, but shall not be required to accept such coins save as specified previously for silver won and dollars for the payment of customs duties.

7. It shall be legal to produce coins of equivalent fineness, weight, and shape as the coins specified in this act, provided they do not use the designs specified herein or any similar design. The production of coins that use the designs specified herein shall be punishable by a fine equal to double the value of said coins if the coins are of true weight and fineness and by death if they are deficient in either weight or fineness. Despite being of true weight and fineness, such private coins shall not be a legal tender for any debt, public or private.
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« Reply #166 on: September 05, 2020, 11:17:55 PM »

Crisis in the Latin World
Spain and Portugal Go To War!
Advance of Catholic Republicans in the Americas
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

War in Iberia

   King Philip VI of Spain was alarmed by the eruption of Catholic Monarchism in neighboring Portugal. The actions of the new monarchy under King Antonio were seen as direct threats to the Spanish state, especially in the aftermath of the liberal-minded Concessions of Zaragoza. Despite the ongoing crisis in the Americas, or perhaps because of it, the Spanish elected to launch a surprise attack on the Portuguese and nip the threat of further radicalism on their doorstep in the bud. 11,000 more Spaniards were mobilized as newspapers throughout the realm denounced the unhinged radicalism seeping into Europe from the Americas. This was coupled with a loosening of the garrisons, meaning that King Philip had roughly 101,000 men at his disposal. 
   The Spanish would not be operating alone, a substantial Portuguese exile community having emerged in the latter half of 1838. Many Portuguese nobles and wealthy subjects had escaped that realm with the onset of the tribunals and arrests. Clergy deemed insufficiently pious had likewise fled before facing punishment. This group brought local knowledge and, when possible, financial capital for the war effort. Gathering in Badajoz, near the border with the Kingdom of Portugal, an assembly of nobles declared that King Antonio had violated their traditional rights and exceeded his legal power as monarch. With the remainder of the House of Braganza under the sway of Antonio and seeing no other options, they deposed him as King and declared their support for the restoration of the Iberian Union under Philip VI, though with Portugal as an autonomous realm. This was followed up a day later with a Spanish assault on the People’s King.
   This surprise attack was well-advised, given that the Portuguese themselves had been in the process of launching their own assault on the Spanish Americas. When word reached Lisbon, King Antonio gave a rousing speech, denouncing the traitorous nobles and capitalists who would sell out the Portuguese people to Spanish tyranny merely because they could not stand to lose their privileges. This nationalistic tirade was well-received, a mob in the city ransacking any Spanish-owned properties and thousands of men enlisting in the military through the following days.
   The more immediate issue was how to handle the sizeable Spanish invasion. For all its defeats over the past decade, Spain retained a substantial military numerical advantage over Portugal, coupled with recent experience and close cooperation with other major military powers such as the Prussians. The Portuguese, on the other hand, had grown a bit soft. Since they were shorn of their colonial empire in the 1780s (their only remaining possessions being far-off trade ports in India) the realm had not been in a major conflict.
   Two Spanish armies crossed the frontier, consisting of 66,000 in central Portugal and 35,000 in the north. King Antonio, with his fervent enlistees, was able to muster 85,000 on such short notice, dividing the force into 60,000 and 20,000 respectively. At the Battle of Evora on March 6th, 1839, the strength of the Spanish advance was put to the test. In a brutal, day-long session of combat, the rapid Spanish incursion towards Lisbon was halted, though the Portuguese themselves took many losses. King Antonio won great affection from his soldiers by actually being present on the field of battle, even narrowly escaping death in some of the most heated moments of fighting. Supply lines under threat, the Spanish conceded the city and moved back towards the border, preparing to continue with a second attack in the summer.
   In the north, the situation was far more favorable to Spain, the city of Porto easily falling into their hands and the outnumbered Portuguese proved to be more of an annoyance than a threat. The seizure of Porto was followed by the securing of the region of Braganza itself.
   The reaction of the Portuguese people themselves to these developments has staunchly negative. Whatever their individual thoughts on King Antonio and his radical plans for reform, they were Portuguese and the nobles had sold out the realm. A new sense of nationalism pervaded the regions not occupied by the Spanish, while commanders would report back to Madrid that the people in the captured territories demonstrated lukewarm fealty at best. Undeterred, and alarmed about the prospect of further Portuguese chaos spilling into Spain, Philip VI has ordered the fight to continue. Increasingly, the Crown of Spain has begun to hint that the senior branch of the House of Bourbon ought to provide aid in this hour of tension.
   
Back and Forth in Colombia

   The Colombian-Brazilian force that seized the Panama Canal construction site systematically began to undo the work of the previous few years, aiming to ensure that such a feat of engineering would never occur. Gunpowder explosives were set off to damage the completed areas, while surveys and other information about the proposed route was looted and burned. In just several months, the damage was deemed so severe that it would take several more years to complete the waterway if construction resumed.
   Yet, in Panama too Spain would take the initiative, Madrid ordering the Army of the Yucatan south to deal with the insurrectionaries. The meager armies that had been stationed by the Brazilians in the region, consisting of several thousand men, were quickly either beat back or captured. By the end of April all of Panama had been retaken by the Spanish, the Colombian armies being occupied by the campaigns elsewhere.
   As Spain moved south from Panama, their ragged forces were being beaten back in the east by the Colombians and Brazilians. A series of engagements launched by roughly 28,000 revolutionaries consistently kicked around the Spanish force of 11,000. When that army was separated, half fled into Prussian Guyana, seeking refuge in the colony of their ally, while the other half was rescued by the Spanish navy, crossing to Trinidad and Tobago while the future of the war in Colombia was assessed. Just years ago, it looked as though Spain might springboard from the Llanos into the rest of Colombia, but now that dream appear dead. With thousands of Spanish lives lost, the region has been decisively won by the rebels.

Peruvian Assault

   The remainder of the Colombian army linked up with some reinforcements from Brazil and set about launching a strike south into the largely loyalist Viceroyalty of Peru. This forced the Spanish authorities in the region to make a difficult decision, especially as word from spies in Paraguay arrived of a second assault led by the Brazilians and Paraguayans to the south. The Colombian-Brazilian force consisted of roughly 100,000, while the southern invaders was an army of about 115,000 Paraguayans, Brazilians, and Upper Peruvians. The Spanish had 62,000 men, coupled with 43,000 La Platans, both experienced veterans and angry civilians. Electing to abandon the north, the Spanish set about crushing Upper Peru and leaving Lima vulnerable.
   Indeed, the Colombian-Brazilian Army of the North faced little opposition in seizing Lima, though new trouble emerged shortly afterwards. As they set up their revolutionary government in that city, the first anti-Catholic Republican insurrections began to emerge in the countryside. For the first time in world history, partisans have begun to operate against the Catholic Republicans rather than for them, the Peruvians largely remaining obstinate in their loyalty to King Philip VI and staunchly opposed to the tyranny of the revolutionaries. Coupled with the natural advantage of the Andes, it is expected that the rebels will have trouble trying to capture Cusco or other major Spanish-held cities in the region, let alone maintaining supply lines. Still, if the Spanish continue to lose territory it may not matter in the end.
   The major battle for the first half of the year occurred in Upper Peru. Frightened of reports emerging of a rebel advance, the Spanish seized the remainder of the territory held by the rebels in that theater (though the rebel Army of Upper Peru was with the Brazilians by this point). Linking up with the La Platans, the forces of conservatism faced off with the rebels at Santa Cruz de La Sierra. Prior to the fighting, Brazilian agents were accosted in the La Platan camp, found with poison in an expected assassination attempt against de Rosas. Showing the poison to his men, de Rosas rallies his soldiers against the “covert and cowardly” Catholic Republicans who “stain the very name of the Almighty with their heresy.”
   The Battle of Santa Cruz de La Sierra was a slight republican victory, though perhaps a pyrrhic one. The Spanish were forced north alongside the La Platans, who were now cut off from their home region. With the civilian government of Upper Peru in Spanish custody, the revolutionary generals elected to declare a union with Paraguay, though whether this is temporary or permanent has not yet been determined.

Brazilian Civil War

   The Catholic Republican government of Brazil decided to abolish slavery in the realm, ordering the breaking up of the plantation estates and the redistribution of the land to the former enslaved. While the news was celebrated by the Church, ideologues, and the slaves themselves, this was the action needed to also bind together the opposition. Of particular concern was the language in the law stating:

“Slaveowners shall be tried by a jury of their slaves and, if convicted of mistreating any of their slaves in any way, shape, or form, then they will castrated and sold into slavery on other continents as eunuchs.  The justification is that the bible teaches us to do unto others as we would have done to ourselves, so clearly the slaveowners wanted to be tortured and sold into slavery, else why would they treat their slaves that way?  However, convicted slaveowners will be given the option of turning over all their property to the church and being guillotined instead.  Those who choose castration and a life of slavery will be sentenced to be burned at the stake.  Those who choose to be guillotined (a quick, clean death) will be castrated and sold into slavery as eunuchs on another continent.”

   The liberals still loyal to the memory of da Silva Lisboa, slaveholders, recent immigrants, and modernizers had all been alarmed by the sudden turn of society towards Catholic Republicanism. Though there had been a general tolerance of the early revolutionary acts, the brutality of the new regime confirmed their worst fears.
   As the first enforcement of the anti-slavery laws began in earnest, the rebels gathered at Recife. Declaring the Brazilian Union, a Congress of Deputies assembled in the city as rebel forces organized and seized the surrounding area. Modelling themselves on the American League rebelling against the British, the Brazilian Union seeks to restore the liberal-leaning, slaveholding republic, though Brazil may have already moved on. Given Brazil’s extensive involvement in other theaters, the rebellion was initially to gain a good deal of land.
   Yet, the freeing of the slaves has opened up a substantial pool of potential recruits for the Divine Republic, especially given that many of the freed personally praise the Archbishop of Sao Paulo for his role in their liberation. So, on the balance, it is unclear whether more support has been lost or gained by the abolition of slavery. Domestic tumult has proved just to be one of many developments for the revolutionary government in the first half of a very eventful year.

The New Russia
Scandinavian-Backed Regime Established in St. Petersburg
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   Given their easy victory against the Russians in 1838 outside of St. Petersburg, it was expected by many in Stockholm that the Russians would surrender and seek peace terms, especially given that their Czar sat in enemy custody. When the Czarina vowed to continue the fight, assembling a new government in Moscow, Scandinavian observers were both perplexed and frustrated. Now, their realm faced the prospect of prolonged warfare with a massive neighboring power that had many more subjects and cities than them. Eager to bypass this roadblock and make any sort of agreement, it was decided that a friendly regime would be just as likely to have legitimacy as the Czarina’s government.
   Grand Duke Alexander was declared regent by the Scandinavians in St. Petersburg, or at least someone who looks like Grand Duke Alexander was. Some close to the Court established for the second regent have noticed that the voice of the Grand Duke seems slightly… different, not to mention that no one has been allowed to get to close. Though the Grand Duke himself claims it is just the result of weeks of captivity, there are many unconvinced, including his mother, who has denounced the regent as an impostor.
   The Regent Alexander signed the Treaty of Ingria with the Scandinavians, ceding Ingria save for St. Petersburg, which would be a Russian exclave, alongside Karelia and Murmansk. Joined by nobles captured in the chaos of the previous year, as well as notable members of the peace camp, the new “regent” has proclaimed his authority and demanded the allegiance of his mother and the Russian military, promising that his father would be freed once the peace was widely accepted.
   The establishment of the new regency in St. Petersburg was coupled with the release of several damning documents by the new government, alleging to show Russian involvement in the murder of King Frederick III of Prussia. Supposedly, it was Russian gold that financed the very attack that blew up the King and Queen at Charlottenburg Palace. Yet again, the Moscow regime of the Czarina has been firm in its denial of any sort of Russian involvement in the death of Frederick III.
   The reaction to the formation of this new Scandinavian-backed government may not have been what was expected. Demoralized by their defeats in the previous year, the prospect of having St. Petersburg be an isolated enclave, coupled with the alarming reports of a fake Grand Duke Alexander, has caused outrage to spread among the rural populace of the Empire. If Russian nationalism may not have as of yet been as well developed as the ideology in other regions, this perceived affront to national pride has certainly helped it to catch up. Those nobles who have declared their fealty to the new government in St. Petersburg have been denounced as cowards and national traitors. No general has renounced their loyalty to the Czarina, several even shredding the letter from Alexander in front of their men. Though there’s continued worries for the health and safety of Czar Peter IV, it is viewed by many that the national interest is more important than the safety of but one Czar, perhaps an obstacle for the monarchy in the long run.
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« Reply #167 on: September 07, 2020, 12:47:04 PM »

조선 정부의 선포
Proclamations of the Government of Joseon

(Source: self-made)

The Bureau of Railways announces that in this year of 6 Heonjong, in addition to maintaining the current railways of:
  • Seoul to Incheon
  • Seoul to Kaesong
  • Busan to Daegu
  • Nampo to Pyeongyang
there shall be constructed the following railways:
  • Seoul to Suwon
  • Raeson to Hoeryeong
  • Pyeongyang to Sariwon
  • Pyeongyang to Kangdong (western leg of the Pyeongyang to Wonsan route)
  • Daegu to Gimcheon (southeastern leg of the Daegu to Daejong route)

Moreover, the following shall be added to the bureau's planning list:
  • Raeson to Yanji to Junggyeong
  • Junggyeong to Ningguta, Outer Manchuria
  • Junggyeong to Chunggang to Sinuiju
  • Jeonju to Gunsan
  • Donghae to Gangneung to Sokcho to Wonsan

The railway from Pyeongyang to Wonsan shall be routed via Kangdong and Gowan.

The railway from Hamheung to Raeson shall be routed via Seongjin and Cheongjin.

The railway from Seoul to Haeju shall be routed via Kaesong.

With the aforementioned additions, and with the insertion of additional waypoints the planning list of the Bureau of Railways will be:
Line 1: Seoul to Incheon
Line 2: Seoul to Suwon to Gongju to Daejong to Gimcheong to Daegu to Busan
Line 21: Daejong to Jeonju to Gunsan

Line 3: Seoul to Wonju to Donghae

Line 4: Seoul to Kaesong to Sariwon to Pyeongyang to Anju to Kanggye to Manpo to Chunggang to Junggyeong to Ningguta, Outer Manchuria
Line 41: Kaesong to Haeju to Sariwon
Line 42: Line 42W & (Manpo to Chunggang of Line 4) & Line 42E
Line 42W: Sinuiji to Manpo
Line 42E: Chunggang to Hyesan to Musan to Hoeryeong to Raeson

Line 50: Nampo to Pyeongyang to Kangdong to Gowan

Line 60: Donghae to Gangneung to Sokcho to Wonsan to Gowon to Hamheung to Seongjin to Cheongjin to Raeson to Hwanhang

Line 70: Sinuiji to Anju to Kangdong to Gowon

(Italics indicate railways that should be in operation by the end of the year. The above is not an exhaustive list of railway stations.)
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« Reply #168 on: September 07, 2020, 04:46:13 PM »

조선 법원 선포
Proclamations of the Court of Joseon

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Queen Regent Sunwon in accordance with the advice of the advisors of her grandson King Heonjong, announces on this Hanshik of the sixth year of his reign (1839) the following:

Luxury Excise Act, 6 Heonjong
1. This act supersedes all previous excises that may have been previously enacted on the goods specified herein. Excises shall be imposed upon goods, either domestic or foreign, at the point of entry into the commerce of Joseon and be paid by the producer of domestic goods before offering them for sale within Joseon, or by the importer of foreign goods before bringing them inside the customs territory of the Joseon realm.

2. For ease of the collection of these or any other excise, the Bureau of Revenue may license warehouses which may acquire goods subject to excise without excise having been paid, and which shall then submit to the Bureau of Revenue the excise due upon selling the good within the customs territory of the Joseon realm. The Bureau may authorize the licensed warehouse to retain no more than one part in eight of the excise due as recompense for assisting in the administration of the excise. Such licenses may, at the discretion of the Bureau of Revenue, be for specific goods or all goods subject to excise, shall be issued on an annual basis,and shall require payment to the bureau of an administrative fee of no less than the cost of administering licenses, and no more than triple such cost.

3. The imposition of an excise under this act shall not imply the legality of any good that is illegal under the laws in force in the Kingdom of Joseon, the Duchy of Outer Manchuria, or of any of the grand duchies recognized under the Overseas Duchies Act, 6 Heonjong.

4. On molasses, the excise shall be one don in silver coin per doe (≈ 1.8 L) of molasses. On white or brown sugar, the excise shall be one nyang in silver coin per gwan (≈ 3.75 kg) of sugar.

5. On tobacco and other herbs typically enjoyed by smoking, snuff, or consumption, the excise shall be three nyang in silver coin per gwan of tobacco or similar herbs.

6. On opium, the excise shall be one nyang in silver coin per geun (≈ 375 g) of opium.

7. On fermented alcoholic beverages, including but not limited to beer, wine, cider, where the alcohol content is due purely to fermentation, the excise shall be one nyang in silver coin per seok (≈ 180 L) of beverage.

8. For distilled alcoholic beverages, the excise shall be one nyang in silver coin per mal (≈ 18 L) of beverage times the alcohol by volume percentage of the beverage.

Overseas Duchies Act, 6 Heonjong

1. This act supersedes the Edict Concerning the Batanes, 4 Heonjong.

2. As proclaimed by treaty or other means, there shall be established grand duchies beyond the Joseon mainland which shall have autonomy in local matters, but military, navigation, and trade matters shall be subject to Joseon law and regulation. The Joseon realm shall provide assistance to the grand duchies to help them develop their culture, commerce, and defense against both private and state aggressors.

3. The ruler of each grand duchy shall be referred to in the Joseon language as a Grand Duke (대공 Daegong), and by such term as is deemed most appropriate in the local indigenous language by the grand duke thereof.

4. This act in no way applies to the Duchy of Outer Manchuria held by the Joseon realm as a fief of Zhuongguo.

5. There shall be established a Bureau of Ducal Relations within the Ministry of State that shall be the principal bureau for managing interactions with grand duchies subject to Joseon suzerainty.
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« Reply #169 on: September 08, 2020, 12:23:06 AM »


조선 정부의 선포
Proclamations of the Government of Joseon

(Source: self-made)

Regulation Concerning Favored Joseon Industries
For the purposes of the Industrial Promotion Act, 5 Heonjong the following industries are henceforth eligible for loan subsidies:
1. Production of machine tools
2. Production of powered woodworking tools
3. Production of steam engines
4. Production of powered carding, spinning, or weaving equipment
5. Production of iron, steel, bronze, or other alloys
6. Production of railway engines, railway carriages, railway equipment, and rails
7. Shipbuilding
8. Whaling for whale oil, ambergris, and other whale products other than whale meat
9. Production of porcelain and celadon
10. Production of cement
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« Reply #170 on: September 08, 2020, 01:11:59 AM »

조선 법원 선포
Proclamations of the Court of Joseon

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Queen Regent Sunwon in accordance with the advice of the advisors of her grandson King Heonjong, announces on this Dano of the sixth year of his reign (1839) the following:

Guano Islands Act, 6 Heonjong
1. Whenever any subject of the Joseon realm discovers a deposit of guano on any island, rock, or key, not within the lawful jurisdiction of any other government, and not occupied by the subjects of any other government, and takes peaceable possession thereof, and occupies the same, such island, rock, or key may, at the discretion of the Minister of State, be considered as appertaining to the Joseon realm.

2. The discoverer shall, as soon as practicable, give notice verified by affidavit, to the Ministry of State, of such discovery, occupation, and possession, describing the island, rock, or key, and the latitude and longitude thereof, as near as may be, and showing that such possession was taken in the name of the Joseon realm; and shall furnish satisfactory evidence to the Ministry of State that such island, rock, or key was not, at the time of the discovery thereof, or of the taking possession and occupation thereof by the claimants, in the possession or occupation of any other government or of the subjects of any other government, before the same shall be considered as appertaining to the Joseon realm.

3. If the discoverer dies before perfecting proof of discovery or fully complying with the provisions of section 2 of this act, his widow, heir, executor, or administrator shall be entitled to the benefits of such discovery, upon complying with the provisions of this act. Nothing herein shall be held to impair any rights of discovery or any assignment by a discoverer previously recognized by the Joseon realm.

4. The discoverer, or his assigns, being subjects of the Joseon realm, may be allowed, at the pleasure of the Minister of State, the exclusive right of occupying such island, rocks, or keys, for the purpose of obtaining guano, and of selling and delivering the same to subjects of the Joseon realm, to be used therein, and may be allowed to charge and receive for every ton thereof delivered alongside a vessel, in proper tubs, within reach of ship’s tackle, a sum not exceeding one don of coin silver per dan (≈ 37.5kg) for the best quality, or half that for every dan taken while in its native place of deposit.

5. No guano shall be taken from any island, rock, or key mentioned in section 1 of this act, except for the use of the subjects of the Joseon realm or of persons resident therein. The discoverer, or his widow, heir, executor, administrator, or assigns, shall enter into bond, in such penalty and with such sureties as may be required by the Minister of State, to deliver the guano to subjects of the Joseon realm, for the purpose of being used therein, and to none others, and at the price prescribed, and to provide all necessary facilities for that purpose within a time to be fixed in the bond; and any breach of the provisions thereof shall be deemed a forfeiture of all rights accruing under and by virtue of this act.

6. The introduction of guano from such islands, rocks, or keys shall be regulated as in the coasting trade between different parts of the Joseon realm, and the same laws shall govern the vessels concerned therein.

7. All acts done, and offenses or crimes committed, on any island, rock, or key mentioned in section 1 of this act, by persons who may land thereon, or in the waters adjacent thereto, shall be deemed committed on the high seas, on board a merchant ship or vessel belonging to the Joseon realm; and shall be punished according to the laws of the Joseon realm relating to such ships or vessels and offenses on the high seas, which laws for the purpose aforesaid are extended over such islands, rocks, and keys.

8. The Minister of the Navy is authorized, at his discretion, to employ the marine and naval forces of the Joseon realm to protect the rights of the discoverer or of his widow, heir, executor, administrator, or assigns.

9. Nothing in this act shall be construed as obliging the Joseon realm to retain possession of the islands, rocks, or keys, after the guano shall have been removed from the same.

(OOC: Yes, I just enacted a minimal restatement of the Guano Islands Act [48 USC 1411-1419] into Joseon law. Embrace the anachronism!)
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« Reply #171 on: September 09, 2020, 04:35:09 PM »

Quote
The Treaty of Abadan (1839),
A Treaty between the Kingdom of Prussia and Qajar Persia,

1.) The signatories hereby open a formal diplomatic relationship between their respective nations, recognizing the immense value inherent in close diplomatic, economic and military ties. Persia and Prussia shall continue their relationship via formal ambassadors.

2.) The signatories commit to a trade alliance, lowering current tariffs by 30% and undertaking measures to expand trade.

3.) Prussian merchants will be allowed to trade in the port of Abadan.

4.) Both nations will pursue the development of an extensive series of railroads. Both nations will have a 50% stake in Persia Rail.

5.) Both signatories recognize their present borders and areas of influence and/or interest.

x Queen Regent Augusta
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« Reply #172 on: September 09, 2020, 04:57:21 PM »

Quote
The Treaty of Abadan (1839),
A Treaty between the Kingdom of Prussia and Qajar Persia,

1.) The signatories hereby open a formal diplomatic relationship between their respective nations, recognizing the immense value inherent in close diplomatic, economic and military ties. Persia and Prussia shall continue their relationship via formal ambassadors.

2.) The signatories commit to a trade alliance, lowering current tariffs by 30% and undertaking measures to expand trade.

3.) Prussian merchants will be allowed to trade in the port of Abadan.

4.) Both nations will pursue the development of an extensive series of railroads. Both nations will have a 50% stake in Persia Rail.

5.) Both signatories recognize their present borders and areas of influence and/or interest.

x Queen Regent Augusta
X MSQ
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« Reply #173 on: September 09, 2020, 06:10:50 PM »
« Edited: September 09, 2020, 06:27:33 PM by PSOL »

In my territory, these are where I want construction of new railways


https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=Nh1MKI3D&id=1B6CCA42A3778C2516743EE8270E6BBFD4186242&thid=OIP.Nh1MKI3DboBQkqpCJt-axwHaGa&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.railwaypro.com%2fwp%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2016%2f10%2fIran-railways_2010_map-1.jpg&exph=658&expw=759&q=iran+railway+map&simid=607990635706254060&ck=3144D48531E42C304324BF10AF231F0C&selectedIndex=0&qft=+filterui%3alicense-L2_L3_L4&FORM=IRPRST


https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=Y6zPkfWK&id=12E1DEBC051242F05FB123E111D7B9DB2F6A9C3E&thid=OIP.Y6zPkfWK8kjOtoFmzgelEQHaFb&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2firanvoyages.webnode.fr%2f_files%2fsystem_preview_detail_200002030-78d8a79d25%2faf-map-regionalrailnetworks-mom.jpg&exph=330&expw=450&q=iran+railway+map&simid=608037253224009043&ck=9CEABADF65950D582AEF8B8A8782678A&selectedIndex=43&qft=+filterui%3alicense-L2_L3_L4&FORM=IRPRST

The bolder and more darkly shaded lines take precedence. Also establish the Charbahar and Gwadar port as well.
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« Reply #174 on: September 12, 2020, 05:51:16 PM »

1839 News of the World

Death of a Titan
King Louis XVIII Succumbs to Sudden Illness at Versailles
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   France, in the aftermath of all the infighting and rebellion in the past year, was fated to be rocked by yet more developments. King Louis XVIII, sovereign of that realm for almost 40 years, died suddenly at Versailles on May 11th, 1839. It was a rapid illness, the King largely fine in the morning and dead within two days, vomiting profusely and dying with a high fever. The speed of the illness’ onset, coupled with its instant severity, meant that neither Adolphe Thiers nor Queen Marie Fernandina was at his bedside when he suddenly shuddered and was still. While naturally this raised ample suspicions, finger-pointing about murder and improper medical care rocking the court, Queen Marie Fernandina assumed power in line with the will of her late husband as regent for the 13-year-old King Louis XIX of France. Although in past centuries the young King would have been deemed to be of age, reforms passed during the Silent Revolution raised the age of majority in the Kingdom to 17. Many prayed that the new regency would not be as ill-fated as those during the minorities of Louis XV, Louis XIV, or in the far-back 1500s.
   Some say it was the strain of watching the world he inhabited destroyed before his eyes that led the King to finally pass away, the evil resurgence of Catholic Republicanism, once thought vanquished, and the rise of socialism in France proper having severely frightened him. Others argue that the King had truly never recovered emotionally from the assassination of his son by the Flemish. Although foul play is not impossible, and is suspected, King Louis XVIII had never had the strongest constitution, as many of his physicians later attested in preliminary investigations by the French government.
   Despite being only 66, King Louis XVIII’s long reign was seen as a symbol of the early 1800s, coming to the throne as he did at the start of the new century. His legacy, while remarkable, is checkered. Many Frenchmen view him as the “Great Modernizer,” a sovereign who brought railways and industrial progress to an agrarian realm at the same time offering political concessions. There are many who take pride in the King’s ability to keep France out of any major conflicts during his tenure, defusing the situation in Piedmont and often stepping in to mediate on the international stage. The partisanship of his later years means his detractors see him as divisive and counter-productive. The luster of his early reign certainly seemed to wear off over time. Critics of the late King charge him with duplicity, pointing to his conservative turn after the Silent Revolution and his role in organizing the brutal suppression of socialist and Flemish rebellions. As his body was led through Paris on the way to burial in Saint Denis, socialists lined the streets, toasting in celebration and singing derogatory songs. This, of course, led to fights with ultra-nationalist pro-Bugeaud mobs in the streets of the capitol, perhaps an ominous sign about the trajectory of French politics, especially without a strong monarch to unite the feuding parties.
   As the new sovereign, Queen Marie Fernandina faces the daunting task of steering her grandson’s realm through the dangerous seas of foreign policy, as the Dutch have fiercely resisted her late husband’s attempts to force them to capitulate. To the east, the new dispute with the Ottomans over Singapore puts France in an awkward position, as the Dutch have lashed out in that theater as well. This is coupled with domestic division. While the French economy has shown signs of improvement over the past year, there is still work to be done.


Peace at Last
Years of Fighting in South America Ends with Compromise
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   1839 would be the last year in the Wars of Latin American Independence. After yet another inconclusive year of fighting, with both sides making gains, the two exhausted powers, Brazil and Spain, set about negotiating. Europe was shocked in late December when word of a breakthrough was announced, the Treaty of Salamanca conclusively ending hostilities between the Catholic Republicans and the forces of traditionalism almost twenty years after hostilities had first erupted.
   The terms were relatively simple, each side making concessions. South America would be partitioned. The Spanish would keep Peru, Upper Peru, Chile, and northern Central America. Any Spanish claim to the Crown of Portugal was surrendered, the exiled Portuguese nobility being compensated by the Spanish government for their losses in that realm through grants of territory in the New World or direct payments. The Catholic Republicans, meanwhile, gained total control over La Plata, recognition of their independence, and concessions in Central America as far north as Nicaragua. Trade would be established between the two blocs. In order to ensure domestic peace in the various factions, Spain and Brazil agreed to allow for a three-year window of resettlement, where Spanish loyalists could relocate to the colonies, while Catholic Republicans in Peru, Chile, and even Spain proper could resettle in Colombia, Brazil, or Paraguay. The Upper Peruvian rebels, robbed of their homeland by the treaty, were resettled in La Plata as the government of “Lower Peru” in Buenos Aires.
   Just a few years ago either side committing to peace would have been unthinkable. For the King of Spain, ruler of one of Europe’s most and prestigious monarchies, and the Catholic Republicans, who had demonstrated a constant hatred of the crowned sovereign, it took years of war weariness to finally end the fight. Perhaps the mutual recognition that total victory was too expensive for either side finally spurred the peace.
   Yet, with the peace agreement there would still be some awkward points of tension. La Platan leader General De Rosas, who reportedly insisted that the Treaty of Salamanca not be enacted, somehow ended up in the custody of the Brazilian government. Though the Spanish authorities would blame Catholic Republican espionage groups for the capture of their former ally, there are many who remain suspicious of his sudden capture. Spain, meanwhile, felt forced by the agreement and pressure at home to offer nominal concessions to the Basques, who had reportedly been working with Sao Paulo. In return for granting limited autonomy, and a voice in local municipal government, some of the more moderate Basque Catholic Republicans have taken a role in local affairs.
   Finally, in the most dramatic development of the year, King Antonio of Portugal was shot in the head in December 1839, just days after the Treaty of Salamanca had been signed. Those arrested in the ensuing chaos claimed to be agents of Brazil, others alleging that the King of Spain had ordered the assassination, though both realms have denied involvement and alleged that certain other powers have been seeking to undermine the fragile peace that has so recently been established. A swift search through the capitol has brought up little evidence, save for more confusion. With the death of King Antonio, who established Catholic Monarchism in his realm, his 23-year-old son Joao (who some others have expected to have had a role) has taken control. If the intent of the assassins was to undo the spread of Catholic Monarchism, this has backfired quickly. The new King gave broad assurances that the peace with Brazil and Spain would hold, blaming the “aristocratic despotic regimes” of the continent for the death of his father. He has vowed to continue the radical reforms in Portugal.

Brazilian Civil War
   While the struggle raged on in the rest of South America throughout most of 1839, much foreign attention would be centered on the Brazilian Civil War. Prussia ended the blockade for rebel-held regions of the country early in the year, allowing for anti-revolutionary governments to funnel in weapons and supplies to Recife. Yet, no matter how well supplied the broad anti-Catholic coalition was funded, they were bound to be at a numerical disadvantage.
   The government in Sao Paulo ordered troops to return from Guyana, these men being joined by thousands of freed slaves, eager to protect their liberation from the reactionaries. A strong attack was initiated, the zealous offense of the devotees to Catholic Republicanism smashing through the prepared defenses of the counter-revolutionaries. Thousands dead, the Catholic Republicans carried the day at the Battle of Recife, following up on the victory with a deliberate and slow seizure of the city, in line with what the Colombians did in Quito several years ago. Revolutionary soldiers went house to house, seizing those deemed to be opposed to the movement and conducting organized executions. Liberal texts were gathered and burned before the stunned citizens. Any political leader deemed to be of remote significance in the rebellion was captured. At the close of the year, though thousands remain in arms throughout North Brazil, the rebellion has been dealt a serious blow.

Diplomatic Legacy of the Wars of Independence
   The past three decades of conflict have left Spain a tapped, exhausted, and cynical country. Thousands of men died in the struggle for the Americas, the initial hopes of full reconquest slowly being eroded as one by one the rebellions picked up steam. Though some scraps were maintained, holding onto Peru being widely celebrated throughout the metropole, much was lost. Spain’s focus on the Americas meant it lost the Philippines to the Dutch, while economically it has fallen behind its neighbors.
   Diplomatically, Spain seems focused on isolation, reconstruction, and nonintervention. The fact French aid in the conflict came only in the last year is not lost of most in Madrid, who have gone from seeing their northern neighbors as a friendly cousin to an opportunistic giant. Although Philip VI has publicly praised the ties between France and Spain, it is well-known in diplomatic circles the King felt abandoned, especially when the Bourbon Louisianans attacked, let alone against the Catholic Republican menace. Spain has no affinity for very many other powers either, save Prussia, who provided ample aid during their darkest hours. The Spanish government sees the major manufacturing realms, such as Britain and the Netherlands, as having used their war as an opportunity to sell weapons rather than create stability. Portugal fell to madness on their doorstep when the Spanish needed to focus their attention in South America. Quebec, which likewise suffered at the hands of Catholic Republicans, only lost their prince because they were undermining the Spanish by intervening in Colombia in the first place. Needless to say, Madrid seems keen to leave the other powers alone in their power struggles to the north. Many believe the Spanish Empire, while extant on paper, is dead diplomatically. The diplomatic outlook of the Catholic Republican powers is likewise somewhat jaded. Though they are friendly with Portugal, they have been born into a world where every past attempt to establish a republic was smashed by established monarchies.
   The conflict has not been kind to the realms of the Americas. In pure demographics, from 1835 to 1840 the population of Colombia has declined by almost 200k civilians, La Plata by 300k, Peru by 100k, and Central America by 50k. Direct war, disease, and starvation all played roles in the chaos. Economic dislocation has only been exacerbated by the mass migration specified in the Treaty of Salamanca. Catholic Republicans have moved en mass out of Chile, Central America, and Upper Peru, while Loyalists have fled Colombia, La Plata, Brazil, and Paraguay. While many expect this transfer of population will ensure stability on both sides of the political divide, that does not mean it has been easy for those uprooted.

Union of the Crowns
Facing Emergency, Americans Elect Louis-Philippe as King
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

   With Charleston in the hands of the British, Virginia lost, and fighting raging all throughout the continent, the remaining delegates of the American Confederation faced a difficult choice. London waved the offer or a pardon and a return of parliamentary seats to any who abandoned the cause in February, while Louisiana offered further aid, but only in exchange for the full-fledged recognition of King Louis-Philippe as King of the American Confederation. This led to a splintering of the movement, perhaps a fifth to a quarter of rebels taking the British up on their offer of a pardon, the remainder deciding to go with King Louis-Philippe. At the Assembly in Montgomery, John C. Calhoun lead the delegates in voicing their unanimous support for the election of the King of Louisiana as “King of the Americans.”
   Thus, Louisiana continued to support the rebellion, taking control of the remaining southern armies as the British Army of Richmond began a push towards Montgomery. 40k Louisianans faced 50k British advancing. The Battle of Lynchburg halted the initial British, forcing them back towards friendlier territory in the north. The British armies pushed south in several other directions, retaking much of North Carolina, but being forced back by rebel and Louisianan resistance on the border of Georgia and South Carolina. Although Charleston proper was not retaken, the halting of the relentless British advance was a significant morale-booster in the American struggle.
   Meanwhile, the aspirations of the slave revolt were brutally crushed, Louisianan soldiers from the National Gendarmerie moving south and restoring order, acre by acre. Estates were retaken at a heavy cost, thousands of the freed slaves pouring west in an effort to escape control from New Orleans. By December most of the rebel leaders were dead and the shattered plantations attempted to resume operations.
   The war would head to the high seas as well. King Louis of Mexico, hearing the pleas of his father, pledged the navy of Mexico to aid the struggle against the British on the sea, though he resisted joining the war outright, starting an Anglo-Mexican Quasi War. A three-way cobbled together fleet, primarily consisting of Louisianan vessels faced off against the British blockade, which had not necessarily been expecting a challenge on the sea. A series of engagements ensured that the blockade south of Cuba war broken, the British ships in that region fleeing to Jamaica for repairs. Even so, the British ships north of Cuba and along the Atlantic seaboard continue to enforce the blockade for those regions, meaning trade can only flow out of this narrow gap.
   Fighting on the frontiers continued to be tinged with blood. The British, outnumbered by the enemy, followed orders and withdrew behind the Missouri, abandoning their gains (though not before causing significant damage). The Louisianan forces also pushed into the small British settlements in the northwest as well as the remaining Sioux land. Natives captured were given the option of swearing loyalty to King Louis-Philippe or being forcibly abducted and escorted to the border with Quebec, where they would face exile. This transit was perilous, the soldiers of Louisiana providing little aid and allowing for hundreds to die of disease and starvation. While this emboldened the remaining tribal resistance to the north, areas occupied by Louisiana have been changed, perhaps irrevocably.
   Montgomery would be shocked in November when John C. Calhoun, the de facto leader of the American Confederation was assassinated in the streets of the city. It was quickly determined that the British had ordered the move, the result being widespread condemnation of London’s actions well-beyond the combatants. Quebec, New England, and Mexico have all issued official protests against the British-ordered murder, which ironically may have cemented Louis-Philippe’s control of the uprising, given no other rebel figure had so much stature as Calhoun or could rally any sort of loyal opposition to the new King.

Clash of the Emperors
Great Eastern War: 1839
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Peace of the Two Francis’: Treaty of Florence
   The Neapolitan strike against the Habsburgs and the general nationalist conflagration that inspired has been seen by most as the official start of the Great Eastern War. Although there were high hopes initial success would result in the unification of Italy, the Austrians under Radetzky as well as the French assault in the northwest ensured that this was not meant to be. Yet. As a result of a clear change in fortunes, this theater of the conflict has been the first where peace has emerged. King Francis of Naples, seeing his soldiers in retreat after setbacks in 1838, found the Habsburgs willing to negotiate an equitable settlement.
   The Treaty of Florence was announced in June 1839. Vienna agreed to recognize the Neapolitan annexation of both the Papal State and Urbino. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was shorn from the rest of the direct holdings of Emperor Francis and granted to his 17-year-old daughter Maria Sophia. She, in turn, was soon betrothed to the 13-year-old Prince Alfonso of Naples, the wedding scheduled in the next couple of years. This meant that, although the principality would probably remain in the Austrian orbit for the time being, Neapolitan influence would probably grow over time. Venice proper, a hotbed of nationalist sentiment in northwest Italy, was also granted its independence. King Francis of Naples faced a slight blow to his popularity as a result of his exit of the war, but given his tenure and the way the conflict was heading, most agree the treaty was the best that could be hoped for.
   Meanwhile, with Naples out of the war, the remaining nationalist hold-outs in northern Italy were crushed. The surviving Swiss volunteers fled back into the republic, Austria withdrawing from the French-backed duchies in the north, which saw the hated Dukes reinstated. The restoration of the North Italian Bourbons was awkward, their military triumph not enough to stop their subjects in Parma and Modena from booing their return. Only Grand Duke Xavier received a warm reception in Tuscany. By December 1839 Italy was at peace once more, though fighting elsewhere would certainly overshadow this remarkable development.


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