King and Country - Gameplay Thread

[Wikipedia delenda est]

King and Country: The XVII Century

Turn I: 1670

Nations, Leaders, & Players:
Major Powers:

Kingdom of France: King Louis XIV (Dr_Novella)
Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed IV (jdb)
Kingdom of England: King Charles II (Kingpoleon)
Archduchy of Austria: Emperor Leopold I (Spamage)
Kingdom of Spain: Queen Regent Mariana (Dereich)
United Provinces of the Netherlands: Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt (sjoycefla)
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway: King Frederick III (JacksonHitchcock)
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: King Michael I (S019)
Kingdom of Sweden: Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora (Gorguf)
Tsardom of Russia: Tsar Alexis I (YPestis25)
Brandenburg-Prussia: Elector Frederick William (Kalwejt)
Kingdom of Portugal: Prince Regent Peter (Ishan)
Safavid Empire: Shah Suleiman I (PSOL)
Electorate of Bavaria: Elector Ferdinand Maria (SlamDunk)
Duchy of Savoy: Duke Charles Emmanuel II (King Saul)
Republic of Venice: Doge Domenico II Contarini (dkrolga)

Economic Standings:
Kingdom of France- Strong
Kingdom of England- Strong
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Strong
Archduchy of Austria- Moderate
Kingdom of Portugal- Moderate
Tsardom of Russia- Moderate
Ottoman Empire- Moderate
Brandenburg-Prussia- Moderate
Duchy of Savoy- Moderate
Republic of Venice- Moderate
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway- Moderate
Kingdom of Sweden- Moderate
Electorate of Bavaria- Moderate
Safavid Empire- Weak
Kingdom of Spain- Weak
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth- Weak

Popularity:
King Louis XIV- Very High
Elector Frederick William- High
King Charles II- High
King Frederick III - High
Tsar Alexis I- Moderate
Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt- Moderate
Sultan Mehmed IV- Moderate
Queen Regent Mariana- Moderate
Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora- Moderate
Duke Charles Emmanuel II- Moderate
Doge Domenico II Contarini- Moderate
Emperor Leopold I- Moderate
Prince Regent Peter- Moderate
Elector Ferdinand Maria- Moderate
Shah Suleiman I- Moderate
King Michael I- Low

REMINDER: You must include both myself and Lumine in all PMs you send between each other, as well as in your final orders. In fact, it's actually more important that Lumine receives your orders, since he's the one who will be processing them.

Kingdom of Portugal:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Prince Regent Peter, for the last few years your brother Alfonso VI has been exiled on Terceira after your seizure of power. Though he agreed to his abdication, it was under force and some have doubts over whether the King is really as mad as he has been made out to be. How will you deal with your exiled elder brother, and how will you placate wary nobles who may see you as a usurper?

-For 2 years, you have been at peace with the Spanish. Now that you are a fully independent state, you must steer a coherent course in foreign policy. Your sister, Infanta Catherine, is Queen Consort of England, so an English alliance would seem logical. Working with the French, too, could also be a possibility, as they are mortal enemies of the Spaniards. In 1667, under the direction of Castelo Melhor, Portugal signed a ten year alliance with France against Spain. However, his removal from office, plus the deposition of King Alfonso, has been seen as a victory for the pro-English party at court, which you are expected to favor. What course will you take in regard to international alliances?

-For 60 years, your nation was subservient to Spanish interests during the Iberian Union. During that period, you lost many of your colonies in the East Indies to Spain’s enemies, most notably the fledgling Dutch Republic. Your global Empire has crumbled and it is clear that the Dutch are now the leading maritime power in Europe. Will you seek to win back dominance of the Spice Trade, and if so, how?

Kingdom of Spain:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Mariana, your son the King is severely disabled. He is expected to die at any moment, which raises the issue of the succession. It is unclear who would succeed him, so his death could make Spain the scene of a succession war. Worst of all, the French could use the anarchy to extend their influence in the country, or perhaps even claim the Spanish throne. How will you attempt to secure the succession in the event that King Charles II passes?

-Your nation has greatly declined since the reign of Philip II. Although your country still holds a great amount of territory in both Europe and the Americas, financially and militarily you have been surpassed by the French. Long, expensive wars have crippled your economy and led to multiple bankruptcies in recent years. You have had some success, though, in halting French advances in the Low Countries with the help of the Triple Alliance. Perhaps the formation of this alliance heralds a new era in Spanish-Dutch relations. What foreign policy will you pursue in order to return Spain to her former greatness?

-In the colonies, your nation has been subject to many pirate attacks in recent years. Buccaneers such as the Englishman Henry Morgan, the Frenchman Daniel Montbars, and the Dutchman Roche Braziliano have raided your settlements and left a trail of atrocities and destruction. Perhaps you should take official action against these pirates, but it would come at the risk of angering the English, French, or Dutch governments, who in many cases unofficially support the pirates. Last year, you ordered attacks on English shipping in the Caribbean, but perhaps more must be done. What will be your policy in regard to piracy?

Kingdom of France:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Louis, your expansion into the Spanish Netherlands has been set back by the formation of the Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The Dutch are especially perfidious, as you had just helped them in their recent naval war against the English before they betrayed you in the War of Devolution. Now, many in France are calling for revenge, and you yourself are known to harbor vengeful instincts toward the Dutch. Some suggest that you could exploit the commercial issues between the Dutch and the English to drive a wedge between the Triple Alliance. Others maintain that there is still room for cooperation with the Dutch. Still others argue that war with the Dutch would prove too costly and could provoke a pan-European war, instead insisting that the Duchy of Lorraine, which serves as a crucial conduit for Spanish troops, would be a much easier target for expansion. What course will you take in the realm of foreign policy?

-The formation of the Triple Alliance has left you diplomatically isolated and without any real allies. Besides the Dutch the Swedes, formerly your traditional allies, have also left you. Plus, the League of the Rhine, your alliance with several German Protestant princes, ended 3 years ago. Now, some are calling for you to attempt to reform the League. While working with the Protestants in the Empire is your nation’s traditional policy in regard to opposing the Emperor, your well-known Catholic piety may alienate some of the German princes. Perhaps, as some suggest, you should moderate your Catholic rhetoric, while others warn that religion is a central part of your royal absolutism and should not be undermined. How will you formulate a coherent religious policy without compromising your diplomatic relations?

-New France is growing, but it is not without challenges. Relations with the Iroquois have been strained, with frontier raids and battles being commonplace. There is ample potential for future colonial tensions between yourself and the English. Additionally, there are several explorers whose missions could be sponsored, such as Louis Jolliet and Robert de la Salle. Plus, there are many strong personalities on the Sovereign Council of New France and disputes between them have been common. Specifically, there has been great discord between Bishop Laval and Frontenac over the sale and trade of alcohol. How will you manage your colonial affairs?

Kingdom of England:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Charles, unlike most other European monarchs you have to deal with a powerful parliament. Composed primarily of former Royalists from the Civil Wars, the Cavalier Parliament is in most cases favourable to your interests. The Cabal Ministry has helped guide many of your actions, but some of your decisions have been rather unpopular, such as the formation of the Triple Alliance. You are also known to be slightly more in favor of religious toleration than many of the ultra-Anglicans in Parliament. In addition, England has only a small standing army, and any other troops you wish to raise must first be approved by Parliament. You must not overstep your bounds when dealing with Parliament, and your father is a clear example of what happens if you do. How will you define your relationship with Parliament?

-The Triple Alliance of which you are a member has had success in stopping Louis XIV from taking the Spanish Netherlands. With the threat averted, perhaps it is time to reshape your foreign policy. The Dutch, although members of the Triple Alliance, remain a huge commercial rival. The most recent Dutch war ended in a most humiliating fashion, as Dutch ships sailed along the Medway whilst burning English ships at will. Perhaps it is time to give them their comeuppance, and in so doing you may be able to find common cause with the vengeful French. Others say the Dutch must be protected, as they are a strong bastion of Protestantism on the continent. Will you seek cooperation or competition with the Dutch, and how will this affect your overall foreign policy?

-The Treaty of Madrid in 1667 failed to end the colonial hostilities between your nation and the Spaniards. Raids and battles continue, and the Spaniards remain furious at your nation for sponsoring the bloody actions of Henry Morgan. Just last year in response to Morgan’s attacks, the Queen Regent of Spain ordered attacks on your shipping in the Caribbean. If you wish for relations with the Spanish to improve, then something must be done about Morgan. However, if you adopt an anti-Spanish foreign policy, his actions could become a useful asset. How will you direct colonial policy, and what attitude will you take toward English privateers?

Electorate of Bavaria:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Elector Ferdinand Maria, your electorate is one of the most important states of the Holy Roman Empire. For years, you have been a leader of the Catholic party in the Empire, in opposition to your Wittelsbach relatives in the Palatinate. During the 30 Years’ War your forces occupied the Palatine, with the Emperor even granting the Electoral title to the then-Bavarian Elector. However, since then Heidelberg has regained its autonomy. Times like these have seen you cooperating with the Emperor, but in other instances you’ve found yourself in opposition, such as in the last Imperial election. How will you define your Electorate’s place in the Empire, both religiously and politically, and how will you conduct relations with the Palatinate and with the Emperor?

-In a seeming contradiction, you have also managed to maintain good relations with the King of France, as well as with the Emperor. As a member of the League of the Rhine until its dissolution, your Duchy pursued pro-French policies within the Empire, and in the most recent Imperial election King Louis supported your bid against Emperor Leopold. Will you continue to play both sides in the Franco-Habsburg struggle, or will you decide to pick a side?

-Though Bavaria has no navy to speak of, that hasn’t stopped talk of a new colony. Some of your ministers have suggested that you attempt to acquire New Amsterdam, or New York, as it is now known, from the English. Others say that such a plan is unreasonable, and that you should focus your efforts on more realistic goals. Will you attempt to pursue a colonial project in the New World?

United Provinces of the Netherlands:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Grand Pensionary de Witt, you are the most powerful man in the Dutch Republic. That power is quite limited, though, due to the decentralized and republican nature of your government. There are many in the Republic who hope for the reinstatement of the Stadtholder, as they see centralized power as necessary for the functioning of the state. William of Orange and his Orangist Party thus represents a threat to your power which can not be ignored. There are also differences in foreign policy and religion between your own States Party and the Orangists, with the States being more pro-French and Arminian whilst the Orangists are more pro-English and Calvinist. How will you deal with internal divisions in the Republic?

-The expansion of the French into the Spanish Netherlands, which would have greatly threatened your Republic, has been stopped by the forces of the Triple Alliance. This represents a monumental turn of Dutch-Spanish relations, and perhaps ties between your nations can be made even stronger. Though you are generally more pro-French than the Orangist opposition, reconciliation with the French now may not be possible, if the reports of them being hell-bent on revenge are really true. The English represent another foreign policy conundrum, as you are both linked by Protestantism and were both members of the Triple Alliance, while at the same time being major commercial rivals. You have neglected the army and pursued a policy of peace, but that could all change very soon. How will you manage Dutch foreign policy?

-Your country is in the midst of a splendid golden age. Trade, art, science, and culture are flourishing all throughout the realm. You have proven that a small, maritime state can rival the great military powers of Europe. However, there is potential for great tension in the colonies. For instance, you were forced to cede New Netherland to the English a few years ago, you and the French both have colonies in Guyana, and the Portuguese seem determined not to give up on the Spice Trade entirely. How will you manage Dutch colonial affairs?

Kingdom of Denmark-Norway:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Frederick, you have had quite a successful reign, but you are now old and it is unclear how much longer you will have. You have established an absolute monarchy in Denmark and abolished the old elective system. Your centralizing father, the great King Christian, would be proud. What domestic policies will you oversee in what many expect to be the last years of your reign?

-In the realm of foreign policy, Sweden remains the main enemy. Their capture of Scania in the Second Northern War is still bitterly resented, and many Danes wish to reconquer the area. Rivalry over the Baltic trade also remains a point of great contention with the Swedes. Additionally, you assisted the Dutch against the English in their recent naval war, so perhaps there is a potential alliance in the making. What course will you follow in foreign policy?

-While still officially claimed by the Kingdom, Greenland is by now under the control of native tribes. The Old Norse settlements faded away centuries ago, and the island hasn’t been touched since Christian IV expeditions there in the early years of the century. Will you attempt to recolonize Greenland, or will you leave it to the natives?

Kingdom of Sweden:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora, you rule over Pomeranian territory in the Holy Roman Empire. This raises questions of sovereignty, and could threaten the territories. You have had strained relations with the Emperor ever since the end of the 30 Years’ War. Brandenburg, too, is a threat to your German possessions. How will you conduct relations with the Emperor and other states in the Empire so as to not endanger your holdings?

-In foreign policy, you have left your traditional French ally to form the Triple Alliance. With the French halted in Flanders, the usefulness of the alliance may be at an end. Perhaps you should try to reconcile with your traditional French ally, as new allies must be found to battle your many enemies. Denmark remains your greatest foe, and many suspect that the resentful Danes may try to recapture Scania. To the east, the Russian menace threatens Finland and the Baltics, greatly strengthened since their victory over the Poles. What foreign policy will you pursue to protect your northern empire?

-New Sweden was lost to the Dutch 15 years ago, and since then you have had no presence in the New World. Perhaps it is time to make a move. Some have suggested going after Greenland. Though claimed by the Danes, it remains largely isolated and out of Danish control. Others have proposed taking back New Sweden, and even the West Indies have been mentioned as a possibility. Will you attempt to colonize the New World, or should focus remain on Northern European affairs?

Tsardom of Russia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Tsar Alexis, the Cossacks are stirring up trouble once again. Stenka Razin, a leader of their people, has led several revolts in the last few years. There are now rumors that he is preparing for a massive Cossack revolt all over Russia. This would represent a grave threat indeed to the Tsardom. Some suggest that concessions should be made to the Cossacks, while others maintain that a hardline attitude is necessary. How will you deal with the Cossacks and the possibility of a revolt?

-The Polish war ended in a resounding victory 3 years ago. Your nation has expanded westward, annexing Smolensk and much of Ukraine. Now, there are questions about where you should focus your attention next. Sweden, with its Finnish and Baltic territories, is a potential target. The Caucasus is another, as it is divided between the diminished rival empires of the Turks and Persians. Even the Chinese, who you have had intermittent skirmishes with in the past 30 years, are a possible foe. What foreign policy will you pursue?

-The colonization of Siberia is continuing, albeit at a slowed pace. For the past century your realm has been annexing land in the Far East, but it has yet to conquer Siberia fully. Perhaps now is the time to finish off the work being done there, but providing extra troops to Siberia might make further wars of expansion unfeasible for the time being. To what extent will you continue the colonization of Siberia?

[Wikipedia delenda est]

Republic of Venice:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Doge Domenico, you have lost the island of Crete to the Turks. Although your men resisted valiantly, they could not prevent the fall of Candia. This is just another example of the decline of Venetian power in the Medditeranean, which has continued steadily for the last century and a half. Ever since the Portuguese found a way to India, the use of the Medditerranean as a conduit to the overland trade routes has become outdated, though this trade remains at the heart of the Venetian economy. Reestablishing trade relations with the Ottomans is a necessity. How will you seek to revive the Venetian economy?

-The position of Venice in the political affairs of Europe has also declined precipitously. In past times, the Republic was regarded as a formidable ally by its friends, and a dangerous enemy by its foes. Now, it is scarcely even considered within the European balance of power. Additionally, the Republic is surrounded on all sides by the House of Habsburg, with Austria to the north and Spain dominating most of Italy. How will you reaffirm Venice’s position on the international stage?

-Your nation lacks any presence in the New World. For years, Venetians were regarded as the best sailors in Europe, and yet you have failed to establish any colonies outside the Medditeranean. Europeans who once depended on your trading position for their bullion have now been able to import vast amounts of gold and silver from America. Some of your advisers are urging you to send out a colonial expedition, while others advise that it is already too late to join the race for the New World. What will be your policy on Venetian overseas expansion?

Duchy of Savoy:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Duke Charles Emmanuel, the wars against the Waldensians which peaked in the 1650s seem to have come to an end. No fighting has occurred in 6 years, and most Waldensians that weren’t involved in the rebellions have been pardoned. However, there is still a sizable community of heretics within the country, and some advisors fear that they are a disloyal “state within a state” that threatens the internal security of the country. Others argue that limited toleration has kept the peace and should be maintained. What course will you take in regard to the Waldensians?

-Your foreign policy has generally been pro-French, while your main rivals, the Genoese, are aligned with the Spanish. Some advisors suggest that in the event of a new war between the French and Spanish, you should seek to expand against Genoa in order to gain a new passage to the sea. Additionally, Spanish Lombardy and Milan would provide great wealth for your Duchy. How will you direct Savoyard foreign policy?

-You also hold a long-standing rivalry with the Swiss Confederation. Several times in this century and the last, Savoyard forces tried and failed to capture Geneva. This hotbed of heresy has proven to be a nuisance, and eliminating it could perhaps cow the Waldensians back at home into complete submission. Striking up alliances with the Swiss Catholic cantons could also prove useful in taking out Geneva. What course will you take in regard to the Swiss Confederation and the city of Geneva in particular?

Brandenburg-Prussia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Elector Frederick William, you have greatly increased the size and strength of your army. Brandenburg is now, barring Austria, the most powerful state in Germany. This means that you are in a position to become the representative of the Protestant princes of the Empire, standing up for the German Liberties against the Emperor. However, Saxony still leads the Corpus Evangelicorum, meaning that it would have to be taken either by diplomacy or force. Alternatively, you could cooperate with the Emperor to defend the Empire against outside enemies. What course will you take in regard to the politics of the Holy Roman Empire?

-In the Second Northern War, you fought admirably against the Swedes but were not able to capture Swedish Pomerania. Many in Berlin see that territory as the most logical point for expansion. The Swedes could easily be cast as a non-German, foreign occupying force, and you might even be able to get support from the Emperor for driving them out. Will you attempt to capture Swedish Pomerania, or will your attention be focused elsewhere?

-For your efforts in the Second Northern War, the Poles granted you sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1657, which has been in Brandenburger hands since 1618. Since then, you have had the challenge of managing the affairs of two entirely separate regions, not connected territorially in any way. Many believe that annexing Polish Royal Prussia and thus connecting Brandenburg and Prussia is a logical step forward. The Poles are greatly weakened from both the Russian war, which ended just 3 years ago, and the Swedish Deluge of the 1650s. Will you attempt to take Royal Prussia from the vulnerable Poles?

Archduchy of Austria:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Emperor Leopold, the main enemy of your royal house remains the Kingdom of France. The Empire is under constant threat from the expansionist French King, so you must find a way to rally the Empire around your figure against the common enemy. Many Protestant princes, due to historical oppression and ties with the French, may attempt to form alliances with the French King. Painting the French King as a great menace and even making further concessions on religion may be necessary. How will you keep the French at bay and convince the Princes that France is the true threat?

-The power of Brandenburg has risen precipitously since the end of the 30 Years’ War due to the skill of Elector Frederick William. While not necessarily a threat, they are by now considered the second-strongest German state and may attempt to take the mantle of the German Liberties. You might be able to cooperate with the Brandenburgers on some issues, though, such as the eviction of the Swedes from the Empire. How will you define your relationship with Brandenburg-Prussia?

-Poland-Lithuania has been greatly weakened by several invasions from multiple powers, weakening a potential ally. The Ottomans may also attempt to take advantage of Polish vulnerability, so it would perhaps be in your interest to move against the Turks before they advance. Others maintain that peace with the Turks should be maintained, as constant warfare along the Military Frontier could prove destabilizing. What policies will you pursue in regard to Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire?

Ottoman Empire:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Sultan Mehmed, the fortunes of the Empire seem to finally be recovering. The rule of the Köprülü Grand Viziers has led to a prosperous economic situation, and stability in the Empire is quite high. Furthermore, last year the 21-year siege of Candia finally ended, and Crete is now yours. What domestic policies will you pursue in order to help strengthen the Empire even further?

-Poland-Lithuania has been severely devastated, and the time may be ripe for an advance into that country. There is quite a bit of Ukrainian territory that would be quite nice should it belong to the Sultan, and there is little the Poles could do. They may receive help from the Austrians, though, which is why some advisors are suggesting that in the event of an invasion into Poland, attempts should also be made to rile up disaffected Protestants in Habsburg Hungary. Will you seek to expand into Poland-Lithuania, or will you keep the peace for now?

-To the east, the Safavid Empire has continued to decline while your nation has revived in recent years. If you decide to attack the Persians, the eastern Caucasus is a potential target. There is also the threat of a Russian invasion into the Caucasus, so perhaps the focus there should be defensive rather than offensive. What sort of policy will you pursue in regard to the Caucasus?

Safavid Empire:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Shah Suleiman, your realm is in the midst of a major economic downturn. The establishment of the Dutch and English East India Companies has led to the overland trade routes, once a big moneymaker for your nation, to turn unprofitable. This economic decline could lead to even greater problems, such as revolt and rebellion. What domestic policies will you pursue to right the Safavid ship of state?

-To the west, your main enemy the Ottoman Empire has witnessed a resurgence in recent years whilst your realm has declined. The spectre of Ottoman expansion haunts Persia, and it is clear that the border must be defended. Meanwhile, in the Caucasus you share a border with the rising Russian power, who may seek to expand at your sake. How will you defend Persia from these great threats to the west and north?

-The Uzbek Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara are small and vulnerable, so if Persia is to expand they would be logical enemies. However, attacking them would come at the risk of leaving your country open to attack from the east by the Mughal Empire. The warmongering Emperor Aurangzeb would likely use any opportunity to strike at the nation and take back Kandahar. Will you seek to expand against the Uzbeks, or is the risk from the Mughals too great to risk a war?

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Michael, your country has been devastated. Poland-Lithuania has yet to recover from the deadly combination of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Swedish Deluge, and the Russian invasion. A third of the population was killed during the Deluge, and much territory was lost during the Russian invasion. Now, a process of rebuilding is necessary, but it is unclear as to what should be done. How will you help your shattered realm recover?

-Even after enduring countless invasions and atrocities, your country remains under threat. The Brandenburgers, under their enterprising Elector, may seek to unite their territories by taking Royal Prussia. To the south, the Ottoman Empire might advance into Ukraine. It is clear that allies must be found to defend the realm. The Austrians could prove helpful, as they share many of your common enemies. How will you steer foreign policy so as to defend Poland-Lithuania from further attacks?

-You were elected last year in a contentious contest where the candidacy of the opposition, the Grand Condé of France, was declared void. Many outraged Hetmans such as John Sobieski have formed confederations in opposition to the results, as they view you as a Habsburg puppet. The country appears to be on the brink of civil war, and only the most strenuous efforts can prevent total collapse. How will you manage domestic affairs in trying to prevent a civil war?

Armies, Navies, and Locations

Kingdom of Portugal
10,000 Men in Army of Portugal.
(Can raise 5,000 more)
50 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of Spain
80,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of Iberia, 25,000 in Army of Flanders, 15,000 in Army of Lombardy, 15,000 in Army of Naples
(Can raise 30,000 more)
100 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of France
100,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of the Pyrenees, 50,000 in Army of Wallonia, 25,000 in Army of the Rhine
(Can raise 100,000 more)
100 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of England
5,000 Men in Army of England.
(Can raise 10,000 more)
100 Ships of the Line

Electorate of Bavaria
0 Men.
(can raise 10,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

United Provinces of the Netherlands
50,000 Men in Dutch States Army.
(Can raise 40,000 more)
120 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
20,000 Men. 15,000 in Army of Denmark, 5,000 in Army of Norway
(Can raise 15,000 more)
35 Ships of the line

Kingdom of Sweden
35,000 Men. 10,000 in Army of Sweden, 5,000 in Army of Pomerania, 10,000 in Army of the Baltic, 10,000 in Army of Finland
(Can raise 35,000 more)
35 Ships of the Line

Tsardom of Russia
50,000 Men. 10,000 in Army of Ruthenia, 15,000 in Army of the Caucasus, 10,000 in Army of Siberia, 15,000 in Army of Kola
(Can raise 25,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Republic of Venice
5,000 Men in Army of Venice.
(Can raise 5,000 more)
75 Ships of the Line

Duchy of Savoy
5,000 Men in Army of Piedmont.
(Can raise 5,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Brandenburg-Prussia
10,000 Men. 7,500 in Army of Brandenburg, 2,500 in Army of Prussia
(Can raise 20,000 more)
15 Ships of the Line

Archduchy of Austria
50,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of the Danube, 25,000 in Army of Germany
(Can raise 50,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Ottoman Empire
50,000 Men. 15,000 in Army of the Balkans, 10,000 in Army of Mesopotamia, 15,000 in Army of the Caucasus, 10,000 in Army of North Africa
(Can raise 75,000 more)
75 Ships of the Line

Safavid Empire
60,000 Men. 20,000 in Army of Iran, 20,000 in Army of the Helmand, 20,000 in Army of the Caucasus
(can raise 20,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
20,000 Men. 15,000 in Army of Poland, 5,000 in Army of Lithuania
(Can raise 40,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

[Wikipedia delenda est]

End of Turn: 1670

Regent Peter of Portugal deposed by angry nobles!


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

It was widely believed that the unpopular Portuguese Regent, Peter, would need to placate the nobility to secure his place on the throne. He had overthrown his older brother by claiming that he was insane, but many nobles doubted him. But Peter made no attempt to assuage the concerns of the nobility, ignoring them entirely. So it was that a cabal of nobles, with support from most of the military, determined that the Regent must go and the King be restored. Under cover of darkness, they sneaked into his chambers with a group of soldiers and arrested the shocked Regent. Soon, he was deported to the Azores and Alfonso VI brought back to the jubilation of the common people, who tended to see Alfonso as the rightful King. What effect, if any, this coup will have on Portugal’s domestic and foreign standing remains to be seen. Notably, Alfonso is thought to be more pro-French and less pro-English than his brother Peter.

Hungarian spies caught in Constantinople; Rebellion in Habsburg Hungary!


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Most Turks expected 1670, a year of non-aggression treaties and trade deals, to prove uneventful for the Ottoman Sultanate. Instead, the political establishment of the Empire was shaken to the core when a Hungarian spy ring was discovered in Constantinople. After being tipped off by a member-turned-informant within the spy ring, Turkish agents were alerted to the activities of a group of Hungarian nationals in the capital. They were found to be seeking access to Ottoman state documents related to the Principality of Transylvania, an Ottoman vassal state. As soon as they were discovered, the Hungarians were immediately arrested and subject to torture. Even under duress, however, the spies refused to reveal their intentions, or whether they had been paid by a foreign power or were acting on their own accord.

Turkey wasn't the only country to experience Hungarian troubles. In Habsburg Royal Hungary, Emperor Leopold I ordered the opening of Jesuit schools throughout the country, in order to begin a campaign of gradual re-Catholicization. The intrusion of Jesuits into Hungary, however, was not at all appreciated by Protestants. Initially, reports began to circulate of kuruc horsemen appearing throughout the countryside, kidnapping Jesuit ministers and burning down their schools. Soon, these isolated rural attacks morphed into an organized armed rebellion, which spread through both Hungary and Croatia. Heeding the calls of leading magnates, thousands of Hungarian and Croatian militiamen organized themselves into an "Army of God." Led by Fran Krsto Frankopan and Petar Zrinski, the army marched toward Pressburg, sure that a popular uprising would occur in the city when its denizens heard of their approach. However, the army soon received word from scouts further ahead that the city had remained calm in spite of their approach. Unsure of whether an assault on Pressburg would still be advisable, the army stopped their march just outside the city walls, halting their momentum. Even so, the army still retains thousands of motivated and zealous troops under its banner, and may still attempt to march on Pressburg, regardless of whether or not its citizens revolt in support of their cause.

Cossacks revolt in Russia!


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Civil unrest would also afflict the Russian Tsardom in the year 1670. Stenka Razin, a Cossack leader, began the year a fugitive, hunted down by Russian agents. Managing to elude their capture with the help of sympathetic locals, Razin raised a rebellious Cossack army along the Don, which he then led into an assault on Tsaritsyn. The Russian garrison there proved unable to defend the city, and was defeated in the ensuing battle. After this victory, Razin's forces sailed up the Volga on their way to Astrakhan. Unbeknownst to Razin, however, two Russian armies had recently formed in the area. As they neared Astrakhan, the Cossacks were suddenly set upon by the twin armies, losing a battle fought along the banks of the Volga. Razin's army began a hurried retreat, sailing back down the Volga to the safety of Tsaritsyn. They were pursued by the Russians, however, who managed to recapture all the territory along the Volga that had been taken by the Cossacks, and came close to reaching the Don. Razin ended the year with his weakened army in Tsaritsyn, controlling only the surrounding hinterland along the Don, and prepared his men for the inevitable Russian advance.

Denmark, the next great colonial power?


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

King Frederick pursued an ambitious program of colonization in 1670, starting with the purchase of several Spanish islands. Trinidad, Isla de la Juventud, and Nueva Esparta were all purchased from the Spaniards, with an additional being garrison sent to reinforce the Danish island of St. Thomas. In the Danish Gold Coast, construction was begun on several new forts to complement the already existing forts of Frederiksborg and Osu Castle. However, construction on the new forts was slowed by heavy native resistance. A fleet was also sent from Tranquebar in Danish India to colonize the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which was done successfully. Another fleet was sent to colonize the Spice Islands. While the fleet reached its destination, it used up almost all of its supplies and is in dire need of support.

Devastating pirate attacks in the Caribbean met with swift Spanish response


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

The lawless Caribbean Sea, home of pirates and fortune-seekers of every stripe, was witness to two devastating attacks on Spanish settlements in the year 1670. As is often the case with buccaneers, it is unclear whether the actions taken by Henry Morgan and Roche Braziliano were ordered by their respective governments or undertaken independently. Morgan's attack was the earlier of the two, and it involved a raid on Panama. Sailing south from Port Royal in Jamaica, Morgan's men disembarked near Panama and came upon the Spanish settlement there. After looting it and killing many of the Spanish garrison, Morgan's men hauled all the booty they could carry onto their ships and prepared to sail home, when they noticed a Spanish fleet of 40 ships looming in the distance. Having to break through the Spanish line that now surrounded their position, Morgan's fleet suffered a heavy bombardment before finally breaking free, with only a few ships of his surviving the wreckage. Morgan was lucky that the Spanish didn't pursue him as he made his way back to Jamaica, as the Spaniards were suddenly ordered east in response to reports of another pirate attack.

Roche Braziliano, after conferring with his crew, decided upon Cartagena as the destination for his next raid, and departed from Port Royal shortly after Henry Morgan had left for Panama. Braziliano's crew of Dutchmen, after landing off the coast of Colombia, descended upon Cartagena. The garrison in the city was quickly massacred by the pirates, and the Spanish captain of the guard beheaded. Then, the pirates proceeded to pillage the city of all its valuables, afterwards razing the entire settlement to the ground. The pirates boarded their ships and celebrated on the return voyage to Jamaica, but at about the halfway point between Colombia and Jamaica were suddenly intercepted by a 40-ship strong Spanish fleet. In the ensuing naval battle fought on the open sea, the Dutch managed to inflict heavy losses on the Spaniards, with the Spanish fleet suffering 8 sunken ships and the Dutch losing 5. However, the Dutch fleet was significantly smaller and, not wanting to lose any more ships, Braziliano ordered a retreat. His ships managed to elude the Spaniards and retired to Jamaica in good order.

Amidst general trade boom, the "great soberer" arrives in Europe


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

In 1670, a massive boom in trade hit Europe. It is estimated that close to 10 different treaties regarding trade were signed between the nations of Europe. But the newly traded product that caused the most stir was undoubtedly the Turkish drink known as coffee. The beverage suddenly appeared in Berlin and instantly caused a sensation. No one could get enough of this new refreshment which, so unlike alcohol, seemed to sober oneself and increase alertness. The first coffeehouses opened in Berlin and, within the year, became a required meeting place for anyone with the pretension of being a learned man. The drink spread rapidly through Europe, first through Germany before reaching France and even England, and with it coffeehouses sprung up all along the way. The source of coffee's sudden appearance has some Europeans wondering, but most are too delighted by its effects to care.

Protestant Council opens in London, while Papal Conclave results in deadlock


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

1670 saw the calling of a religious council by the King of England, intended to unite the Protestant churches into one ecclesiastical body. When the first session of the council opened in London, those attending included several Bishops from the Anglican church, leaders of the Presbyterian and Dissenter communities in England, representatives of the French Huguenots and of several of the Calvinist Swiss Cantons, as well as several Calvinist theologians from the Netherlands, who were not however serving as official representatives of the Dutch Reformed Church. The discussions hit a stumbling point early on, when disagreements arose over the use of iconography. The Dutch theologians railed against perceived idolatry in the Anglican Church, and, with the support of the Huguenots and Swiss Calvinists, demanded that for any unification of the churches to be possible, the Anglicans would have to abandon the liturgical elements present in their worship. This upset the English Bishops, who angrily rejected the "barbarous iconoclasm" demanded by the Dutch. All this served to embarrass the English Dissenter leaders, who had hoped that a show of unity by their Dutch co-religionists could convince the Anglican Bishops to limit the persecution they were subject to. By the end of 1670, the council had failed to move past the issue of iconography and was still locked in disagreement.

In the Catholic world, too, deadlock was ensuing at the highest levels of the Church. The Papal Conclave of 1670, which had begun the previous year, was heavily contested between the great Catholic powers, each of whom had cardinals loyal to their cause. One candidate, Pietro Vidoni, was backed by most of the Flying Squadron, a group of independent-minded cardinals. Another choice, Benedetto Odescalchi, was favored by the Spanish and Austrian cardinals. To stop Odescalchi's election, the French cardinals rallied around Vidoni, which caused an irresolvable deadlock. The cardinals voted time and again to try to break the tie, but each time the results turned out the same, with no one willing to change their vote.

Colonization expands as new nations try their hand at settlement


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Denmark was not the only nation to grow their colonial empire. Venice and the Ottomans, neither of which have colonies of their own, made their first pushes toward acquiring overseas settlements. The Venetians sent an expedition to southern Africa, successfully establishing a bridgehead in southern Angola. The Turks, too, looked to establishing a colony, and successfully did so on a previously unknown Spice Island, which to the shipmen seemed to have a massive coastline stretching on infinitely in either direction. However, the colony is most isolated and is in urgent need of support and reinforcements. The Dutch, already with a large colonial empire in the Indies, expanded their reach with the foundation of a new venture in Pulo Condore, provoking the ire of the native Vietnamese.

Safavids find success in invasion of the Bukhara Sultanate


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

In 1670, Shah Suleiman ordered a major reorganization of the Persian armies, in preparation for an invasion. His target was the Khanate of Bukhara, which was taken by surprise when a Persian army crossed the border. The Persians, after defeating a small Bukharan force, captured several cities and have moved through Bukhara with little resistance.

[Wikipedia delenda est]

King and Country: The XVII Century

Turn II: 1671

Nations, Leaders, & Players:
Major Powers:

Kingdom of France: King Louis XIV (dkrolga)
Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed IV (jdb)
Kingdom of England: King Charles II (Kingpoleon)
Archduchy of Austria: Emperor Leopold I (Spamage)
Kingdom of Spain: Queen Regent Mariana (Dereich)
United Provinces of the Netherlands: Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt (sjoycefla)
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway: King Frederick III (JacksonHitchcock)
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: King Michael I (S019)
Tsardom of Russia: Tsar Alexis I (YPestis25)
Brandenburg-Prussia: Elector Frederick William (King Saul)
Safavid Empire: Shah Suleiman I (PSOL)
Electorate of Bavaria: Elector Ferdinand Maria (SlamDunk)
Electorate of Saxony: Elector John George II (Last_Plantagenet)
Kingdom of Sweden: Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora (TimTurner)

Economic Standings:
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Very Strong
Kingdom of France- Strong
Brandenburg-Prussia- Strong
Kingdom of England- Strong
Ottoman Empire- Strong
Archduchy of Austria- Moderate
Tsardom of Russia- Moderate
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway- Moderate
Safavid Empire- Moderate
Electorate of Bavaria- Moderate
Kingdom of Sweden- Moderate
Kingdom of Spain- Weak
Electorate of Saxony- Weak
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth- Very Weak

Popularity:
King Louis XIV- Very High
King Frederick III- Very High
Elector Frederick William- High
King Charles II- High
Sultan Mehmed IV- High
Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt- High
Shah Suleiman I- High
Tsar Alexis I of Russia- Moderate
Queen Regent Mariana- Moderate
Emperor Leopold I- Moderate
Elector John George II- Moderate
Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora- Moderate
King Michael I- Low
Elector Ferdinand Maria- Low

Kingdom of Spain:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Mariana, according to reports two shocking attacks have occurred against Spanish settlements in the Caribbean. The buccaneers Henry Morgan and Roche Braziliano have launched brutal attacks on Panama and Cartagena, respectively. The fleet you sent to the Caribbean was, thanks be to God, able to intercept the pirates, and dealt a severe blow to Morgan in particular. You only ordered the Caribbean fleet to remain for a short time, but perhaps it is worthwhile having them stay longer, considering the volatile situation. In addition, your advisers are urging you to demand that the English and Dutch governments rein in their privateers. How will you respond to the threat posed to Spanish colonies by pirates in the Caribbean?

-Across the Spanish Empire, there have been several notable developments which occurred in the last year. Expanded trade with the Ottomans has allowed for the importation of mercury, which has led to improvements in mining. Limited extra shipments of gold and silver have begun to arrive from America, but it will take time for the full effects to be seen. Your government has also sold three islands to the Danes, bringing in much-needed revenue. In the east, the Safavid Shah had the nerve to demand that Christian ships stay away from Persian trade routes, which has led to some tension with Persia. Meanwhile, in Aragon your elimination of trade barriers has caused some complaints, but nothing too severe. How will you manage your global empire in the coming year?

-The Papal Conclave in Rome ended last year in a deadlock, with the cardinals unable to choose between your candidate and the cardinal favored by the French. The Flying Squadron, a group of independent-minded cardinals, is mostly supportive of the French candidate. Therefore, to get Odalescalchi elected as Pope you may have to use bribery and even resort to persuasion, as remarkably the Flying Squadron seems somewhat interested in choosing the cardinal who would best serve the Church. How will you attempt to influence the Papal Conclave to choose a Pope favorable to Habsburg interests?

Kingdom of France:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Louis, rebellion has broken out in Habsburg Hungary by disaffected Protestants. While religiously you might be expected to favor the Emperor, it has long been French policy to take the side of Protestants when in conflict with the House of Austria. Now, many of your advisors are urging you to provide diplomatic, economic, and possibly even military support to the kurucs. However, doing so could come at the cost of angering the French clergy, as you would be taking the side of heretics against your fellow Catholics. Will you offer support to the Hungarian rebels, and if so what form will that support take?

-Within the last year, the voices at court calling for war with the Dutch have only increased. Led by your Secretary of War, the Marquis de Louvois, a majority of your advisers are now demanding that you use the large army at your disposal for the glory of France. Convinced that the honor of France has been stained by the ungrateful Dutch and their Triple Alliance, Louvois has even threatened to resign if you refuse to take action. A smaller party, led by the top diplomat Pomponne, has urged discretion and cautions that a Dutch war could provoke a wider European conflict, urging instead that if the army must be used, it would be better deployed against a smaller target like the Duchy of Lorraine while the Emperor is distracted in Hungary. Will you listen to Louvois or take the advice of Pomponne, who is increasingly being drowned out by the louder voice of the Marquis?

-Last year’s papal conclave ended in a deadlock, with neither your candidate nor the cardinal backed by the Habsburgs able to come out on top. It is likely that bribery will be necessary if you wish to see your candidate made Pope. Meanwhile, in New France your decision to allow the selling of alcohol, excepting the Lord’s Day, has garnered public approval and resulted in economic gains for the colony. However, there has also been a noted increase in public drunkenness, which has prompted complaints from the local Bishops. Will you reverse course on alcohol, or stick by your previous decision?

Kingdom of England:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Charles, thus far you have shown yourself to be a skilled parliamentary maneuverer. You have played the factions of Parliament off against one another, and have been able to increase your own power at their expense. However, the unpopularity of the Cabal Ministry and the Duke of Buckingham has increased in recent months, as other members of parliament have grumbled about perceived royal favoritism toward the Duke. In addition, the Protestant Council has gotten off to a rocky start, with the different representatives of each faith deadlocking over the issue of iconography. How will you run your domestic policy in the coming year?

-Henry Morgan has done it again. Last year, the Welsh buccaneer launched a violent raid against the Spanish in Panama, before being defeated by a large Spanish fleet as his men attempted to leave the island with treasure in tow. It is likely that the Queen Regent of Spain will be most indignant at this bloodshed, and may suspect that you had a part in ordering it. Will you attempt to appease the Spaniards and distance yourself from Morgan’s actions, or will you stand by the roguish privateer?

-The sudden elevation of Denmark-Norway as a large colonial power has come as a wholly unexpected surprise to your court. Many regions of English colonization such as the Caribbean, Ghana, and the East Indies are now home to Danish forts and settlements. This could certainly pose a threat to English overseas trade and cause great competition, as the Dutch colonies already have. How will you react and adjust to Denmark’s new colonial empire?

Electorate of Bavaria:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Elector Ferdinand Maria, the Prussian decision to sign an alliance with the Ottoman Empire has caused controversy within the Empire. Many princes have expressed their disapproval and reaffirmed their support for the Emperor, who recently made a proclamation warning against foreign interference in the Empire. As a leader of the Catholic party, you are expected to be especially strong in favoring the Emperor. How will you react to the Prusso-Turkish alliance?

-Your decision to establish conscription in your Electorate has caused backlash, as many Bavarians remain adamant against being drafted into the army. Your decision to modernize the army with foreign officers has also caused some anger, with some of your guardsmen heard grumbling about the court in Munich being under the influence of foreigners. Will you stand by your military reforms, even in the face of criticism?

-Across the border in the Habsburg lands, a Protestant revolt has erupted in Hungary. As a leading Catholic member of the Empire, some of your advisers are suggesting that you publicly declare your support for the Emperor. However, there has been a split at court on the issue, with some pro-French ministers stating that you should wait to see the French position on the rebellion, before following their line. How will you react to the kuruc uprising against the Emperor?

Electorate of Saxony:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Elector John George, your territory has yet to recover fully from the devastation of the 30 Years’ War. Entire towns were wiped out, and the economic damages of the war took a massive toll. As one of the most badly-hit regions of Germany, there is still much work to be done. Saxony must be rebuilt, and its coffers filled. How will you attempt to reconstruct your shattered Electorate?

-You remain at the head of the Corpus Evangelicorum, and thus are still the titular head of the Protestant party in Germany, but have in fact been surpassed by Brandenburg-Prussia. The upstart Hohenzollerns, with their Great Elector and their standing army, lead the most powerful Protestant state in Germany. Many Brandenburgers wish for you to relinquish your leadership of the Corpus, but this would represent a major blow to Saxon prestige. Additionally, the Prusso-Turkish alliance has caused anti-Prussian sentiment in the Empire, and many other princes wish to see you articulate a position on the issue. How will you deal with your Prussian rivals to the north?

-Within the Electorate, there is great strife between the pro-French and pro-Imperial factions at court. You have signed alliances with both the King of France and the Emperor in recent years, but for many at court that is not good enough. Most urge you to move closer to the Emperor, but others warn that doing so could move King Louis to cut off French subsidies, which are a major lifeline for the struggling Saxon economy. There is also the issue of the kuruc rebellion, which some of your advisers suggest you publicly back to prove yourself still worthy as the head of the Corpus Evangelicorum, while others caution against going against the Emperor at a time when many other princes have rallied around him. Another consideration is the Protestant Council, which opened in London last year. If you wish for your bishops to attend, they will likely need convincing. How will you balance relations with France and the Emperor, and what will your position be on the Protestant Council?

United Provinces of the Netherlands:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Grand Pensionary de Witt, last year a brutal raid on Cartagena was undertaken by Roche Braziliano, a buccaneer and Dutch native. In the process, he also significantly damaged a Spanish fleet in the Caribbean meant to ward off piracy. The Spaniards are likely to be outraged by this unprovoked violence, and may demand that you cease support for privateers. Will you accommodate Spain and condemn Braziliano’s raid, or choose to defend the pirate?

-There were several notable events occuring last year related to your colonial empire. For one, a successful recruitment drive was instituted, with many new settlers making the journey to start a new life overseas. You also succeeded in establishing a new colony in Pulo Condore, though the native Vietnamese reacted with anger. In addition, various East Indian powers granted you permission to establish new factories in major trading ports, but in many cases the size of such ports are to be limited. Another major colonial issue is the establishment of the new Danish empire, which contains many colonies near to yours in the Caribbean, Africa, and the East Indies; and for that reason could pose a threat to Dutch trade. How will you manage the Dutch colonial empire in the coming year?

-Diplomatically, there still remains much fear about French intentions regarding the Republic. Many Dutchmen are hopeful, however, that the new Spanish alliance, as well as the Central European Treaty of Friendship, will deter France from taking any aggressive actions. There is also the issue of the Protestant Council, which thus far has not received any official representatives of the Dutch Reformed Church, though several Dutch theologians have made their way to London on their own. What diplomatic course will you take, and will you choose to attend the Protestant Council?

Kingdom of Denmark-Norway:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Frederick, over the course of one year you have managed to turn Denmark-Norway into a formidable colonial power. You have purchased several islands from the Spaniards, and have managed to successfully settle the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. You’ve also begun construction on new Ghanian forts and have successfully sent an expedition to the Spice Islands, but both ventures have caused slight problems. On the Gold Coast, there has been significant native resistance to your new forts, and the colony on the Spice Islands lacks supplies and is in dire need of support. In somewhat unrelated news, the Free City of Bremen has also indicated their willingness to sign a trade agreement. How will you manage your new colonial empire, and will you seek to expand it further?

-Your colonial empire could also affect your diplomatic relations. England and the Netherlands already have many forts and settlements near yours, and may not take kindly to a new nation joining the fray and competing with their trade. In Ghana and India, for instance, the Dutch and English both have factories along the coastline. How will you conduct relations with England and the Netherlands, now that you are potentially colonial rivals?

-Last year, though you accepted the invitation of the English King to attend the Protestant Council, you did not end up sending any of your Bishops to London. This has likely caused confusion and perplexion among the English, so it would perhaps be sensible this year to speak to your Bishops about attending the conference. Some of them may require persuasion however, as not only is there likely skepticism to begin with about the feasibility of uniting the various Protestant faiths, but there are also initial reports coming back from the conference that are not overly positive. Will you attempt to convince your Bishops to attend the conference?

Kingdom of Sweden:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora, you rule over Pomeranian territory in the Holy Roman Empire. This raises questions of sovereignty, and could threaten the territories. You have had strained relations with the Emperor ever since the end of the 30 Years’ War. Brandenburg, too, is a threat to your German possessions. How will you conduct relations with the Emperor and other states in the Empire so as to not endanger your holdings?

-In foreign policy, you have left your traditional French ally to form the Triple Alliance. With the French halted in Flanders, the usefulness of the alliance may be at an end. Perhaps you should try to reconcile with France, as new allies must be found to battle your many enemies. Denmark remains your greatest foe, and many suspect that the resentful Danes may try to recapture Scania. To the east, the Russian menace threatens Finland and the Baltics, greatly strengthened since their victory over the Poles. You’ve signed a non-aggression agreement, but it is not unheard of for such things to be violated. Additionally, there is the matter of the Protestant council, which you agreed to attend last year but did not send any of your bishops too. They will likely need convincing, as there is great skepticism about the idea of uniting Protestantism among the Swedish clergy. What foreign policy will you pursue to protect your northern empire?

-New Sweden was lost to the Dutch 15 years ago, and since then you have had no presence in the New World. Perhaps it is time to make a move. The Danes, under the enterprising King Frederick, last year built up a worldwide empire, though gave up their claims on Greenland, which some of your advisers point to as a target. Others have proposed taking back New Sweden, and even the West Indies have been mentioned as a possibility. Will you attempt to colonize the New World, or should focus remain on Northern European affairs?

Tsardom of Russia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Tsar Alexis, though Stenka Razin escaped your capture and began a Cossack revolt, he now sits in a difficult position. Your armies have managed to corner him in Tsaritsyn, and with one final push on the city you may finally succeed in crushing the Cossacks. How will you deal with Razin and hopefully finish off the Cossacks once and for all?

-To the east, you have successfully pursued the continued colonization of Siberia. Fortifications have been strengthened and new settlements have been founded. One in particular, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, has provided you with a new link to China. How will you continue the process of Siberian expansion?

-In the past year, you signed non-aggression pacts and trade deals with your largest neighbors. Trade and lack of war could boost the Russian economy, but some of your advisers long for continued conquest and expansion. Most of your reign has been spent in wartime, but you now appear to be pursuing a policy of peace which, while perhaps not so popular with all the nobles, may be seen as a positive by commoners who wish for greater prosperity. How will you direct Russian foreign policy in the coming year?

[Wikipedia delenda est]

Brandenburg-Prussia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Elector Frederick William, you have succeeded in strengthening the economy of your realm over the past year. Many persecuted Protestants from Austria and the other Catholic states of the Empire have settled in your realm, adding much to the industry and prosperity of Brandenburg. Likewise, the introduction of coffee has proven to be a huge success, as evidenced by its rapid spread through Europe. With the economy now on more than sound footing, your advisers believe that the state could well afford new programs or projects. How will you use the full coffers of Brandenburg to the benefit of the state?

-The uprising of the kurucs in Hungary has attracted the attention of all Europe, and Brandenburg is no exception. Some advisers, seeing an opportunity, have urged you to declare your support for the rebels. As the second-most powerful state in the Empire, siding with the kurucs could cement your place as the leading representative of the German liberties in the Empire, especially if Saxony, the official head of the Corpus Evangelicorum, does nothing. Then there is the matter of the Protestant Council. Last year you declined the English King’s invitation to attend, but to show yourself as truly committed to the Protestant cause, it may be wiser to go after all. Will you risk the wrath of the Emperor and support the kurucs, and will you reconsider your stance on the Protestant Council?

-Your treaty of defense and cooperation with the Turkish Sultan has caused significant controversy. It was a bold move on your part, so openly flouting the Emperor’s proclamation against foreign interference in the Empire. Even those Protestant rulers less favorable to the Emperor are disturbed by your seeming embrace of the feared and hated Turks, enemies of all true Christians, Protestant and Catholic alike. After all, in the most recent Turkish war 7 years ago, even the members of the pro-French League of the Rhine contributed troops for the defense of Germany. How will you win back over those German princes distrustful of your Turkish alliance?

Archduchy of Austria:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Emperor Leopold, your decision to implement a program of re-Catholicization overseen by the Jesuits has sparked an open rebellion in Hungary. Under the leadership of two leading magnates, an “Army of God” has formed in opposition to your policies, drawing thousands of recruits. The rebel Army now sits outside Pressburg, putting the Hungarian capital under threat. General Montecuccoli of the Army of the Danube is confident that a decisive attack will crush the rebellion before it can grow any larger, and is itching to lead his troops into battle. What will you do in order to suppress the kurucs?

-The Elector of Brandenburg, in a seeming challenge to your authority, has openly signed a treaty of alliance with the Ottomans. This has garnered significant criticism of the Elector within the Empire, with many princes denouncing his decision and pledging to stand by your declaration against foreign interference in the Empire. Some zealous prince-bishops have even called on you to place the Elector under the Imperial ban, reasoning that the Turkish alliance is both a crime against Christianity and Germany. How will you deal with the defiant Elector of Brandenburg?

-The Papal Conclave has ended in a deadlock, meaning it will continue for a third year into 1671. To many observers, this conclave is the most important in recent memory, as it will effectively decide who has the leadership of the Catholic world. For centuries, the House of Habsburg has championed the Catholic cause and the fight against heresy throughout Europe. Now, however, many of your advisers fear that your position as the defender of the faith is slipping away to France. The French King’s power has risen precipitously in recent years, and he is now generally considered to be the most powerful man in Europe. Clearly, you must do all you can to make Odescalchi the next Pope, using all your powers of bribery and persuasion. How will you ensure a favorable result at the Papal Conclave?

Ottoman Empire:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Sultan Mehmed, Constantinople has been convulsed by the discovery of a Hungarian spy ring in the capital. Though they are known to have been seeking documents related to the Principality of Transylvania, their intentions remain unclear. There is also the disturbing possibility that the spies were hired by a foreign power, though even if so, who would have done so, and for what purpose? Clearly, a thorough investigation is needed to uncover the facts of this strange episode. How will you go about investigating this odd matter?

-Across the border in Hungary, Protestant kurucs have risen up against the Emperor in response to his use of Jesuits in a campaign of re-Catholicization. The Sultanate has long supported rebellious elements against the Austrians, and it would not be out of character to do so again. Some of your viziers have even suggested that the revolt could be used as justification to open another war against the Habsburgs, as much resentment still remains from the defeat in 1664. Will you give support to the kurucs, and will you consider intervening militarily on their behalf?

-Your colonial expedition to the Spice Islands landed successfully, but it is most isolated and in dire need of support and reinforcements. It would be a great embarrassment indeed for the first attempt at colonization to end in failure, so as much as possible must be done to save the settlement from disaster. How will you support the new colony on the Spice Islands?

Safavid Empire:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Shah Suleiman, your declaration against Christian expansion and threats against the trade of European powers has caused a bit of a stir. The Spanish Queen Regent publicly refused to withdraw from trade in your sphere of power, causing some anger back at home in Persia. Will you stand by your threats toward the nations of Europe, or back down in order to defuse the situation?

-Your trade deals with the Georgians, Omanis, and Zaydis have resulted in an increased stream of revenue to the Empire. Your order to finish 20 ships by the end of last year, however, could not be completed successfully, with the builders only managing to field 2 ships. How will you continue the economic growth that your realm saw last year?

-Thus far, the invasion of the Khanate of Bukhara has gone well. The Bukharans were defeated in a minor battle, and several cities have been captured. Now, as your armies continue onward, there is a question of how much you wish to conquer. Do you wish to fully annex the Khanate into your realm, or let it survive and instead sign a favorable peace treaty with the Khan?

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Michael, your promise of an open election for the Commonwealth crown, once the country is safe from external threats, seems to have worked in appeasing the angry hetmans somewhat. Your decision to place a heavy military presence on the border has also succeeded in halting any external or internal conflict, for the time being. However, the large military presence has drained the Commonwealth’s low finances even further, and the country is in desperate need of money. How will you continue to keep the peace in the Commonwealth and protect it from threats both within and without?

-Last year, you ordered merchants to raise prices on goods in order to raise much-needed funds. While the measure has succeeded in bringing in some revenue, it has caused anger among Russian, Prussian, and Turkish merchants, who are now less willing to buy Polish products. Will you continue to order high prices, or lower them somewhat in order to keep trade flowing?

-Across the border in Hungary, angry Protestant kurucs have risen up against the Emperor after his introduction of Jesuit schools into the country. Some advisers have suggested that, should the Emperor agree, it might be worthwhile to send your troops into Hungary in order to quell the uprising. It would give your largely untested troops vital battle experience, and assisting the Emperor in his time of need could mean that should Poland face trouble, the Emperor could return the favor. On the other hand, sending the armies out of the Commonwealth could increase disorder in the country, encouraging the hetmans to rise up in revolt. Will you consider helping the Emperor in crushing the kuruc uprising?

Armies, Navies, and Locations

Kingdom of Spain
80,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of Iberia, 25,000 in Army of Flanders, 15,000 in Army of Lombardy, 15,000 in Army of Naples
(Can raise 31,000 more)
92 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of France
100,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of the Pyrenees, 50,000 in Army of Wallonia, 25,000 in Army of the Rhine
(Can raise 103,000 more)
105 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of England
5,000 Men in Army of England.
(Can raise 10,000 more)
100 Ships of the Line

Electorate of Bavaria
0 Men.
(can raise 12,500 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Electorate of Saxony
0 Men.
(can raise 10,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

United Provinces of the Netherlands
50,000 Men in Dutch States Army.
(Can raise 42,000 more)
120 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
25,000 Men. 15,000 in Army of Denmark, 5,000 in Army of Norway, 2,000 in Army of the Caribbean, 2,000 in Army of Ghana, 1,000 in Army of India
(Can raise 11,000 more)
35 Ships of the line

Kingdom of Sweden
35,000 Men. 10,000 in Army of Sweden, 5,000 in Army of Pomerania, 10,000 in Army of the Baltic,
10,000 in Army of Finland
(Can raise 35,500 more)
35 Ships of the Line

Tsardom of Russia
72,500 Men. 15,000 in Army of Ruthenia, 15,000 in Army of Smolensk, 5,000 in Army of Siberia, 15,000 in Army of Kola, 13,500 in Army of Volga, 9,000 on Army of Astrakhan.
(Can raise 3,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Brandenburg-Prussia
10,000 Men. 7,500 in Army of Brandenburg, 2,500 in Army of Prussia
(Can raise 22,000 more)
15 Ships of the Line

Archduchy of Austria
50,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of the Danube, 25,000 in Army of Germany
(Can raise 47,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Ottoman Empire
60,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of the Danube, 10,000 in Army of Mesopotamia, 15,000 in Army of the Caucasus, 10,000 in Army of North Africa
(Can raise 67,000 more)
75 Ships of the Line

Safavid Empire
80,000 Men. 17,500 in Army of Ahvaz, 17,500 in Army of Bandar Abbas, 10,000 in Army of the Helmand, 10,000 in Army of Bukhara, 22,500 in Army of the Caucasus, 2,500 in Army of Oman
(can raise 3,000 more)
2 Ships of the Line

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
40,000 Men. 25,000 in Army of Poland, 15,000 in Army of Lithuania
(Can raise 20,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

[Wikipedia delenda est]

End of Turn: 1671

Cossack uprising crushed, Stenka Razin killed


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Stenka Razin and his Cossacks were determined to hold out against the Russians, so when the Tsar ordered the armies of Astrakhan and the Volga to descend on Tsaritsyn, his men resisted bravely. At first it almost seemed that the Cossacks might beat back the Russians, but quickly their numerical inferiority caught up to them. As the numbers of the Cossack army withered away, Stenka Razin himself was killed by a Russian musketball, causing all resistance to collapse. With the surrender of Tsaritsyn came the end of the rebellion. The victorious Russians proceeded to inflict brutal reprisals on the Cossack leadership, and the rank and file of the Cossack soldiery was shipped eastward to be used for the settlement of Siberia.

Austrians fail to curb violence as Hungarian rebellion expands


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

General Montecuccoli had assured the Emperor that he would be able to crush the rebellious Hungarians and Croatians, and so was given permission by Leopold to use whatever means necessary. The Army of the Danube approached the rebel Hungarians outside Pressburg, but the Magnates had been forewarned of the Austrian approach. Before the Austrians could engage the kuruc army, the rebels had slipped away into the countryside. Montecuccoli wrote to Leopold of the cowardice of the rebels and the disintegration of their army, but he had misjudged the situation entirely. The Magnates and a coterie of foreign officers, realizing they couldn't defeat the professional Austrian army and their skilled commander in open battle, had decided upon a guerilla strategy. The rebel army was disbanded and replaced with bands of kuruc rovers. Using lighting fast raids, followed by equally fast retreats, the kurucs were able to severely weaken the Austrian army, which was left floundering. As the Austrians pursued the kurucs in vain, across rugged terrain in the face of a hostile local population, thousands of men were lost to attrition. By the end of the year nearly all of Hungary and Croatia, outside of the major cities, was in open revolt against the Habsburgs. Montecuccoli wrote to the Emperor of his failure, blaming the disloyalty of the populace, and was forced to acknowledge that the rebellion was now far stronger than it had been at any point the previous year.
 
Cardinal Pietro Vidoni of the Flying Squadron elected Pope Callixtus IV


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

The Papal Conclave opened in 1671 for its third year in a row, with the throne of St. Peter still left vacant. The Conclave received a most shocking message from the King of France, which declared that if Pietro Vidoni were not elected Pope he would be installed via military force. Vidoni, however, was an independent-minded Cardinal and leader of the Flying Squadron, and he had no desire to owe his Papal throne to the King of France. Outraged, he declared that France had no right to threaten the Cardinals, who were independent men with the best interests of the Church at heart. With Vidoni distancing himself from the French, Cardinal Emilio Bonaventura Altieri saw an opportunity to win himself the Papal tiara by ingratiating himself with the French. With French backing, and his opponents divided between Vidoni and Benedetto Odescalchi, Aliteri nearly succeeded. That is, until the Queen Regent of Spain decided to use her right of Jus exclusivae, informing the Conclave that Aliteri as the Pope would be unacceptable to Spain, and in a last-minute reversal instructed her Cardinals to back Vidoni to stop Aliteri's election. With the votes of the Spanish and Austrian Cardinals, not to mention his own Flying Squadron, Vidoni was elected as the next Pope, taking the name Callixtus IV. He is expected to be an impartial pontiff, and has declared that he will not consider the interests of foreign powers when making his decisions.

Polish King Michael deposed by Sejm, killed in escape! John III Sobieski elected new King


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

King Michael I of Poland-Lithuania had managed to avoid rebellion in the Commonwealth in 1670, and hoped to further stabilize his throne in the coming year. However, the economy had continued to worsen, and dissent was rising to an uncontrollable level. At meetings of the Sejm, widespread anger and derision was pelted upon the King for not doing enough to help the country. The King and Parliament became bitter foes, with the King in turn accusing the Sejm of not allowing him to do enough through the abuse of the liberum veto. Meanwhile, the people of Poland continued to starve while the Sejm and King argued. Finally, John Sobieski, a powerful nobleman and popular hero for his military victories in the darkest days of the 1650s, decided to act. First, he got into contact with the commanders of the main two royal armies in Poland and Lithuania, and ensured that they would not oppose him if he took over the government. Then, with his own large personal army, which he had by merit of being a leading magnate, Sobieski stormed into the Sejm one day in 1671. With the room silenced by his troops, he denounced both the King and the slzatcha for their disfunctionality. The King was seized by Sobieski's men, and the members of the Sejm deemed hostile were purged. Next, with the Sejm now loyal to him, Michael was deposed and Sobieski, as John III, unanimously elected in his place. In the ensuing coronation ceremony, tens of thousands of Poles celebrated on the streets of Warsaw. But Sobieski was not finished, as he now intended to deal with the former King.

King Michael was brought before the Sejm, indicted on charges of neglecting his kingly duties and violating his coronation oath. Michael, aged far beyond his years, knew what his fate would be with this parliament of loyalists to the new King. But his wife, Eleonore of Austria, remained loyal to her unfortunate husband. She was allowed to visit the King in his cell, and, after bribing the guards, smuggled a knife into Michael's cell, which he used to saw away at the prison bars. Together, they fled west toward her home country of Austria in disguise. While staying in Poznan, however, Michael had taken off his disguise, despite the warnings of his wife. Michael, deluded, believed himself still popular with the common folk, and assured his wife that even if recognized no one would do him harm. Of course, the King was recognized, and in the gruesome scene that followed the royal couple were set upon by a patrol of soldiers and beat to death. Upon hearing of their deaths, King Sobieski expressed his sorrow and regret, especially at the death of the lady - a half-sister of the Holy Roman Emperor - but reasoned that they had brought their ends upon themselves by fleeing from justice.

Russians and Ottomans attack Persia, Tabriz captured and Isfahan under threat!


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

The Shah of Persia garnered great criticism in 1671 from the powers of Europe for his belligerence toward European traders and encouragement of piracy. The Russians used it as a pretext for their invasion, suspending the Tehran Agreement of non-aggression. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded Persia, meaning the Safavids were attacked on two sides. First, the Russian Army of Smolensk was redeployed to Circassia, an ally of the Shah's. In the battle of Otradnaya, the Russians narrowly defeated the Circassians, who fiercely defended their homeland. Russian progress was slowed, however, due to the difficult terrain of the Caucasus. The Russian Army of Ruthenia, redeployed in Dagestan, advanced into Persian territory, but was defeated by the forces of the Shah at Babayurt, managing to withdraw in good order.

To the south, the Ottomans launched a two-pronged attack against Iran. The Army of the Caucasus was sent to northern Persia, where it made good progress, besieging and capturing the major city of Tabriz. However, as they continued eastward they encountered a Safavid army at Mehraban. The battle proved to be a bloody stalemate, and the Ottomans halted their advance to recover. The Turkish Army of Mesopotamia, meanwhile, was ordered to launch an assault in southern Persia, with the goal being the capture of the capital of Isfahan. Meeting a Safavid Army at Ahvaz, the Turks triumphed and forced the Persians back, but were unable to reach Isfahan within the year due to the unfamiliar terrain. The Persian ally of Muscat was also subject to an Ottoman naval invasion, and was almost completely taken over by the Turks. However, elsewhere the Shah's troops were more successful. Far to the east, the Persian war against Bukhara continued to go well for the Safavids. In the Battle of Samarkand, the Persians triumphed but took heavy losses, before proceeding to conquer most of the Khanate.

Danes destroy Ottoman colony, while colonial tensions mount in West and East Indies


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

1671 saw a continuance of the colonial struggles that had occurred the previous year, largely stemming from Denmark-Norway's colonial expansion. Another new colonial power, the Ottomans, came into conflict with the Danes. The Turkish settlement in the East Indies was in desperate need of supplies, so the Sultan ordered several supply ships to the colony, which attracted the attention of the Dutch. Several Dutch ships were sent to the colony, peacefully passing by and curiously observing that it was located in New Holland. The next European visitors to the colony, however, were not so peaceful. A Danish fleet of 10 ships intercepted the Ottoman supply convoys on their way to the colony, sinking them. Without the needed supplies, the Turkish colony collapsed and was completely abandoned. The Danes also continued to settle the coast of Ghana, seeking trade opportunities, but the natives still reacted with hostility. Denmark faced attacks from natives in the Spice Islands as well, and in the West Indies the infamous pirate Roche Braziliano launched several attacks on Danish shipping. On the other side of Africa, a Danish outpost was settled on Madagascar, but they weren't the only ones with the idea. The English, too, set up a nearby settlement on the island, as well as on Socotra, though their attempt to settle the Maldives was repelled by the locals.

France invades Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Republic!


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Louis XIV, after hearing out the arguments made by his secretary for war Louvois and his top diplomat Pomponne, made the decision to go to war with the Dutch Republic, and by extension the Kingdom of Spain. The chance for martial glory was just too great to pass up. Led by the Prince of Condé, the French army immediately invested the city of Cambrai, which surrendered after a short siege. Next they captured Mons, but while on their way to Brussels came into contact with the Spanish Army of Flanders, which had been ordered to the area after the surprise French attack. The two armies met at Steenkirk, where the Spanish were overwhelmed by the larger French force. The Spaniards retreated to the fortified city of Namur, but instead of pursuing them the French continued on to Brussels, which fell after a siege. After that came Antwerp, which surrendered in turn after being besieged. Finally, the French were ready to move into their true target, the Netherlands.

Dutch patrols had forewarned the Grand Pensionary of the French advance, so the Dutch States Army was prepared and in a defensive position at Breda when the French launched their attack. At first the odds seemed to favor the Dutch, as Condé ordered a rather reckless charge early on, but the brilliant veteran general was able to ingeniously turn the tide. The battle ended in a severe defeat for the Dutch, who suffered heavy losses and were forced to retreat west to their fortifications at Bergen op Zoom. Rather than chase the Dutch forces, Condé chose to continue his advance northward, besieging and capturing first s'Hertogenbosch, and then the city of Nijmegen by the end of the year.

The French also launched a naval attack against the Republic. Seeking to overrun the Dutch both on land and at sea, a French fleet of 50 ships was ordered to attack the Dutch coast. Off the coast of the island of Walcheren, the French fleet met a Dutch fleet commanded by Michiel de Ruyter. In the ensuing naval battle fought in the Schooneveld, the French were taken off guard by the ability of de Ruyter, whose skilled leadership saw the Dutch deliver a crushing defeat to their foes. De Ruyter was celebrated throughout the Provinces for his great victory, as the legend of the Dutch admiral who had once sailed down the Medway only increased.

Danish King Frederick III passes away peacefully, Charles II of Spain in health crisis


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Frederick III, King of Denmark-Norway since 1648, died peacefully in his palace from natural causes, and was succeeded by his son Christian V. The King established absolutism in Denmark in 1660, and 10 years later built up an impressive colonial empire, which he continued to manage with the utmost precision up to his last moments. Like his legendary father, he will be remembered as one of the great Danish Kings who did so much for his realm and people. Meanwhile, King Charles II of Spain, already a sickly and disabled child, saw his health take a drastic turn for the worse. Throughout the year, the King was afflicted with vomiting and violent seizures, and at times was so weak that he could not rise from his bed. His leading physicians, however, have promised to the Queen Regent that her son will recover. Even so, Mariana may have to start looking for a diplomatic solution to the Spanish succession a little sooner than she would have hoped for.

Protestant council expands its membership, but fails to reach consensus


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

King Charles's ecumenical council in London opened for the second year in 1671, able to welcome many new members to its ranks. Among the new arrivals included churchmen from Denmark, Sweden, and Brandenburg-Prussia, as well as several distinguished theologians representing their respective sects, such as John Amos Comenius for the Hussites and George Fox for the Quakers. Nathaniel Crew, the English King's Clerk of the Closet and a man of the cloth, chaired the proceedings. First, he put forward a list, including such men as Luther and Calvin, to be named as Great Teachers of the Faith; a list of the Three Forerunners of Protestantism; and acknowledged Martin Bucer and Jacobus Arminius for their devotion to ecumenicalism. All these articles were agreed to by the various Protestant sects, with only a few objections.

Next, Crew proposed five key points of the Protestant faith. All the articles were agreed to with ease, save one, the Affirmation of the Trinity. Among the dissenters included some Unitarians, who voiced their disagreement with the doctrine. This caused widespread revulsion among most of the rest of the council, who demanded that the Unitarians be thrown out and excluded from the council for heresy. One of the Swedish bishops made a comment to the Unitarians - "in my country we burn your type at the stake" - which received loud applause from the rest of the council. Finally, Crew agreed to expel the Unitarians, who walked out in shame and disgrace, and the last Doctrine of Faith was agreed to. But as soon became clear, these simple articles of faith were not enough to unite the Protestants. The debate about idolatry from last year's session of the council remained unresolved, and it raged on into 1671. So too did discussion over the nature of the Lord's Supper, and a three-way debate ensued between the Calvinists, the Lutherans, and the Anglicans, all pitted one against the other. By the end of 1671, the council had failed to reach agreement on these two crucial issues, and thus remained unable to proceed further.

French buccaneers attack Veracruz, but are forced to withdraw by Spanish


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Spain's forceful response to last year's pirate attacks may have deterred some privateers from trying their luck, but not Daniel Montbars or Michel de Grammont. The French pirates' hunger for gold and treasure simply could not be stifled, so the two men set off from Tortuga in 1671, headed west for Veracruz. Once they landed they began their usual plundering, but were then rudely interrupted when one of their men watching the coast informed them that he had spotted a Spanish fleet in the distance, coming toward their position. The pirates reluctantly wrapped up their business and came back to the shore, hurrying onboard their ships. They sailed out from the coast and were pursued by the Spanish fleet for several hours, losing multiple ships to Spanish bombardments in the process, but were finally able to shake off their pursuers and reach the safe port of Tortuga. Veracruz had been raided, but thanks to the timely intervention of the Spanish fleet the settlement was spared the destruction that had come to Spain's raided cities in 1670.

English Tangier stormed by Ottomans!


(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

The port of English Tangier was a rather neglected colony in England's empire, manned by a small garrison and a drunk for a governor. The city was not prepared, therefore, when a Turkish fleet suddenly appeared off the coast. The garrison initially panicked, and were set to fright when the Turks began bombarding the city walls. Once a breach was made in the walls, a Turkish army disembarked on the coast and stormed through, easily overwhelming the garrison. The governor, the Earl of Middleton, went on his knees and begged the Turkish commander to spare his life and not sell him into Barbary slavery, offering to "kill every one of my surviving men with my bare hands" if it was the only way he would be allowed to return to England. The Turk, pitying this sad man, permitted him to sail to England, and so the pathetic governor made his exit. The next day the flag of England was lowered from Tangier, and in its place rose the emblem of the Ottoman Turks.

[Wikipedia delenda est]

King and Country: The XVII Century

Turn III: 1672

Nations, Leaders, & Players:
Major Powers:

Kingdom of France: King Louis XIV (dkrolga)
Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed IV (jdb)
Kingdom of England: King Charles II (Kingpoleon)
Archduchy of Austria: Emperor Leopold I (Kalwejt)
Kingdom of Spain: Queen Regent Mariana (Dereich)
United Provinces of the Netherlands: Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt (Donerail)
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway: King Christian V (JacksonHitchcock)
Tsardom of Russia: Tsar Alexis I (YPestis25)
Brandenburg-Prussia: Elector Frederick William (King Saul)
Kingdom of Sweden: Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora (New Tennessean Politician)

Economic Standings:
United Provinces of the Netherlands- Very Strong
Brandenburg-Prussia- Strong
Kingdom of England- Strong
Ottoman Empire- Strong
Kingdom of France- Moderate
Archduchy of Austria- Moderate
Tsardom of Russia- Moderate
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway- Moderate
Kingdom of Sweden- Moderate
Kingdom of Spain- Weak

Popularity:
King Louis XIV- Very High
King Christian V- High
Elector Frederick William- High
King Charles II- High
Sultan Mehmed IV- High
Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt- Moderate
Tsar Alexis I of Russia- Moderate
Queen Regent Mariana- Moderate
Emperor Leopold I- Moderate
Queen Regent Hedwig Eleonora- Moderate

Kingdom of Spain:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Mariana, the French have launched a surprise invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. The Army of Flanders and the poorly managed forts in the region proved little match for the Grand Condé, who swept through the Low Countries and into the Dutch Republic with ease. Now, the main Spanish army in the region sits in Namur, with no clear strategy. The war will also undoubtedly strain the Spanish economy, which remains weak in spite of the sale of several colonies and multiple trade deals. Perhaps beneficial loans could be secured from your Dutch allies, whose riches are envied by all Europe. How will you manage the conduct of the war in the coming year?

-A Spanish settlement was once again subject to harassment by Caribbean pirates in 1671. Two French buccaneers led an assault on the city of Veracruz, but the fleet sent to protect Spanish colonies successfully chased them off before too much damage could be done. The last two years have proved the necessity of that fleet, and your advisors urge that it remain in service in spite of increasing costs. On the other side of the world, your attempt to befriend the natives of the Spice Islands and Papua New Guinea - with exotic new luxuries in mind - proved fruitless. How will you oversee the continued operation of the Spanish colonial empire in 1672?

-Besides the French invasion, the most-talked about subject at court was the health of the King. Over the course of last year Charles’s health worsened significantly, causing worried speculation on the issue of the succession. If the King were to die, the throne would fall to either of his older sisters, one the Queen of France, the other the Holy Roman Empress. Clearly, both options would mean the effective end of Spanish independence. Even if the King survives - as his physicians insist he will - this frightening prospect can’t be put off forever, and sooner or later it will have to be confronted. In better news, the Papal conclave came to an end last year, with a compromise candidate being named Callixtus IV. The Jus exclusivae was utilized successfully, with the candidate most favored by the French failing to be elected. Will you attempt to resolve the succession this year, or will you continue to avoid the issue?

Kingdom of France:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Louis, your forces have successfully invaded the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Republic. Many forts in the network of Flemish fortresses have surrendered to your siegeworks, and both the Spanish and Dutch armies have been defeated in battle. The Grand Condé sits in occupied Nijmegen, awaiting orders as to where to go next. The Dutch army is in Bergen op Zoom, leaving the north open to Condé’s men. You could order the army to continue northward, or head west and besiege Bergen op Zoom to force the States Army into battle once again. The naval war has proved less glorious, with your fleet suffering a decisive defeat on the Schooneveld at the hands of de Ruyter. Meanwhile, at court Colbert has informed you of a noticeable dip in French coffers, already evident after one year of campaigning. Clearly the war will cost money, so perhaps new methods of finance should be explored. How will you build on last year’s successes in the Dutch War?

-Events in Poland-Lithuania have caught the eye of several at court. King Michael, an Austrian ally, was overthrown by John Sobieski and later killed along with his wife, a Habsburg herself. Sobieski is known by your diplomats in Poland to harbor pro-French feelings, and in the election of 1669 he provided strong support for the candidacy of the Grand Condé. The uprising in Poland thus provides an opportunity, so says Louvois and other ambitious ministers, to expand French influence in the east and outflank the Habsburgs. Will you offer support to the new Polish King, who - owing to the method in which he took the throne - is likely to be embattled?

-The Papal conclave reacted with offense and injury to your proposed military intervention, and in the ensuing backlash Pietro Vidoni was elected Pope Callixtus IV - not with your backing, but thanks to the votes of Spanish and Austrian cardinals. Now you could either follow up on your threat - likely provoking further outrage among Catholics - or back down, thus opening yourself up to ridicule and claims of cowardice. Issues of religion have also caused fighting in Habsburg Hungary to intensify, developments which are being closely observed at court. How will you resolve the crisis with the Papacy, and what actions will you take regarding the kuruc rebellion?

Kingdom of England:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Charles, though some progress was made at the Protestant Council last year, a consensus failed to be reached. While the theologians agreed to your proposed Doctrines of the Protestant faith, disagreement continued on the issues of iconography and the Lord’s Supper, with no evident path forward. Each sect is firmly committed to their own interpretations, so how you can convince them to set these beliefs aside it is unclear. With the council now entering its third year, significant numbers of theologians have expressed that, due to an inability to reach agreement on crucial matters of doctrine, they intend to not attend next year’s session. Some of your bishops have urged you to declare victory on account of the Doctrines of Faith and close the council before defections begin occurring, but this could be perceived as admitting defeat. Will you hold firm and continue the proceedings of the council, or choose to move on to other things?

-The surprise French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Republic has caused quite a stir. Public opinion seems to favor the French - or at least, disfavor the Dutch - as there remains a strong appetite for revenge over the war that ended some five years ago. In Parliament the majority also looks down upon the Dutch, while the opposition Country Party, led by William Coventry, insists instead that a peace should be imposed upon the warring parties - a la 1668 - in order to halt French expansionism and defend the Protestant interest. Closer to the person of Your Majesty, the Cabal and the Duke of Buckingham have pledged to support whatever course you take, and if that course be war will work to convince Parliament to raise the necessary troops and funds. Even closer to your ear is your brother the Duke of York, who has privately pushed for intervention in the war on the side of the French, opining that it could present an opportunity to oust de Witt and advance the interests of the House of Orange. What policy will you pursue regarding the Franco-Dutch War?

-Colonially, England continued to expand in 1671. Trading missions were sent to Tungning, Hainan, and Japan, with the Taiwanese post proving especially successful. In Socotra and Madagascar new settlements were founded, though the latter settlement is nearby a new Danish colony also just established. Your attempt to settle the Maldives, however, was met with native resistance and failed. Most significant of all was the loss of Tangier. A Turkish fleet appeared outside that North African port city and viciously stormed it, giving no justification for their violent act. It has caused outrage across the Kingdom, and angry London broadsides have been published demanding that the colony be retaken at once. How will you manage the English colonial empire in 1672?

United Provinces of the Netherlands:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, without warning French troops have invaded the Provinces. The States Army was defeated at Breda and has fled to Bergen op Zoom, while the French have reached the River Waal and captured Nijmegen and much of southern Gelderland. If things continue as they have started, the French could have the whole nation conquered by the end of next year. In response, there has been a growing movement for William of Orange to be appointed as Captain-General of the States Army. Many insist that only he is strong and skilled enough to beat back the French and save the country. However, if William were to be made head of the army, your position as head of the Republic would be immediately threatened. The Prince of Orange is still supported by many as the rightful Stadtholder, and if given head of the army he could use it to achieve that end. What decision will you make regarding William of Orange?

-In order to halt the French advance and protect Holland, some ministers have suggested that you let loose the Dutch Water Line. By opening the dykes, the province would be effectively turned into an island, thus requiring the French to undergo a difficult river crossing to reach Den Haag. While this could prove useful, other ministers have warned that it could disrupt Holland’s trade and communications with the rest of the Provinces, thus ultimately hindering the war effort. Will you choose to flood the Water Line for the defense of Holland?

-Due to the outbreak of war with France, new allies could prove beneficial to the Republic. Some ministers have suggested you pursue an English alliance like in 1668, but there are major differences that lay in the way. King Charles and the Stuarts are known to favor the House of Orange due to familial ties and have little reason to support a man like yourself, who so thoroughly humiliated them in the last war. There is also the Holy Roman Emperor, who can always be counted on to oppose the interests of France, but now may not be the best time for him, as he is currently occupied with his own issues. Additionally, the Scandinavian kingdoms remain untethered to either side, and in the past you proved successful in convincing the Swedes to join the Triple Alliance. Whatever allies you pursue, the substantial riches of the Republic could be used to sweeten any deal. How will you attempt to gain new allies in the fight against the French?

Kingdom of Denmark-Norway:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-King Christian, welcome to the throne of Denmark-Norway. As King, you must honor your late father’s legacy, which he left to you in the form of a large colonial empire recently created. He also sent more settlers to Ghana, though they were met by native resistance, as were colonists in the Spice Islands. Additionally, a new settlement in Madagascar was established, while in the West Indies Roche Braziliano began to harry Danish shipping. How will you preserve, or to seek to expand, your colonial empire?

-One of your late father’s last actions as King was to order an attack on an Ottoman supply convoy in the East Indies, which resulted in the destruction of the Turkish colony in New Holland. The news of the event was received with joy by the Danish people, who celebrated the King’s decision as a heroic last effort of their godly prince. However, the court of Constantinople may not be so pleased at the destruction of their colony, and a Turkish response is likely. Your ministers for colonial affairs are urging you to bolster colonial defenses to prepare for retaliation. How will you protect your colonies from possible Turkish attacks?

-Possibly the biggest news to reach the Danish court last year was the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War. Though not directly concerning Denmark, it would be a mistake to think it unimportant to the Kingdom. Denmark-Norway, as a leading Baltic and naval power, is likely to be pursued by both sides for intervention in the war. One of your chief ministers, Peder Schumacher, has stated that it would be wisest to wait and see how your Swedish rival reacts before taking a stance on the war. How will you react to the war in the Netherlands?

Kingdom of Sweden:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Queen Regent Eleonora, King Charles will turn 17 at the end of the year and will begin to rule on his own. As you prepare the young King for his coronation, you must pave the way for a smooth transition of power. How will you ready the King for taking the reins of government?

-The tumultuous events in Poland have caught the eye of many at the Swedish court. The Second Northern War ended over 10 years ago with no territorial changes, and there are still many disputed lands in Courland and Livonia. If ever there was a time to invade again, now might be that time, and the regicide of King Michael could easily be used as justification. Will you intervene in Poland to gain new territories?

-Though far from Sweden, the events of the Franco-Dutch War have not escaped the ears at court. France is a traditional ally of your nation, but more recently you chose to side with the Dutch when joining the Triple Alliance of 1668. Your armies and fleets would be valuable for either side, and it is probable that your help will be solicited by ministers from both countries. How will you formulate Swedish policy in regard to the Franco-Dutch War?

Tsardom of Russia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Tsar Alexis, Stenka Razin and his Cossacks have been crushed and order restored to the Tsardom. The region along the Volga remains devastated, however, and the city of Tsaritsyn was partially destroyed in the battle. How will you rebuild the areas hit hardest by the Cossack rebellion?

-Though the invasions of Circassia and the Safavid Empire were aided by the element of surprise, your troops only made limited progress and in the latter instance were defeated by a Persian army. This allowed Tabriz, the goal of the campaign, to fall into Turkish hands, as - in what appears to be a shocking coincidence - the Ottomans also chose to invade Persia last year. How will you direct the war with the Safavids in 1672?

-Your diplomatic mission to the court of Peking was received by the Qing Emperor, but before he is willing to agree to a trade deal or a non-aggression pact, he would first like to clarify the Sino-Russo border. Specifically, the disputes over Nerchinsk, Albazino, and Jaxa must be resolved to the Emperor’s satisfaction before friendly relations can be established. How will you attempt to reach a deal with the Qing on the border issue?

Brandenburg-Prussia:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Elector Frederick William, the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War has been received with great interest at court. If the Emperor chooses to intervene on the side of the Dutch, some of your advisors have stated that cooperating with him and joining in the fight could help patch up relations, which have been frosty in recent years. On the other hand, you have long received subsidies from the King of France, and these could dry up quickly if you pursue a policy hostile to his interests. What will be your stance on the Franco-Dutch War?

-Last year, the Hungarian rebellion continued to expand throughout the lands of the Austrian Habsburgs. Though you expressed to your council your vehement agreement with the rebel cause, no effective action was taken to support the kurucs. Will you continue to hope and pray for the success of the uprising from the sidelines, or decide to take direct action on behalf of your fellow Protestants?

-The deposition and killing of the Polish monarchs has created a stir in Eastern Europe. Due to its intestinal problems, Poland-Lithuania is now perceived by many as weak and ripe for attack, with the regicides as ample justification for any enterprising prince. Many of your advisors at court are now encouraging you to invade Polish Royal Prussia, and thus connect the states of Brandenburg and Ducal Prussia. Will you consider an attack on Poland-Lithuania?

Archduchy of Austria:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Emperor Leopold, the upheaval in neighboring Poland-Lithuania has had major reverberations in Austria. King Michael and his Queen, your half-sister Eleonore of Austria, were both murdered at the hands of Polish soldiers. Now, many at the Imperial court are calling for blood, demanding that you intervene in Poland to avenge Eleonore’s death. The new King, Sobieski, is also known to harbor pro-French tendencies, so removing him from power could have the added benefit of weakening the Sun King’s influence. How will you respond to the turmoil in Poland-Lithuania?

-The insurrection in Hungary and Croatia noticeably grew over the course of 1671. General Montecuccoli, try as he might, proved unsuccessful in repressing the rebels. Now, it is clear a new strategy must be attempted, but the way forward remains unclear. Some advisers suggest that you pull back on re-Catholicization, while others argue that only a crushing combination of military and religious force can cow the traitors. What will you do to quell the kuruc insurgents?

-West of the Empire, French troops have invaded the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Republic. The Spanish are fellow Habsburgs and close allies, and the Dutch - while heretics - are nevertheless a valuable check on French power and perhaps worth saving. Many at court are calling for Austria to intervene in their defense, but other voices have cautioned that with civil conflict at home and trouble in Poland, the realm should not overextend its military forces. Will you intervene in the Dutch war to defend the Republic?

[Wikipedia delenda est]

Ottoman Empire:

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

-Sultan Mehmed, your colonial project in New Holland came to an abrupt end when the supply convoy sent for its requisition was destroyed by a Danish fleet. In the ensuing fury at court, the viziers have argued with each other over the best response. One vizier has suggested that the entire Ottoman fleet be used to its full potential, inflicting massive and widespread attacks across Denmark’s entire colonial empire world to cripple the infidels and bring down upon them the wrath of Allah. Other viziers have been more cautious, suggesting that to avoid a larger naval confrontation it would be wiser to choose just one Danish target to strike. Meanwhile, the colonial expedition to occupy the Congo river basin also met with failure, as the natives were extremely hostile and drove back your men. In spite of these failures, the capture of Tangier was met with jubilation, though the English are reportedly very upset. What will be your overseas strategy for 1672?

-The newly begun war against the Safavids went extremely well in its first year, prompting celebrations across the Empire. The Army of Ahvaz defeated the Persians in battle and began a march toward Isfahan, almost reaching the city by the end of the year. To the north, the major city of Tabriz was captured, after which a bloody battle against the Persians was fought to a draw. If things continue as they have thus far, it is likely Isfahan will fall, perhaps ending hundreds of years of Safavid rule. How will you build on the successes of last year in the war against the Safavids?

-As observed from Constantinople, Eastern Europe endured major crises of stability last year. In Habsburg Hungary, the Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Emperor continued to grow and gain adherents. Though you have a treaty of non-aggression with the Austrians, some of your viziers are begging you to invade Hungary in support of the rebels, as they see a once in a generation opportunity to finally achieve the centuries-long dream of capturing Vienna. Further east, in Poland-Lithuania John Sobieski deposed the King and Queen of the Commonwealth, both of whom were later killed by soldiers. This, your other viziers argue, is a better situation to intervene in, as the realm is so unstable that it would be unlikely to resist effectively. What will your response be to the chaotic events in Eastern Europe?

Armies, Navies, and Locations

Kingdom of Spain
72,200 Men. 25,000 in Army of Iberia, 17,200 in Army of Flanders, 15,000 in Army of Lombardy, 15,000 in Army of Naples
(Can raise 33,000 more)
94 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of France
95,900 Men. 25,000 in Army of the Pyrenees, 45,900 in Army of Wallonia, 25,000 in Army of the Rhine
(Can raise 106,000 more)
83 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of England
5,000 Men in Army of England.
(Can raise 10,000 more)
100 Ships of the Line

United Provinces of the Netherlands
41,400 Men in Dutch States Army.
(Can raise 44,000 more)
113 Ships of the Line

Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
27,700 Men. 15,000 in Army of Denmark, 5,000 in Army of Norway, 2,000 in Army of the Caribbean, 2,200 in Army of Ghana, 2,000 in Army of India, 2,000 in Andaman/Indian garrisons, 500 in Army of Madagascar
(Can raise 8,500 more)
35 Ships of the line

Kingdom of Sweden
35,000 Men. 10,000 in Army of Sweden, 5,000 in Army of Pomerania, 10,000 in Army of the Baltic,
10,000 in Army of Finland
(Can raise 36,500 more)
35 Ships of the Line

Tsardom of Russia
68,100 Men. 14,200 in Army of Ruthenia, 12,600 in Army of Smolensk, 5,000 in Army of Siberia, 15,000 in Army of Kola, 21,300 in Army of Caucasus
(Can raise 6,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Brandenburg-Prussia
10,000 Men. 7,500 in Army of Brandenburg, 2,500 in Army of Prussia
(Can raise 25,000 more)
15 Ships of the Line

Archduchy of Austria
47,600 Men. 22,600 in Army of the Danube, 25,000 in Army of Germany
(Can raise 48,000 more)
0 Ships of the Line

Ottoman Empire
122,800 Men. 45,000 in Army of the Danube, 28,200 in Army of Mesopotamia, 30,700 in Army of the Caucasus, 9,800 in Army of North Africa, 8,500 in Army of Arabia
(Can raise 4,000 more)
73 Ships of the Line

[Wikipedia delenda est]

Treaty of Isfahan

1. A formal state of peace shall exist between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires.
2. The Ottoman Empire shall annex areas shown on the map below:

X Sultan Mehmed IV

The Safavid Shah has likewise signed the treaty.

[Wikipedia delenda est]

After successful negotiations, the representatives of the Russian Tsar are pleased to present the following revised Treaty of Ishafan to the Safavid Shah for his approval.

Treaty of Isfahan

1. A formal state of peace shall exist between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires.
2. A formal state of peace shall exist between the Russian Tsardom and Safavid Empire.
3. The Safavid Empire shall rescind its protection over the Circassian Confederation.
4. The Ottoman Empire and Russian Tsardom shall annex areas shown on the map below:

xAlexei, Tsar of Russia

The Safavid Shah has likewise signed the treaty.