Alternate US History (1788 onwards)
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #375 on: October 20, 2018, 09:35:07 AM »
« edited: November 25, 2018, 05:57:50 PM by West_Midlander »

Hughes' Second Cabinet
Vice President: Hiram Warren Johnson (R-CA)
Secretary of State: John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (R-MO)

Abating party progressives with his choice of Johnson for Vice President, Hughes decided to dismiss La Follette as his Secretary of State. Hughes chose his primary foe as Secretary of State in a bid for continued party unity.

Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew William Mellon (R-PA)
Secretary of War: Thomas Coleman du Pont (R-DE)
Attorney General: Lawrence Yates Sherman (R-IL)
Postmaster General: Harry Stewart New (R-IN)

Four year Senator and Former Chair of the RNC, Harry New was chosen to serve as Postmaster General.

Secretary of the Navy: John Wingate Weeks (R-MA)
Secretary of the Interior: Hubert Work (R-CO)

In this timeline, Hubert Work won the special Senate election in 1914. He was an outgoing one-term Senator in 1920 and did not seek reelection in 1920. He was tapped by Hughes to serve as Interior Secretary.

Secretary of Agriculture: David Franklin Houston (D-TX)

The Hughes administration, somewhat shaken by two resignations and a third cabinet member retiring at this time, chose one Democrat to serve in the cabinet for the sake of unity. Mr. David Franklin Houston served as the President of Texas A&M University from 1902 to 1905, and then as President of the University of Texas, Austin from 1905 to 1909. He narrowly lost the primary for Texas Commissioner of Education in 1910. In 1910, he became a rancher. Two years later he ran for State Senate and was elected. In 1916, he ran for Agriculture Commissioner of Texas and was elected. He was reelected in 1920 and swore into a second term on January 2nd before accepting a cabinet position as Secretary of Agriculture.

Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Clark Hoover (R-IA)
Secretary of Labor: James John Davis (R-PA)

Secretary Wallace retired. Secretary Brumbaugh and Secretary Cummins resigned from the cabinet, refusing to serve for another term.

US Ambassador to the UK: Theodore Elijah Burton (R-OH)

Hughes' loyal first term Vice President was chosen to serve as the US Ambassador to the United Kingdom.

President Hughes talked Senator Harding out of challenging Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R-MA) for the Senate leadership. Harding had aimed to increase visibility with his presidential bid in an effort to become Senator Majority Leader. Instead, Hughes offered him the Senator Majority Whip post and he accepted. Due to the lowered stress (less stress, little travel: too much killed him as President), Harding would live to the spring of 1925.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #376 on: October 20, 2018, 10:53:02 AM »
« Edited: October 20, 2018, 11:20:13 AM by West_Midlander »

The Supreme Court
Chief Justice John Hessin Clarke resigned from the Supreme Court in March of 1922. He resigned due to increasing deafness and irritability at became dissatisfied with the work he was doing on the court. The Democratic-leaning Clarke Court lasted from 1911 to 1922. Two other justices left the court, but in their cases, they were parted from the judiciary by death. Justice Thomas Walter Bickett died in December of 1921 and Justice Edward Douglass White died in May of that year. Clarke and Bickett's seats were filled in April of 1922. Douglass' seat was filled in July of 1921. Prior to these three justices departing the court, the Supreme Court consisted of 7 Democrats, 1 Republican, and 1 Independent.

The New Justices are:
#55. William Howard Taft (R-CT)
#56. George Sutherland (R-UT)
#57. Edward Terry Sanford (R-TN)

The new balance of the court is 5-4 Republican. William Howard Taft was nominated and confirmed as an Associate Justice in 1921 and became (nominated and confirmed) Chief Justice in 1922. After Chief Justice Clarke resigned, Independent Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. switched back to the Republicans, giving them control of the court.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #377 on: October 20, 2018, 10:56:43 AM »
« Edited: October 20, 2018, 12:28:24 PM by West_Midlander »

Canadian Affairs
On April 25, 1920, the London government handed down a law to the Commonwealth of Canada stating that any parties proposing the treasonous separation from Great Britain were hereby abolished. Any parties promoting radicalism were also hereby disbanded. The acts were called the Acts of Order.

A second law was forced onto the Ottawa Government giving the London Government the power to dissolve the Canadian Parliament and to reform and call it into session again. The Parliamentary Acts were used on the 1st of May, 1920 to dissolve the North American Unity-led Parliament and then the Parliament was recalled to Ottawa with all British-appointed members (Canadians) from the Conservative and Liberal parties. The Conservative leader Arthur Meighen was named acting Prime Minister until further notice.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police formed earlier that year, raided the headquarters of the North American Unity Party, the Labour Party, the Regional Coalition, and Canada's Party on the nights of May 5th to 10th, 1920. The British Party dissolved, viewing their aim as being achieved. No Independents were admitted to the new Canadian Parliament.

Rioting began to break out in Canadian cities and Montreal, Calgary, Edmonton, and many other cities and towns fell completely into chaos. The British Army landed in Eastern Canada to quell what was quickly becoming a rebellion. British forces landed first at Port Dufferin, Nova Scotia and then in neighboring towns and villages. By May 27, 1920, the British forces had reached Moncton, NB.

Rebel forces began organizing in Canada and resistance grew stiffer for advancing British forces. The rebels in Toronto crossed into Mississauga, Ontario and seized the city. Here, the 1st Canadian National Congress was declared and a Canadian Declaration of Independence. In August of 1920, the London Government sent more forces into Canada and declared the provinces of Canada in open rebellion.

Prime Minister Meighen, W.L. Mackenzie King, and other British sympathizers, especially former MPs fled behind British lines and were evacuated to the British Isles.

Leader Thomas Crerar of the Progressive Party (formed in January 1920) declared his support of the rebellion. The new Progressive Party of Canada supported social democracy, progressivism, populism, agrarianism, and was center-left. The United Farmers of Alberta (founded in 1909) and the United Farmers of Ontario (founded 1914) also supported the revolt.

The Hearst Family opened their large manor in Winnipeg, Manitoba to the injured soldiers of the Revolution. The Canadian National Army had been formed in October 1920 and Hearst, now nearly sixty gave speeches encouraging men to join the fight. Former President William Randolph Hearst evoked sentiments of America's own revolution, sometimes almost quoting:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all mankind is created equal, that we are endowed by our Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it and to institute new Government.

("all men are created equal" changed to "all mankind", and "Government are instituted among Men" with "among Men" struck; more gender equal).

Millicent Hearst formed the Manitoba Nurse Corps. She became a symbol of women's involvement in the war effort and was named an honorary member to the 1st Canadian National Congress.

In The United States
After an unsuccessful bid for US House in 1920 as a Democrat, Upton Sinclair was elected to the US Senate in 1922.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #378 on: October 20, 2018, 11:21:16 AM »

The Midterms
United States Senate elections, 1922
49 for a majority
Republican: 54 (-5)
Democratic-Left: 42 (+5)
The Republicans saw losses during the midterms but held onto the Senate.
United States House of Representatives elections, 1922
218 for a majority
Democratic-Left: 225 (+30)
Republican: 210 (-30)
The Republicans lost the US House.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #379 on: October 20, 2018, 02:30:34 PM »

Battles of the Canadian Revolutionary War
July 19, 1920 - The Battle of Rogersville - Strategic Canadian Victory

British forces moving up from Moncton, New Brunswick are pushed to retreat back to Moncton.

August 5, 1920 - Battle of Chipman - Pyrrhic British Victory

In another attempt to push Northwest, the British win the small village of Chipman near Grand Lake at a costly loss of lives.

August 7 - Battle of Saint-Paul - Canadian Victory

British forces had moved their lines up to Saint-Paul, about 2/5ths the way from Moncton to Rogersville. Canadian forces swept south toward Moncton to try to British forces south to the Atlantic Ocean at Sackville or elsewhere, and out of Moncton. A confrontation occurs at Saint-Paul on the way to Moncton and British forces retreat there. Canadian forces hold at Saint-Paul.

August 19 - Siege of Quebec City - Strategic British Victory

A large British force lands at Quebec City and makes a foothold in the city defeating a small militia there.

September 2 - Defence of Quebec City - Pyrrhic British Victory

Rebel forces march into Quebec City and outnumber the British. The British win a costly pyrrhic victory and Canadian forces retreat across the St. Lawrence River to Levis, Quebec.

September 4 - Skirmish at Doaktown - Canadian Victory

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, loyal to the Crown, engage a small group of Canadian soldiers between the villages of Doaktown and Blissfield, north of Chipman.

September 17 - Battle of Edmonton - Strategic Canadian Victory

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and an outpost of British troops in Western Canada make an assault on Edmonton, Alberta and are pushed back by a small rebel militia contingent and mostly civilians.
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« Reply #380 on: October 20, 2018, 02:53:30 PM »

Hope Sinclair does big things!
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #381 on: October 20, 2018, 09:29:52 PM »
« Edited: October 21, 2018, 04:37:47 PM by West_Midlander »

The War In Canada
October 2 - Battle of St-Raymond - Strategic British Victory

Driving a foothold into Quebec, heading west from Quebec City, British forces won a major engagement here.
November 15 - Battle of St-Tite - Strategic British Victory

After major preparations, British forces easily overtook the village of St-Tite against civilian resistance.

March 27, 1921 - Battle of Shawinigan - Pyrrhic Canadian Victory

Canadian forces prepared through the winter for a defense of Shawinigan. Despite heavy losses, the Canadians were able to keep the British from crossing the Saint-Maurice River.

May 5, 1921 - 2nd Battle of Chipman - Pyrrhic Canadian Victory

The Canadians pushed the British out of Chipman in the face of heavy losses. The British retreated to Washademoak.

July 10, 1921 - Siege of Lutes Mountain - Strategic Canadian Victory

The Canadians launched a surprise attack and quickly overtook the sparsely occupied village.

July 10, 1921 - Siege of Salisbury - Strategic Canadian Victory

The Canadian Army simultaneously launched an assault on Salisbury and forced the small group of British soldiers in that village to surrender. With two villages seized to the immediate West of Moncton, the British are expecting an attack soon and begin to dig in for the defense. They also contact London for reinforcements. Moncton is the headquarters of the British Army in the Maritime Provinces.

After the string of Canadian victories in Spring and Summer of 1921, American citizens began crossing over the border to enlist in the Canadian National Army. On July 22, 1921, the Canadian National Army issued a statement saying they would welcome any 'defenders of democracy across the world' to fight in their army with them for their independence.

Asked of Americans: Do you approve or disapprove of Canada's war against the United Kingdom?
Approve 38%
Disapprove 8%

Asked of Americans: Should the United States intervene in Canada's War?
No 30%
Yes 28%

Asked of Americans: Should Americans be allowed to volunteer for Canada's Army?
Yes 41%
No 25%

Flag of the Commonwealth of Canada (1917-present)


Flag of the Republic of Canada (1921-present)

The Canadian National Congress convened for the second time in Mississauga. The Republic of Canada was declared on August 10, 1921, and The Three Maple Flag was adopted on August 12, 1921. Millicent Hearst served as the Speaker of the 2nd National Congress in an honorary capacity. The 2nd National Congress convened on August 7th, 1921 and dissolved on December 10th, 1921. The Constitution of Canada was signed on December 8th, 1921.

On February 6th, 1922, Governor D. W. Davis (R-ID) signed into law the North American Brotherhood Act. The law, passed by large majorities in the Idaho State Legislature, authorized the Governor as Commander-In-Chief of the Idaho State Guard to intervene in the Canadian War of Independence. On February 13th, the Idaho State Guard crossed the Canadian Border, en route from Boise to Calgary. On February 15th, the State Guard reached their new post in Calgary. The Governor of Idaho sent all 400 militiamen into Canada and urged more Idahoans to enlist in the State Guard. The Governor of Montana permitted the Idaho State Guard to cross into Canada through Montana, in order to shorten their journey. While traveling through Idaho and Montana the State Guard flew the Stars and Stripes. Once onto Canadian soil, the State Guard raised The Three Maple Flag and the Idaho State Flag flew below it.

In March 1922, the Justice Department sought a charge of abuse of power against Governor Davis of Idaho. The 72 state legislators who voted for the North American Brotherhood Act stated they should be charged the same as Davis if he would be prosecuted. The next month, President Hughes encouraged the Attorney General to drop the charges. Attorney General Sherman obliged this request. In the next year's midterms, the Democrats would exploit this event as an example of the President and his administration backing down and being weak. Regardless of American sentiments on the Canada issue, they had a good attack to run with.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #382 on: October 21, 2018, 06:45:01 PM »

The War In Canada Continues
April 5, 1922 - Battle of Thunder Bay - Strategic Idahoan/Canadian Victory

The Idaho State Guard marched east through Saskatoon and continued through friendly territory to Winnipeg. The Idahoans were greeted with a hero's welcome to the Hearst Estate. The Idaho Governor had decided to send the State Guard east in order to assist more directly in the war effort, which was mostly taking place in the eastern part of Canada. On March 27, 1922, they arrived in Thunder Bay, Ontario. On April 5, 1922, British troops landed on the shores of Thunder Bay, having traversed the Great Lakes from Quebec City. With nowhere to turn, the British charged. Many British soldiers fell as they stormed the coast of Thunder Bay and the first few lake-facing streets. The small Canadian militia presence in the city and the Idaho State Guard quickly halted the assault and many surrendered. The remaining British fled to the wilds of Pie Island to the Southeast in Lake Superior.

April 8-May 10, 1922 - Siege of Pie Island - Pyrrhic Idahoan/Canadian Victory

The month-long siege of Pie Island ensued quickly after the rebels and their allies succeeded at Thunder Bay. Military leaders of the Thunder Bay victors feared if the British were allowed to retreat this would send a message that Canada was prime for a stronger invasion through the Great Lakes. In order to crush the prospect of a Western campaign, the Idaho State Guard and the Canadians hesitated just three days before attacking the island. After one month and two days, the British surrendered. The Canadians and Idahoans suffered heavy losses as the diminished British force was on the defensive on an undeveloped island. Some of the British forces were killed but the remainder surrendered.

July 17-18, 1922 - Battle of Mississauga - Inconclusive

In a major blow to Canadian morale, the 1st Canadian National Army Batallion failed to defeat a British loyalists regiment. The loyalists swept through Mississauga, the wartime Canadian rebel capital. They began to raze the city. Canadian forces engaged the loyalists and the loyalists made a strategic retreat to the undefended town to the south, Oakville. Neither side suffered large casualties.

Thomas Crerar
The Canadian Progressive Party leader Thomas Crerar enlisted in the Canadian National Army in 1921. In early 1922 he became a General in the CNA. From August 28 to December 5th, the Third Canadian Congress convened. At the third Congress, Millicent Hearst attended as the Speaker of the Congress. The Congress was attended by the members of Parliament that were ousted in 1920. The Third Congress elected General Thomas Crerar as Acting President. Crerar would serve as Acting President until an election could be held, once peace was achieved. Crerar proposed that the Congress remain unelected under the duress of war. The Senate and House of Representatives of Canada would be elected, replacing the current unicameral assembly, once peace was achieved. This motion was approved by acclamation. Crear proposed that if he died, as he opted to remain an active duty General, Speaker Hearst would becoming Acting President of Canada. The Congress confirmed Millicent Hearst as Speaker of this and any subsequent Congresses until peace was achieved. The Congress confirmed Hearst in her capacity as Speaker and to be first in the line of succession by acclamation. President Thomas Crerar, the 1st President of Canada, invited all patriot Canadian MPs elected to the 13th Canadian Parliament (1917-1921), to the Fourth Canadian Congress.

September 2-3, 1922 - Battle of Mapleton - Strategic Canadian Victory
General Crerar led the Canadian troops from Salisbury and Lutes Mountain toward Moncton. A small British detachment defending Mapleton confronted the advancing Crear and a battle occurred. Crerar's men suffered no losses and killed or took all their British foes as prisoners of war.

September 9-October 6, 1922 - The Northern Campaign - Strategic British Victory
Having feared a loss of Moncton, the British Armed Forces sought to distract and/or surround Crerar and the Canadian forces in The Maritimes. The British Army landed at Bathurst, NB and British loyalists rose up there and in Beresford, directly to the north. A siege of Beresford and Bathurst began and quickly took overran the cities. Civilians and patriot militias tried to defend the two settlements but suffered huge losses and most who survived were captured. A retreat was impossible at that point and the Canadian organization collapsed in the Northern Campaign. As the siege nearly ended in early October, Crerar had arrived and with reinforcements. Crerar rallied loyalist militia support from New Foundland & Labrador, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, and Quebec. The Northern Campaign was lost but Crerar was ready to retaliate. The President rested his men at Allardville, to the south of Bathurst. He had left about two-thirds of his Canadian regulars to defend at Mapleton, against the British forces in Moncton. Thus, he needed the reinforcements from volunteers across the country to attack Bathurst.

October 10-12, 1922 - The Battle of Bathurst - Strategic Canadian Victory

Crerar won a major victory at Bathurst days after the British siege was won. Suffering limited losses, the General-President liberated Bathurst and forced the British into a retreat. The British fled to Robertville and Dunlop, to the north. They worked on building a defensive line from Robertville to Dunlop to Beresford Beach.

October 17-November 17, 1922 - The Burning of Toronto - British Victory
British warships entered Lake Ontario and shelled Toronto, Mississauga, and other coastal cities and towns. A large group of British troops landed at the town of Ajax, east of Toronto. They then marched into Toronto and razed most non-residential parts of the city to the ground. The land attack was a surprise attack and by the time Canadian forces arrived in Toronto, British forces had passed into the town of Richmond Hill, to the north of Toronto. While civilian casualties were limited in this attack, this event served to greatly shift public opinion in Canada and the United States against the British.
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« Reply #383 on: October 30, 2018, 05:38:37 PM »

Jeez…
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #384 on: November 17, 2018, 11:13:54 AM »
« Edited: November 17, 2018, 09:21:55 PM by West_Midlander »

More Battles in Canada
December 1-2, 1922 - Battle of Mississauga Beach - British Victory
British forces landed via Lake Ontario at Mississauga Beach and defeated a large force (two rebel militia battalions). The British were outnumbered 3-8 and established a beachhead.
February 6-7, 1923 - Battle of Good Grief - Idahoan Victory
British loyalists based out of Banff, Alberta drive south into Idaho attempting a raid on the unincorporated community of Good Grief. The residents of Good Grief fought off the small force.

On February 10th, 1923, the Washington government requested an official apology for the incident. The London government refused on February 12th, stating that the perpetrators of the attack were loyalists and not officially enlisted to the British cause (military).

Vote below: Should the USA intervene in the Canadian Revolutionary War?
https://www.strawpoll.me/16862380
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #385 on: November 17, 2018, 09:58:13 PM »
« Edited: November 25, 2018, 06:09:20 PM by West_Midlander »

More Battles In Canada II
February 25, 1923: President Charles Evans Hughes deploys the National Guard to Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Washington (mostly border states) in addition to the Alaska territory, Columbia territory, Alberta territory, Saskatchewan territory, Ontario territory, and the New Brunswick territory. New York activates its state militia on February 27th.

March 4, 1923 - Battle of Pringle - Canadian / Idahoan Victory
2 platoons from the Idaho State Guard and 2 companies from the Canadian National Army defeated a single platoon of Canadian loyalists.

March 16, 1923 - Battle of Wolfe Island - Strategic British Victory
British ships flanked the small Canadian Navy consisting of a few ships, mostly commandeered from the British, and destroyed most of the unimposing fleet (those vessels that were unable to escape).

March 18-27 - Battle of St. Catharines - British Victory
After overrunning Niagara-on-the-Lake with no armed resistance, the British attempted to seize the Canadian stronghold of St. Catharines. Almost three hundred members of the Idaho State Guard assembled at St. Catharines to fight (almost 100 remained in the West of the country, marching east, having fought recently at the Battle of Pringle) Around 100 joined the fight from the Canadian National Army. About 60 Canadian patriot militiamen joined the fight from Ontario, around 40 had joined up from Quebec, around 50 had traveled from the Western provinces and an additional 50 or so had traveled to the area from the eastern provinces. Around 200 men from His Majesty's Army joined the fight and about 30 British loyalists joined the fray from Ontario, and an additional 20 from Quebec. After a hard fought battle and many losses on both sides, the Canadian side staged a strategic retreat west to the hamlet of Effingham. The British had won St. Catharines and hoped to hold onto the city in the face of large citizen unrest. They requested reinforcements as soon as possible.

May 8 - Battle of Burlington - British Victory
The British landed at Burlington, Ontario, threatening Mississauga (the Canadian capital). At least 1000 men fought on behalf of the CNA and the British Army, respectively. Partway through the battle reinforcements came to both sides by sea for the British and by land for the Canadians (militiamen). After the battle turned against them, hundreds of Canadians were taken as prisoners of war and the Canadians retreated to Oakville.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #386 on: November 20, 2018, 09:57:03 AM »
« Edited: November 20, 2018, 10:05:07 AM by West_Midlander »

The Affairs of Canada
June 1, 1923: 6 delegates from Canada arrived in Washington, D.C. Hughes called for a congressional vote on the status of Canada and a bill quickly sailed through committee to recognize that Republic. The delegates arrived officially as a diplomatic envoy though their real purpose was to request military and monetary aid. Hughes agreed to meet with the delegates privately and Secretary of War du Pont convinced President Hughes to oblige the Canadian effort. Hughes quietly ordered the War and Treasury departments to issue loans and arms, war materials, supplies, clothing, and food to the Republic of Canada on credit.

June Polling

Asked of Americans: Do you approve or disapprove of Canada's war against the United Kingdom?
Approve 55% (+17)
Disapprove 2% (-6)

Asked of Americans: Should the United States intervene in Canada's War?
Yes 40% (+12)
No 8% (-22)

June 10: Vote to recognize the Republic of Canada
US House: passed 262-20, 153 abstained or absent
Democrats in the House voted (for-against-abstained) 82-12-131, Republicans in the House voted 180-8-22
US Senate: passed 71-8, 17 abstained or absent
Democrats in the Senate voted 30-6-6, Republicans in the Senate voted 41-2-11

The United States turned their consulate in Mississauga into the national embassy of Canada. The State Department quickly transitioned the US consulates (to the United Kingdom) in Canada into Canadian ones. President Hughes sought to meet with Acting President Thomas Crerar. Crerar said they should speak over the phone and that a summit in person was too dangerous. President Hughes and the State Department concluded that he (Hughes) had diplomatic immunity. Crerar was not presented with the same privileges (being a largely unrecognized leader abroad especially by the British), and so Hughes resolved to come to him.

To Mississagua
President Hughes, Secretary of State Pershing, and two congressmen from each party would constitute the American delegation.

Acting President Thomas Crerar, the Acting Secretary of State, and Acting Speaker of the Congress Millicent Hearst constituted the Canadian delegation.

Both Presidents would meet privately as well as with the entire delegations.

The President's car had the Presidential flag on one side and the white peace flag on the other side of the front of the car.

The American delegation included other vehicles, hosting the congressmen and members of the Secret Service. The other cars fielded the US flag and the white flag.

British troops fired on the convoy. Secretary of State Pershing was shot and bled out before he could receive medical attention. President Hughes was shot but the bullet did not hit any vital organs and he survived, facing a swift recovery.

Following what was essentially an assassination attempt of the President, the Congress passed the 21st Amendment (what was the 25th amendment IOTL). The amendment was relatively quickly taken up by the states and added to the Constitution.

I failed to mention:
First Lady of the United States:    Antoinette Carter (Hughes, 1917-present)
Second Lady of the United States: None (Burton, 1917-1921), Minne L. McNeal (Johnson, 1921-present)
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #387 on: November 20, 2018, 11:49:08 AM »

Two Countries, One Future
August 2, 1923: President Hughes recovered and he and the four congressmen briefly met with the Canadian delegation in late July and then proceeded back to Washington. On July 5th, the New York Times had run with the headline, "Hero of WWI, SoS "Black Jack" Pershing Slain." The Washington Post ran with, "Sec. Pershing Killed, President Shot, White-Flagged, Peaceful Convoy Attacked - American Citizens Call For War."

President Hughes telephoned Vice President Johnson and then War Secretary du Pont to notify them of his intentions. He had an aide set up a typewriter in his car and when the delegation arrived in the capital, a declaration of war had been written. Britain had been silent after America's recognition of Canada, perhaps this was their retribution, Hughes thought to himself. Note: Johnson had been acting as the President in an unofficial capacity as the 25th amendment had not passed through a supermajority of the states yet. By the time the 25th would be added to the Constitution, officially, Hughes would be long returned to Washington. Hughes had always been a pacifistic man. He was long opposed to the Great War, but now he had been thrust into his own war (just as Wilson, an isolationist was thrust into WWI IOTL).

On August 14, 1923, Hughes returned to the capital and that morning, he introduced a plea for war to the US Congress. The bill swept through committee and both houses authorized the war that night.

Battles in Canada from May-August (during diplomatic developments)

May 15 - Battle of Milton - Canadian Victory
The Battle of Milton took place to consolidate the towns west of Mississauga under British control. Milton was a Canadian holding defended by over 400 Ontario militiamen. Around 6,000 CNA reinforcements arrived to aid them from nearby Mississauga, tipping the scales in this battle. Around 2,200 British troops stormed Milton from nearby Oakville and Burlington, expecting a quick victory.

May 29-May 31 - Battle of Moncton - Pyrrhic British Victory
Around 14,000 CNA troops and around 150 Canadian patriots (militiamen) attacked Moncton, the base of British operations in Eastern Canada. About 10,000 British troops and around 190 loyalists defended Moncton. 12,000 British troops landed at Shediac and rushed to the battle to reinforce the smaller defending force. The Canadians are repulsed. The British have defended Moncton but have lost many more men (proportionally and numerically) than their enemies.

(The following conflict was ignored on the British side and on the Canadian/American side was known as:)
July 9 - The Slaughter At Belleville
British troops fired on a peaceful diplomatic from the United States (with the white flag raised), killing Secretary of State Pershing, and injuring President Hughes. With government officials injured and their attackers numerous, the Secret Service made their priority escaping with all persons in the convoy rather than engaging the attackers.

Note: Britain suffered a troubling economic depression following the Great War in 1921 but by 1922 to 1923, their economy had begun to recover some. Britain had large outstanding war debts to the United States and reduced military spending following the end of the Great War because interest payments were very consuming (44% of GDP by the mid-1920s).

August 10 - Battle of Shediac - Canadian Victory
Nearly 2.3K Canadian troops descended upon Shediac, in an attempt to sever the quickest British supply line (esp. for landing reinforcements) from Moncton to the ocean. Around 5.8K British troops eventually assembled in Shediac, mostly reinforcements from Moncton. Canadians, emboldened by rumblings of American intervention, won in a numerical upset. The British were routed to Moncton, though several hundred were captured and many killed.
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« Reply #388 on: November 25, 2018, 06:48:38 PM »
« Edited: November 25, 2018, 08:47:01 PM by West_Midlander »

American Affairs
September 9th, 1923: President Hughes announced his bid for a third term, citing the need for political stability. The President had begun to hear rumblings that Gov. Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts wanted to challenge him, viewing his two terms as "enough" for any man to serve.

Sen. Harding endorsed the President on September 17th. Harding had wanted to run in 1924 but due to declining health, he did not and also took the opportunity to resign his Senate Minority Whip post. He would remain in the Senate until his death in 1925. (Harding is still alive ITTL).
Hughes offered him the Senator Majority Whip post and he accepted. Due to the lowered stress (less stress, little travel: too much killed him as President), Harding would live to the spring of 1925.
In late September, Vice President Johnson and the former Hughes cabinet member, Robert La Follette, endorsed Charles Evans Hughes. In October, Hughes invited Coolidge to the White House. Hughes convinced Coolidge to discard with the notion of running for President in 1924 and to instead consider a nomination to the prestigious post of Secretary of State. Coolidge thought on it and informed the President that he would take him up on his offer. In late October, Coolidge was confirmed as Hughes' Secretary of State. After his confirmation, SoS Coolidge endorsed Hughes. Fmr. Gov. Lowden of Illinois agreed that political stability was paramount and so endorsed the President in November. That same month, Sec. of Commerce Herbert Hoover endorsed the President. The President of Columbia, Nicholas Butler, announced a bid for the nomination also.

A wide Democratic field emerged in 1924. Fmr. Ambassador John Davis announced a bid for the nomination, as did 1920 candidate and Majority House Whip McAdoo. Catholic Gov. Al Smith and Sen. Oscar Underwood threw their hats into the ring. 1920 nominee James Cox declined another bid, due to his landslide loss to Hughes four years ago. Anti-Catholic Sen. Samuel Ralston ran. Sen. Carter Glass, now Senate Minority Leader, ran again. Henry Ford was a Democrat before 1918 (he was a party member 37 years if you count every year after he turned 18). He had only been a Republican for 5 years at this point in time. Ford viewed Hughes as impossible to topple in the primary and so registered with the Democrats once Hughes announced his intent to run for a third term. Shortly after, the industrialist declared his own bid for the presidency.

Other Democratic Candidates:
Sen. Pat Harrison
Sen. Woodbridge Ferris
Gov. Albert Ritchie
Sen. Joseph Taylor Robinson
Gov. Jonathan Davis
Gov. Charles W. Bryan
Gov. Fred H. Brown
Sen. Thomas Walsh
Mayor Martin Behrman
Sen. Royal Copeland
Rep. Cordell Hull

October In a crushing blow for the administration, ~5200 British troops defeated ~2200 New York State militiamen, occupying Buffalo. Another engagement took place at West Seneca, NY the next day. The British force of around 4000 defeated ~3100 militiamen. The retreating New York militia had been reinforced from nearby towns. The US National Guard and US Army were now rushing for New York. At least 400 militiamen defended against ~300 British troops in a guerrilla-style fight for the village of Orchard Park. The Americans were successful in the 19-day skirmish that stretched into November. A few days after this, around 8000 British troops overtook the National Guard force of 3000 defending the US border town of Saint John, NB. At the Second Battle of Orchard Park, a few hundred British troops defeated a smaller American force (militia and National Guard). At the Skirmish at East Seneca, 8 Armymen defeated 8 British soldiers. At the three-day, 3rd Battle of Orchard Park in December, around 3100 US Armymen defeated around 3600 combined British soldiers and Canadian loyalists.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #389 on: November 25, 2018, 08:52:48 PM »

It's America's War, Now
On New Years Day, around 6100 American forces defeat over 5000 defending British soldiers at the Second Battle of West Seneca. At the village of Sloan, on January 29, 450 Americans forced a retreat of ~500 defending British to Buffalo proper. On January 30, the 2nd Battle of Buffalo began. The US Army had arrived in full force and 11.1K US army-men defeated 11.2K British soldiers. The near equally matched forces battled until April 15, 1924. All organized British forces in New York were forced to retreat into Canada.

New Hampshire GOP Caucus Butler def. Hughes 58-32, 10% threshold dictates Butler leads delegates gained there 5-3. Newspaper headline, "NH upset: Landslide against Pres. Hughes; a one-off or a trend?"

NH Democratic-Left Caucus Win for incumbent Governor Fred Brown, the favorite son of New Hampshire. WTA distribution here entitles Brown to all eight delegates.

Polls Butler remains in single digits nationally. McAdoo's lead evaporated, Smith now leads by one. Henry Ford polls fourth place.

Republican Primaries MN Caucus: 95-5 victory for Hughes, Butler did not reach the 10% threshold for delegates. It is widely assumed Butler put all his campaign resources into early New Hampshire and that his campaign has no real momentum. In the ND primary, Hughes defeated Butler 96-4. ND also had a 10% threshold. In VA, Hughes won 96-4 and Butler once again fell short of 10%.

ND Primary Underwood wins by 9 points in ND. ND was a winner-take-all state. McAdoo regains his lead (of one). Davis is four points behind Smith. McAdoo and Smith are considered to be the frontrunners, but some consider Davis among them, as Davis is rising in the polls.

SD Primary 98-2, Butler remains below the 10% threshold.

SD Primary Henry Ford wins WTA state of South Dakota, a margin of victory of 1.2%; receives all delegates.

WI Primary 97-3 (10% threshold)

WI Primary Gov. Al Smith defeats Senate Minority Leader Carter Glass by 0.5%, wins all delegates.

Republican Primaries Butler takes a decent share of the vote (22.5%) in the President's home state. He breaks the 10% threshold, taking 20 delegates. Butler wins a stunning upset in Michigan, 52-48%. With a 10% threshold there, he leads the Michigan delegation 16-14. Illinois: The President wins 95-5 (10% threshold). 89-11 in Nebraska. Butler once again departs from his usual single digits, breaking the 10% threshold narrowly, and receiving 2 delegates.

Democratic Primaries In a shocking upset, incumbent Governor Al Smith of New York lost his home state by nearly 2%. Copeland took all 90 delegates in his own home state of New York. Ferris won his home state of Michigan 36-28 and took all 30 delegates (WTA). Davis took all 58 in Illinois. Henry Ford won in Nebraska, taking all delegates. This was a crushing blow to Governor Charles Bryan of Nebraska, brother of fellow statesman William Jennings Bryan. The race takes a new shape: Davis is the poll leader by three, following by Smith and McAdoo (tied), Underwood and Ford are tied after them. Ford lost his home state of Michigan and declined in the polls enough for Michigan runner-up, Underwood, to tie him in the post-primary day polls.

Note: Some of the images I uploaded for this TL were uploaded to Flickr (since the beginning) and do not appear (at least for me) as of at least today. Everything is there in Chrome though.
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Junior Chimp
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« Reply #390 on: November 25, 2018, 09:33:02 PM »

The Road To The Convention
I had typed up the next installment and then pressed the back button and lost it. To summate:

Republicans - President Hughes wins the next string of states, but in a few states, Butler does pretty well, reaching into the 10s once more and breaking 30% twice. Hughes now polls 80% of the Republican vote, but Butler is up to 12%.

Democrats - Winner / State
Smith / NJ
Harrison / PA
Underwood / MA
Bryan / OH
Underwood / CA - McAdoo comes in 10th place in his home state.

Democratic-Left Poll: John Davis 11, McAdoo 10, Smith, 10, Underwood, 9, Ford 7, Glass 6, Bryan 6, Ferris 5, Copeland 5, Robinson 5, Ritchie 5, Harrison 4, Hull 4, Brown 3, Ralston 2, Jonathan Davis 2, Behrman 2, Walsh 2
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Junior Chimp
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« Reply #391 on: December 21, 2018, 11:39:21 AM »

I made an error earlier in this TL regarding the constitutional amendments for the direct election of Senators and female suffrage. I was under the assumption that constitutional amendments required 2/3rds of state legislatures to ratify. In fact, amendments require 3/4ths of state legislatures. I believe the 2/3rds number is used if state legislatures call for constitutional conventions that are successful. To avoid amending a lot of posts, please read those previous sections as state legislatures (2/3rds+) calling for state constitutional conventions that would be successful due to high popularity of the amendments among the general populace. Typically, legislators are to the right of the populace (slow to change and reform things), so this could be the case.

Thanks for reading.

The next section of the timeline is below.

The Conventions
Republican Primaries, 1924
491 delegates to win

✓ President Charles Evans Hughes, 87.3%, 900 delegates, 46 states ★
Mr. Nicholas Butler, 12.7%, 81 delegates, 2 states X

Republican National Convention 1924
City: Berlin, NH
Keynote Speaker: Robert La Follette (R-WI)
Nominee: Pres. Charles Evans Hughes (R-NY) / VP Hiram Johnson (R-CA)
Convention City Runners-Up: Grand Rapids, MI; Port Jervis, NY (on the NY-PA border)

Democratic Primaries, 1924
533 delegates to win
Former Ambassador John Davis, 9.8%, 230 delegates ★
Senator Oscar Underwood, 8.0%, 130 delegates ★
Senator Pat Harrison, 5.7%, 96 delegates ★
Governor Al Smith, 9.0%, 90 delegates X
Senator Royal Copeland, 5.0%, 90 delegates ★
Governor Charles Bryan, 6.5%, 72 delegates ★
Majority House Whip William McAdoo, 8.4%, 68 delegates X
Senator Woodbridge Ferris, 5.7%, 66 delegates ★
Governor Joseph Robinson, 5.6%, 64 delegates ★
Representative Cordell Hull, 5.3%, 48 delegates ★
Mr. Henry Ford, 5.2%, 26 delegates X
Senate Minority Leader Carter Glass, 6.2%, 24 delegates ★
Mayor Martin Behrman 2.4%, 20 delegates ★
Governor Albert Ritchie, 5.2%, 16 delegates ★
Senator Thomas Walsh, 2.4%, 16 delegates ★
Governor Fred Brown, 3.8%, 8 delegates ★
Governor Jonathan Davis, 3.3%, 0 delegates X
Senator Samuel Ralston, 2.3%, 0 delegates X

Interestingly, John Davis won the popular vote, the delegate count (plurality), and won twice as many states as any other candidate. Favorite sons were fairly common, though Al Smith and Henry Ford won other states and narrowly lost their own home states. Ralston came third in his native Indiana. Jonathan Davis lost by a few points to the other Davis in Kansas, his own home state. McAdoo lost a landslide in his home of California, coming in tenth. Xs denote candidates who lost their home states while stars denote those they won.

Democratic National Convention
The Democrats greatly feared the division that would follow from the great contested convention of 1924. As a result, DNC leaders pushed the convention into John Davis' native West Virginia in an attempt to boost him at the convention.

City: Charleston, WV
Keynote Speaker (Speaking after nominee chosen): James Cox (Cox was expected to endorse whoever the nominee was in a show of unity. He had made no endorsement during the primary).

Vote for Nominee, 2nd Round (1st Round Above): Davis 230, Underwood 130, Harrison 96, Copeland 90, Smith 90, Bryan 72, McAdoo 68, Ferris 66, Robinson 64, Hull 48, Behrman 28, Ford 26, Glass 24, Ritchie 16, Walsh 16.

Preceding the convention, Governor Davis threw his support behind Governor Bryan of neighboring Nebraska. Ralston, who also received zero delegates, endorsed frontrunner John Davis. After the first round, Governor Brown was eliminated and endorsed Mayor of New Orleans, Martin Behrman.

Vote for Nominee, 3rd Round: Davis 230, Underwood 130, Smith 106, Harrison 96, Copeland 90, Bryan 72, McAdoo 68, Ferris 66, Robinson 64, Hull 48, Glass 40, Behrman 28, Ford 26

Al Smith took third as Sen. Walsh endorsed him and gave him his 16 delegates. Also standing at 16, Governor Ritchie was eliminated and endorsed Glass. McAdoo, who began the race almost as the presumptive nominee, entered the Convention Hall in seventh place in delegates. McAdoo and his supporters were severely demoralized, and this effect was heightened when endorsements continued to fail to come in for the House Whip. Senator Minority Leader Glass' base shrank from 1920 but he blamed this on a much larger field.

Vote for Nominee, 4th Round: Davis 230, Underwood 130, Smith 106, Bryan 98, Harrison 96, Copeland 90, McAdoo 68, Ferris 66, Robinson 64, Hull 48, Glass 40, Behrman 28

Vote for Nominee, 5th Round: Davis 230, Underwood 130, Copeland 118, Smith 106, Bryan 98, Harrison 96, McAdoo 68, Ferris 66, Robinson 64, Hull 48, Glass 40

Ford endorsed Bryan after being eliminated. Behrman endorsed Copeland. Copeland, a fellow New Yorker, who narrowly bested Governor Smith there, surpassed him in delegates. Smith's camp was overjoyed when they soared to third place earlier in the voting but now Copeland took third, and was 12 delegates ahead of them. Note: FDR was a popular choice for Keynote Speaker but as he endorsed Smith, an unlikely man to win the nomination, the DNC went with the safer, James Cox.

Vote for Nominee, 6th Round: Davis 230, Underwood 130, Copeland 118, Smith 106, Robinson 104, Bryan 98, Harrison 96, McAdoo 68, Ferris 66, Hull 48

Vote for Nominee, 7th Round: Davis 230, Robinson 152, Underwood 130, Copeland 118, Smith 106, Bryan 98, Harrison 96, McAdoo 68, Ferris 66

Vote for Nominee, 8th Round: Davis 230, Robinson 218, Underwood 130, Copeland 118, Smith 106, Bryan 98, Harrison 96, McAdoo 68

Glass, Ferris, and Hull endorsed Robinson. Democrats are stunned as McAdoo, former frontrunner, eliminated. McAdoo delegates shifted to Harrison with his endorsement in the 9th round.


Vote for Nominee, 9th Round: Davis 230, Robinson 218, Harrison 164, Underwood 130, Copeland 118, Smith 106, Bryan 98

Vote for Nominee, 10th Round: Robinson 316, Davis 230, Harrison 164, Underwood 130, Copeland 118, Smith 106

Robinson took the delegate lead as Bryan endorses him. Smith endorsed Underwood. FDR, a guest to the convention, endorsed Robinson after Smith was eliminated.

Vote for Nominee, 11th Round: Robinson 316, Underwood 236, Davis 230, Harrison 164, Copeland 118

DNC leaders uneasy as Davis fades to third, chance that he may be eliminated if Copeland endorses Harrison.

Vote for Nominee, 12th Round: Robinson 316, Harrison 282, Underwood 236, Davis 230

Davis endorsed Harrison in hopes of the running mate slot.

Vote for Nominee, 13th Round: Robinson 552, Harrison 512
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Junior Chimp
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« Reply #392 on: March 12, 2023, 02:33:30 PM »
« Edited: March 14, 2023, 09:22:24 AM by West_Midlander »

The War's End

In the spring of 1925, the fighting turned in America's favor, and the war was won by 1927. A narrow majority of Congress opposed the complete annexation of Canada and a slim majority of Canadians concurred. British Columbia was retained as a U.S. territory until 1935 when it was ceded to Canada. The U.S. and Canada, meanwhile, were considered "twin republics" after a Compact of Free Association, entailing free trade and freedom of movement, was signed between the two countries in early 1928. In the early 1950s, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines became independent under a similar agreement (i.e., a CoFA). Mexico joined what was informally known as the Pacific Accord (the Compact between the five nations) in the 1980s. The US also ceded Baja California to Mexico in 1947 after a popular referendum there won the support of 56% of residents and in which 61% of eligible voters voted.

The Canadian annexation movement in Canada collapsed in 1927, weeks after the war was won, after revalation that the Hearst family had funded pro-American agitation in the country. However, relations improved enough for the two countries to enter close diplomatic relations in 1928. Pro-American sentiment recovered but pro-annexation sentiment never did. In the early 1930s, the Hearst family returned to New York but the Hearst-Canada Scandal, as it was known, forever retired the family from politics.
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West_Midlander
Junior Chimp
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« Reply #393 on: March 12, 2023, 02:45:01 PM »
« Edited: March 14, 2023, 08:23:28 AM by West_Midlander »

The 1924 Election

Although Hughes was running for his third term, the rally-around-the-flag effect was powerful, allowing him a third term with solid support outside of the South. In this election, La Follette was a write-in candidate, although he campaigned for Hughes, and he won 7% of the overall vote in his native Wisconsin.

Tragedy struck, however, when President Hughes was killed by a landmine on a battlefield he was visiting in northern New York in March 1925. This event launched Hiram Johnson into the presidency and was thought by later historians to be a contributing factor in America's increasing pace of victory against the British since the war became one of expanding democracy, international brotherhood with Canadians, and the liberation of that country, and finally one of defense of America's slain President who became a martyr of the country and the cause.


Charles Evans Hughes - 51.36% (-0.50%)
Joseph T. Robinson - 44.59% (-3.55%)

United States Senate elections, 1924
49/96 for a majority
Republican: 50 (-4)
Democratic-Left: 46 (+4)

United States House of Representatives elections, 1924
218/435 for a majority
Republican: 220 (+10)
Democratic-Left: 215 (-10)

The Republicans gained a trifecta despite losses in the Senate.
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