List of Alternate Presidents 2.0.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

Victory in the War of Independence would not secure the longevity of the United States, as old rivalries and mounting tensions within and between the newly independent states defied the ability of its framers to hold the confederation together. Efforts to reform the flimsy Articles of Confederation in 1786 and 1787 failed, and the increasingly irrelevant Congress never met after 1791. This left the former colonies to a bitter struggle for allies and influence, as Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts—leading a reorganized New England Confederation—emerged as the major powers on the eastern seaboard.

Unwilling to be pawns of the eastern states, in 1790 settlers west of the Appalachians declared independence with the diplomatic support of Spain, establishing a republic with claim to the territory along the Ohio River. Through an alliance with the Indian Nations, Virginia managed to subdue the first revolt by 1793; but a second Ohio Republic gained independence in 1797, comprising the territory of the Kentucky and Illinois Counties, with its capital at Frankfurt and, later, Corydon.

PRESIDENTS of the ILLINOIS CONGRESS
1. Harvey Heth (Unaffiliated) 1790 – 1792
2. Francis Vigo (Unaffiliated) 1792 – 1792
3. Dennis Pennington (Unaffiliated) 1792 – 1793

PRESIDENTS of OHIO
1. Benjamin Logan (Unaffiliated) 1795 – 1798
2. Josiah Harmar (Unaffiliated) 1798 – 1799
3. Daniel Boone (Unaffiliated) 1799 – 1802
4. Isaac Shelby (Unaffiliated) 1802 – 1804
5. Squire Boone (Unaffiliated) 1804 – 1806
6. William Clark (Unaffiliated) 1806 – 1809
7. Daniel Boone (Unaffiliated) 1809 – 1812
8. John Adair (Unaffiliated) 1812 – 1815
9. Thomas Posey (Unaffiliated) 1815 – 1816
10. Jonathan Jennings (Unaffiliated) 1816 – 1824
11. John Tipton (Unaffiliated) 1824 – 1827
12. Thomas Metcalfe (Constitutional) 1827 – 1833
13. Noah Noble (Constitutional) 1833 – 1839
14. Henry Clay (Constitutional) 1839 – 1842
16. James Whitcomb (Democratic) 1842 – 1849
17. Joseph Albert Wright (Democratic) 1849 – 1857
18. Stephen Arnold Douglas (Constitutional) 1857 – 1861
19. John Cabell Breckinridge (Constitutional) 1861 – 1865
20. James Harrison Cravens (Democratic) 1865 – 1869
21. Isaac Pusey Gray (Democratic, Liberal) 1869 – 1877
22. William Boyd Allison (Liberal) 1877 – 1885
23. Whitelaw Reid (Conservative) 1885 – 1893
24. Adlai Ewing Stevenson I (Liberal) 1893 – 1897
25. William O'Connell Bradley (Conservative) 1897 – 1905
26. William McKinley (Conservative) 1905 – 1909
27. Adlai Ewing Stevenson I (Liberal) 1909 – 1913
28. Thomas Riley Marshall (Liberal) 1913 – 1918 *
—. Thomas Taggart (Liberal) 1918 – 1918
29. Warren Gamaliel Harding (Conservative) 1918 – 1922
30. Frank Orren Lowden (Conservative) 1922 – 1930
31. Benjamin Hanford (Farmer-Labor) 1930 – 1938
32. Frederic Faries Heath (Farmer-Labor) 1938 – 1942
33. Wendell Lewis Willkie (Conservative) 1942 – 1944 †
—. Arthur Vandenburg (Conservative) 1944 – 1944
34. John William Bricker (Conservative) 1944 – 1952
35. Kingsley Arter Taft (Conservative) 1952 – 1960
36. Matthew Empson Welsh (Social Democratic) 1960 – 1968
37. Birch Evans Bayh II (Social Democratic) 1968 – 1976
38. Louie Broady Nunn (National Conservative) 1976 – 1980
39. Adlai Ewing Stevenson III (Social Democratic) 1980 – 1984
40. Louie Broady Nunn (National Conservative) 1984 – 1988
41. Adlai Ewing Stevenson III (Social Democratic) 1988 – 1992
42. Hillary Dianne Rodham (Social Democratic) 1992 – 1996
43. John Richard Kasich (National Conservative) 1996 – 2004
44. Daniel Ray Coats (National Conservative) 2004 – 2008
45. Sherrod Campbell Brown (Social Democratic) 2008 – 2016
46. Susan Wiant Brooks (National Conservative) 2016 – Incumbent

* Resigned     † Died in office

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
28. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, New Jersey) 1913 – 1919 †
29. Thomas Riley Marshall (Democratic, Indiana) 1919 – 1921
30. Henry Ford (American, Michigan) 1921 – 1925
31. John Calvin Coolidge (Progressive Conservative, Massachusetts) 1925 – 1933
32. Eleanor Roosevelt (Democratic—Social Democratic, New York) 1933 – 1941
33. Wendell Lewis Wilkie (Independent, Indiana) 1941 – 1944 †
34. Alfred Mossman Landon (Progressive Conservative, Kansas) 1944 – 1949
35. William Orville Douglass (Social Democratic, Minnesota) 1949 – 1953
36. Dwight David Eisenhower (Independent, Kansas) 1953 – 1957
37. Earl Warren (Progressive Conservative, California) 1957 – 1961
38. Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democratic, Texas) 1961 – 1969
39. George Wilcken Romney (Christian Democratic, Michigan) 1969 – 1977
40. James Earl Carter (Christian Democratic, Georgia) 1977 – 1981
41. John Bayard Anderson (Independent, Illinois) 1981 – 1985
42. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Social Democratic, New York) 1985 – 1993
43. Richard Green Lugar (Independent, Indiana) 1993 – 2001
44. John Forbes Kerry (Social Democratic, Massachusetts) 2001 – 2005
45. John Sidney McCain (Independent, Arizona) 2005 – 2013
46. Willard Mitt Romney (Independent, Massachusetts) 2013 – 2017
47. Bernard Sanders (Green, Vermont) 2017 – Incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

If the top vote-getter from the primaries faced the runner-up in every general election since 1960.

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
35. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1961 – 1963 ‡
def. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican), 1960
36. Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democratic, Texas) 1963 – 1965^
37. Nelson Rockefeller (Republican, New York) 1965 – 1969^
def. Barry Morris Goldwater (Republican), 1964
38. Robert Francis Kennedy (Democratic, New York) 1969 – 1973
def. Eugene Joseph McCarthy (Democratic), 1968
39. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, California) 1973 – 1974 *
def. Hubert Horatio Humphrey (Democratic), 1972
40. Gerald Rudolph Ford (Republican, Michigan) 1974 – 1977 ˚
41. James Earl Carter (Democratic, Georgia) 1977 – 1981 ˚
def. Gerald Rudolph Ford (Republican), 1976
42. Ronald Wilson Reagan (Republican, California) 1981 – 1985^
def. James Earl Carter (Democratic), 1980
43. Walter Frederick Mondale (Democratic, Minnesota) 1985 – 1989
def. Gary Warren Hart (Democratic), 1984
44. George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican, Texas) 1989 – 1993 ˚
def. Michael Stanley Dukakis (Democratic), 1988
45. William Jefferson Clinton (Democratic, Arkansas) 1993 – 2001
def. George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican), 1992; Robert Joseph Dole (Republican), 1996
46. Albert Arnold Gore (Democratic, Tennessee) 2001 – 2005
def. George Walker Bush (Republican), 2000
47. George Walker Bush (Republican, Texas) 2005 – 2009
def. John Forbes Kerry (Democratic), 2004
48. Barack Hussein Obama (Democratic, Illinois) 2009 – 2017
def. Hillary Dianne Rodham Clinton (Democratic), 2008; Willard Mitt Romney (Republican), 2012
49. Hillary Dianne Rodham Clinton (Democratic) 2017 – Incumbent
def. Donald John Trump (Republican), 2016

‡ Assassinated          ^ Defeated in primary          ˚ Defeated in runoff          * Resigned

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
44. Barack Hussein Obama (Democratic, Illinois) January 20, 2009 – November 8, 2016 †
45. Giant Meteor From Space (Apocalypse Now!, Asteroid Belt) November 8, 2016
46. A Cockroach (Robert J. Oppenheimer, New Mexico) November 9, 2016 – Incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
25. William McKinley (Republican, Ohio) 1897 – 1901‡
26. Charles Warren Lippitt (Republican, Rhode Island) 1901 – 1905
27. Alton Brooks Parker (Democratic, New York) 1905 – 1909
28. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican, Massachusetts) 1909 – 1917
29. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic, Nebraska) 1917 – 1923 †
30. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic, New York) 1923 – 1925
31. Frank Orren Lowden (Republican, Illinois) 1925 – 1933
32. Charles Gates Dawes (Republican, Ohio) 1933 – 1937
33. Wendell Lewis Willkie (Democratic, Indiana) 1937 – 1941
34. Alfred Mossman Landon (Republican, Kansas) 1941 – 1949
35. William Averell Harriman (Democratic, New York) 1949 – 1953
36. Earl Warren (Republican, California) 1953 – 1957
37. John FitzGerald Kennedy (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1957 – 1965
38. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (Republican, New York) 1965 – 1973
39. George Wilcken Romney (Republican, Michigan) 1973 – 1977
40. Lloyd Millard Bentsen (Democratic, Texas) 1977 – 1985
41. Lowell Palmer Weicker (Republican, Connecticut) 1985 – 1989
42. Albert Arnold Gore (Democratic, Tennessee) 1989 – 1997
43. Edmund Gerald Brown (Democratic, California) 1997 – 2001
44. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (Republican, Illinois) 2001 – 2005
45. Edmund Gerald Brown (Democratic, California) 2005 – 2009
46. John Forbes Kerry (Democratic, Massachusetts) 2009 – 2013
47. Willard Mitt Romney (Republican, Michigan) 2013–Incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

FIRST MINISTERS of the UNITED STATES
1. Alexander Hamilton (Federalist majority | Federalist) 1789 – 1792
–. Alexander Hamilton (Federalist minority | Federalist) 1792 – 1795
2. Timothy Pickering (Federalist minority | Federalist) 1795 – 1797
–. Timothy Pickering (Federalist majority | Federalist) 1797 – 1800
3. John Marshall (Federalist majority | Federalist) 1800 – 1801
4. James Madison (Republican majority | Republican) 1801 – 1809
5. Robert Smith (Republican majority | Republican) 1809 – 1811
6. James Monroe (Republican majority | Republican) 1811 – 1817
7. John Quincy Adams (Republican majority | National Republican) 1817 – 1825
8. Henry Clay (Republican majority | National Republican) 1825 – 1827
–. Henry Clay (National Republican minority | National Republican) 1827 – 1829
9. Martin Van Buren (Democratic Republican majority | Democratic Republican) 1829 – 1831
10. Edward Livingston (Democratic Republican majority | Democratic Republican) 1831 – 1833
–. Martin Van Buren (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1833 – 1837
12. John Forsyth (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1837 – 1839
13. John Bell (Whig–Anti-Masonic minority coalition | Whig) 1839 – 1841
–. Henry Clay (Whig majority | Whig) 1841 – 1841
14. Daniel Webster (Administration–Democratic minority coalition | Whig) 1841 – 1843
15. John Caldwell Calhoun (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1843 – 1845
16. James Buchanan (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1845 – 1847
17. Robert Charles Winthrop (Whig majority | Whig) 1847 – 1849
–. Henry Clay (Whig minority | Whig) 1849 – 1850
–. Daniel Webster (Whig minority | Whig) 1850 – 1851
18. Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1851 – 1855
19. Nathaniel Prentice Banks (Whig–American–Anti-Nebraska majority coalition | American) 1855 – 1857
20. Lewis Cass (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1857 – 1859
21. William Pennington (Republican–American majority coalition | Republican) 1859 – 1861
22. William Henry Seward (Republican majority | Republican) 1861 – 1863
–. William Henry Seward (Republican–Unionist majority coalition | Republican) 1863 – 1865
–. William Henry Seward (Republican majority | Republican) 1865 – 1869
23. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican majority | Republican) 1869 – 1875
24. Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1875 – 1877
25. Samuel Jones Tilden (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1877 – 1881
–. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican majority | Republican) 1881 – 1883
26. John Griffin Carlisle (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1883 – 1889
–. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican majority | Republican) 1889 – 1891
–. John Griffin Carlisle (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1891 – 1895
27. William McKinley (Republican majority | Republican) 1895 – 1901 ‡
28. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican majority | Republican) 1901 – 1911
29. James Beauchamp Clark (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1911 – 1917
30. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican majority | Republican) 1917 – 1924 †
31. John Calvin Coolidge (Republican majority | Republican) 1924 – 1929
32. Herbert Clark Hoover (Republican majority | Republican) 1929 – 1930
33. Joseph Taylor Robinson (Democratic minority | Democratic) 1930 – 1933
34. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1933 – 1942
–. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (National Government majority | Democratic) 1942 – 1945 †
35. Harry S. Truman (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1945 – 1946
36. Robert Alphonso Taft (Republican majority | Republican) 1946 – 1948
37. Harry S. Truman (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1948 – 1952
38. Joseph William Martin (Republican majority | Republican) 1952 – 1954
39. Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1954 – 1968
40. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican minority | Republican) 1968 – 1974
41. Gerald Rudolph Ford (Republican minority | Republican) 1974 – 1974
42. Thomas Phillip O'Neil (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1974 – 1980
43. Ronald Wilson Reagan (Republican minority | Republican) 1980 – 1982
–. Thomas Phillip O'Neil (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1982 – 1984
–. Ronald Wilson Reagan (Republican minority | Republican) 1984 – 1988
44. Thomas Stephen Foley (Democratic majority | Democratic) 1988 – 1994
45. Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican majority | Republican) 1994 – 1998
46. Richard Keith Armey (Republican majority | Republican) 1998 – 2000
47. Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican majority | Republican) 2000 – 2006
48. Hillary Dianne Rodham Clinton (Democratic majority | Democratic) 2006 – 2008
49. Barack Hussein Obama (Democratic majority | Democratic) 2008 – 2010
50. John Andrew Boehner (Republican majority | Republican) 2010 – 2012
–. Barack Hussein Obama (Democratic minority | Democratic) 2010 – 2014
51. John Andrew Boehner (Republican majority | Republican) 2014 – 2015
52. Paul Davis Ryan (Republican majority | Republican) 2015 – 2018
53. Nancy Patricia Pelosi (Democratic majority | Democratic) 2018 – present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
25. William McKinley (Republican, Ohio) 1897 – 1901 ‡
26. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, New York) 1901 – 1909
27. William Howard Taft (Republican, Ohio) 1901 – 1913
28. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, New York) 1913 – 1916 †
29. Albert Jeremiah Beveridge (Republican, Indiana) 1916 – 1917
30. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, New Jersey) 1917 – 1919 *
31. Alexander Mitchell Palmer (Independent, Pennsylvania) 1919 – 1920 §
32. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican, Massachusetts) 1920 – 1921
33. William Gibbs McAdoo (Democratic, New York) 1921 – 1923 ˚
34. William Edgar Borah (Progressive, Idaho) 1923 – 1925
35. Henry Ford (National People's, Michigan) 1925 – 1927 †
36. Robert Sterling Clark (National People's, New York) 1927 – 1930 ^
37. Douglas MacArthur (Military, Arkansas) 1930 – 1964
38. Curtis E. LeMay (National People's, Ohio) 1964 – 1968 ^
39. Everett McKinley Dirksen (National People's, Illinois) 1968 – 1969 §
40. Hubert Horatio Humphrey (Democratic Action, Minnesota) 1969 – 1970
41. Martin Luther King (Socialist, Alabama) 1970 – 1976
42. Birch Evans Bayh (Democratic Alliance, Indiana) 1976 – 1988
43. George Herbert Walker Bush (Christian Democratic, Connecticut) 1988 – 1994
44. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Social Democratic, New York) 1994 – 2006
45. William Jefferson Blythe (Liberal Democratic, Arkansas) 2006 – 2012
46. Willard Mitt Romney (Christian Democratic, Michigan) 2012 – 2018
47. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Socialist, New York) 2018 – incumbent

‡ Assassinated     † Died in office of natural causes     * Incapacitated and removed from office     
§ Resigned     ˚ Impeached     ^ Deposed

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

FIRST CITIZENS of the UNITED STATES
1893 – 1937     John Davison Rockefeller I
1937 – 1960     John Davison Rockefeller II
1960 – 1978     John Davison Rockefeller III
1978 –             John Davison Rockefeller IV

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
45. Donald John Trump (Republican, New York) 2017 – 2023 †
46. Michael Richard Pence (Republican, Indiana) 2023 – 2025
47. Jeffrey Alan Merkley (Democratic, Oregon) 2025 – 2028 †
48. Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg (Democratic, Indiana) 2028 – 2029 ‡
49. Ben Ray Luján (Democratic, New Mexico) 2029 – 2029 *
50. Julián Castro (Democratic, Texas) 2029 – 2031 ^
51. Stephen Joseph Scalise (Republican, Louisiana) 2031 – 2033
52. Thomas Bryant Cotton (Republican, Arkansas) 2033 – 2041
53. Michael Patrick Guest (Republican, Mississippi) 2041 – 2043 ^
54. Jason Thomas Smith (Republican, Missouri) 2043 – 2045
55. Ivanka Marie Trump (Independent, New York) 2045 – 2049
56. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Democratic, New York) 2049 –

† Died of natural causes          ‡ Assassinated          * Interim president          ^ Impeached

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

The Popular Presidency
Jacksonians answer the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824 with the abolition of the electoral college

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
7. Andrew Jackson (Democratic, Tennessee) 1829 – 1837
8. Martin Van Buren (Democratic, New York) 1837 – 1841
9. William Henry Harrison (Whig, Ohio) 1841 – 1841 †
10. John Tyler (Unaffiliated, Virginia) 1841 – 1845
11. James Knox Polk (Democratic, Tennessee) 1845 – 1849 *
12. Zachary Taylor (Whig, Louisiana) 1849 – 1850 †
13. Millard Fillmore (Whig, New York) 1850 – 1853
14. Franklin Pierce (Democratic, New Hampshire) 1853 – 1857
15. Millard Fillmore (American, New York) 1857 – 1861
16. Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democratic, Illinois) 1861 – 1861 *†
17. Herschel Vespasian Johnson (Democratic, Georgia) 1861 – 1865
18. Henry Smith Lane (Republican and Unionist, Indiana) 1865 – 1869 *
19. David Glasgow Farragut (Republican and Unionist, Tennessee) 1869 – 1870 †
20. Schuyler Colfax (Republican, Indiana) 1870 – 1873
21. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican, Maine) 1873 – 1881 ª
22. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1881 – 1881 *‡
23. George Franklin Edmunds (Republican, Vermont) 1881 – 1889
24. Stephen Grover Cleveland (Democratic, New York) 1889 – 1893 *
25. Benjamin Harrison (Republican, Indiana) 1893 – 1897 *
26. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic—Populist, Nebraska) 1897 – 1901
27. William McKinley (Republican, Ohio) 1901 – 1901 ‡
28. Henry Clay Evans (Republican, Tennessee) 1901 – 1909
29. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, New York) 1909 – 1921
30. William Gibbs McAdoo (Democratic, New York) 1921 – 1929
31. Alexander Mitchell Palmer (Democratic, Pennsylvania) 1929 – 1933
32. Herbert Clark Hoover (Republican, California) 1933 – 1937
33. Fiorello Henry La Guardia (Labor, New York) 1937 – 1947 *†
34. William Orville Douglas (Labor, Minnesota) 1947 – 1949
35. Dwight David Eisenhower (New Republican, Kansas) 1949 – 1957
36. John William Bricker (New Republican, Ohio) 1957 – 1961
37. Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Jr. (Democratic Labor, Massachusetts) 1961 – 1961 *‡
38. Hubert Horatio Humphrey (Democratic Labor, Minnesota) 1961 – 1969
39. Birch Evans Bayh (Democratic Labor, Indiana) 1969 – 1977 *
40. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, California) 1977 – 1985
41. Walter Frederick Mondale (Democratic Labor, Minnesota) 1985 – 1989
42. George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican, Connecticut) 1989 – 1997
43. Paul David Wellstone (Democratic Labor, Minnesota) 1997 – 2002 *‡
—. Joseph Robinette Biden (Democratic Labor, Delaware) 2002 – 2003
45. Daniel Ray Coats (Republican, Indiana) 2003 – 2009 ^
46. Johnny Reid Edwards (Democratic Labor, North Carolina) 2009 – 2013
47. Mitchell Elias Daniels (Republican, Indiana) 2013 – Incumbent

† Died of natural causes
‡ Assassinated
* Elected by the House in absence of a popular majority
^ Won in a special election (Amendment XXV, ratified 1967)
ª Re-elected following a Congressional recount

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

MONARCHS of the UNITED STATES
1789 – 1799     George I (“The Patriot”)     House of Washington–Custis–Lee
1799 – 1857     George II     House of Washington–Custis–Lee
1857 – 1861     Robert I (“The Fox”)     House of Washington–Custis–Lee
1861 – 1865     Abraham I (“The Emancipator”)     House of Lincoln
1865 – 1926     Robert II     House of Lincoln
1926 – 1938     Mary I     House of Lincoln
1938 – 1938     Abraham II (“The Unwilling”)     House of Isham
1938 – 1948     Mary II (“Jessie”)     House of Lincoln
1948 – 1985     Robert III     House of Lincoln–Beckwith
1985 –  -----     Timothy (“The Bastard”)     House of Lincoln–Beckwith

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

Fewest (I think) individuals to be president, choosing from OTL candidates and respecting OTL dates of birth/death.

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
1. George Washington (Independent, Virginia) 1789 – 1797
2. Thomas Jefferson (Republican, Virginia) 1797 – 1809
3. James Madison (Republican, Virginia) 1809 – 1817
4. James Monroe (Republican, Virginia) 1817 – 1825
5. Andrew Jackson (Democratic, Tennessee) 1825 – 1837
6. Martin Van Buren (Democratic, New York) 1837 – 1853
7. Stephen Douglas (Democratic, Illinois) 1853 – 1861
8. Abraham Lincoln (Republican, Illinois) 1861 – 1865 ‡
9. Andrew Johnson (Democratic, Tennessee) 1865 – 1869
10. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1869 – 1885
11. Stephen Grover Cleveland (Democratic, New York) 1885 – 1897
12. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic, Nebraska) 1897 – 1905
13. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, New York) 1905 – 1909
—. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic, Nebraska) 1909 – 1913
—. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, New York) 1913 – 1919 †
14. Charles Warren Fairbanks (Republican, Indiana) 1919 – 1921
15. Alfred Emmanuel Smith (Democratic, New York) 1921 – 1933
16. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic, New York) 1933 – 1945 †
17. Harry S. Truman (Democratic, Missouri) 1945 – 1957
18. Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democratic, Texas) 1957 – 1973
19. Walter Frederick Mondale (Democratic, Minnesota) 1973 – 1981
20. George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican, Texas) 1981 – 1985
—. Walter Frederick Mondale (Democratic, Minnesota) 1985 – 1989
—. George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican, Texas) 1989 – 1997
21. Patrick Joseph Buchanan (Republican, Virginia) 1997 – 2005
22. Johnny Reid Edwards (Democratic, North Carolina) 2005 – 2013
23. Richard John Santorum (Republican, Pennsylvania) 2013 – present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
11. James Knox Polk (Democratic, Tennessee) 1845 – 1849
12. Zachary Taylor (Whig, Louisiana) 1849 – 1850 †
13. Millard Fillmore (Whig, New York) 1850 – 1853
14. Franklin Pierce (Democratic, New Hampshire) 1853 – 1857
15. Millard Fillmore (American, New York) 1857 – 1861
16. Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democratic, Illinois) 1861 – 1861 †
17. John Cabell Breckinridge (Democratic, Kentucky) 1861 – 1863

     PRESIDENTS of the UTICA CONGRESS
     Acting. Solomon Foot (Republican, Vermont)  1863 – 1863
     Acting. Simon Cameron (Republican, Pennsylvania) 1863 – 1865

          PRESIDENTS of the ‘‘NATIONAL’’ GOVERNMENT
          17. John Cabell Breckinridge (Democratic, Kentucky) 1863 – 1865

     PRESIDENTS of the PHILADELPHIA (UNION) GOVERNMENT
     18. Henry Smith Lane (National Union, Indiana) 1865 – 1868

          PRESIDENTS of the RICHMOND (CONFEDERATE) GOVERNMENT
          18. Jefferson Finis Davis (Democratic, Mississippi) 1865 – 1867 *

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
18. Henry Smith Lane (National Union, Indiana) 1868 – 1870 †
19. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (National Union, Maine) 1870 – 1877
20. Ulysses S. Grant (National Union, Ohio) 1877 – 1881
21. James Gillespie Blaine (National Union, Maine) 1881 – 1893
22. Stephen Grover Cleveland (Liberal, New York) 1893 – 1901
23. Thomas Bracket Reed (National Union, Maine) 1901 – 1902 †
24. Charles Warren Fairbanks (National Union, Indiana) 1902 – 1905
25. Henry Cabot Lodge (National Union, Massachusetts) 1905 – 1921
26. Emil Seidel (Labor, Wisconsin) 1921 – 1925
27. Warren Gamaliel Harding (National Union, Ohio) 1925 – 1930 †
28. Charles Curtis (National Union, Kansas) 1930 – 1937
29. Upton Sinclair (Labor, California) 1937 – 1949
30. William Orville Douglas (Labor, Minnesota) 1949 – 1953
31. Dwight David Eisenhower (National Union, Kansas) 1953 – 1957
32. Cyrus Rowlett Smith (National Union, Texas) 1957 – 1961
33. Hubert Horatio Humphrey (Labor, Minnesota) 1961 – 1969
34. George Sidney McGovern (Labor, South Dakota) 1969 – 1973
35. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (National Union, New York) 1973 – 1979 †
36. John Bowden Connally (National Union, Texas) 1979 – 1981
37. Maurice Robert Gravel (Labor, Alaska) 1981 – 1985
38. George Herbert Walker Bush (National Union, Connecticut) 1985 – 1989
39. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Labor, New York) 1989 – 1997
40. Paul David Wellstone (Labor, Minnesota) 1997 – 2005
41. Richard Bruce Cheney (National Union, Wyoming) 2005 – 2013
42. Barrack Hussein Obama (Labor, Hawaii) 2013 – present

† Died of natural causes          * Arrested

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
1775 – 1775   Peyton Randolph (No party, Virginia)
1775 – 1777   John Hancock (No party, Massachusetts)
1777 – 1778   Henry Laurens (No party, South Carolina)
1778 – 1779   John Jay (No party, New York)
1779 – 1781   Samuel Huntington (No party, Connecticut)
1781 – 1781   Thomas McKean (No party, Delaware)
1781 – 1782   John Hanson (No party, Maryland)
1782 – 1783   Elias Boudinot (No party, New Jersey)
1783 – 1784   Thomas Mifflin (No party, Pennsylvania)
1784 – 1785   Richard Henry Lee (No party, Virginia)
1785 – 1786   John Hancock (No party, Massachusetts)
1786 – 1787   Nathaniel Gorham (No party, Massachusetts)
1787 – 1788   Arthur St. Clair (No party, Pennsylvania)
1788 – 1789   Cyrus Griffin (No party, Virginia)
1789 – 1790   Jonathan Trumbull (Moderate, Connecticut)
1790 – 1791   Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Moderate, South Carolina)
1791 – 1792   George Latimer (Radical, Pennsylvania)
1792 – 1793   Israel Smith (Radical, New York)

COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF of the CONTINENTAL ARMY
1775 – 1776†   George Washington
1776 – 1778     Charles Lee
1778 – 1780     Horatio Gates
1780 – 1784     Nathanael Greene
1784 – 1790     Anthony Wayne
1790 – 1793     Alexander Hamilton

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
1. Alexander Hamilton (Hamiltonian—Party of Order, New York) 1793 – 1824†
–. Richard Rush (Party of Order, Pennsylvania) 1824 – 1824
2. James Buchanan (Party of Order, Pennsylvania) 1824 – 1830*
–. William Hendricks (Liberal Conservative, Wabash) 1830 – 1830
–. Willie Person Magnum (Party of Order, North Carolina) 1830 – 1830
3. Winfield Scott (Party of Order, Virginia) 1830 – 1848*
–. Charles Francis Adams (Liberal Conservative, Massachusetts) 1848 – 1848
4. Stephen Arnold Douglas (Liberal Conservative, Illinois) 1848 – 1851*
5. George Brinton McClellan (Liberal Conservative, New Jersey) 1861 – 1871*

EXECUTIVE PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
6. David Davis (Independent, Illinois) 1871 – 1878
7. Robert Todd Lincoln (Conservative, New York) 1878 – 1885
8. John Sherman (Radical Republican, Ohio) 1885 – 1892
9. William McKinley (Moderate Republican, Ohio) 1892 – 1899
10. Thomas Collier Platt (Moderate Republican, New York) 1899 – 1906
11. William Randolph Hearst (Liberal Republican, New York) 1906 – 1913
12. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (Liberal Republican, Virginia) 1913 – 1920
13. John Calvin Coolidge (Progressive Conservative, Massachusetts) 1920 – 1927
14. Herbert Clark Hoover (Progressive Conservative, California) 1927 – 1934
15. Alfred Emmanuel Smith (Liberal Republican, New York) 1934 – 1940^
16. George Catlett Marshall (Independent—National Government, Pennsylvania) 1940 – 1946
17. Thomas Edmund Dewey (Liberal, New York) 1946 – 1948

PRESIDENTS of the EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
18. Norman Thomas (American Section of the Workers' Internationale, New York) 1948 – 1954
19. Earl Warren (Liberal Independent, California) 1954 – 1959^

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
20. Theodore Roosevelt IV (Republican, New York) 1959 – 1972
21. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (Republican, New York) 1972 – 1979
22. John Bayard Anderson (Independent Republican, Illinois) 1979 – 1986
23. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Socialist, New York) 1986 – 1996
24. Newton Leroy Gingrich (New Republican, Georgia) 1996 – 2006
25. John Sidney McCain (New Republican, Arizona) 2006 – 2011
26. Lincoln Davenport Chaffee (Socialist, Rhode Island) 2011 – 2016
27. Howard Schultz (Progress, New York) 2016 – Incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
16. Abraham Lincoln (Republican, Illinois) 1861 – 1865 ‡
17. Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, Maine) 1865 – 1869
18. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1869 – 1877
19. Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, Maine) 1877 – 1881
20. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican, Maine) 1881 – 1889
21. Isaac Pusey Gray (Democratic, Indiana) 1889 – 1893
22. William McKinley (Republican, Ohio) 1893 – 1897
23. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic, Nebraska) 1897 – 1905
24. John Worth Kern (Democratic, Indiana) 1905 – 1909
25. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican, Massachusetts) 1909 – 1913
26. John Burke (Democratic, North Dakota) 1913 – 1921
27. James Middleton Cox (Democratic, Ohio) 1921 – 1925
28. Herbert Clark Hoover (Republican, California) 1925 – 1933
29. Huey Pierce Long (Democratic, Louisiana) 1933 – 1935 ‡
30. Henry Asgard Wallace (Democratic, Iowa) 1935 – 1937
31. Alfred Mosman Landon (Republican, Kansas) 1937 – 1949
32. William Orville Douglas (Democratic, Minnesota) 1949 – 1957
33. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, California) 1957 – 1961
34. Carey Estes Kefauver (Democratic, Tennessee) 1961 – 1963 †
35. John FitzGerald Kennedy (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1963 – 1969
36. Spiro Theodore Agnew (Republican, Maryland) 1969 – 1972 *
37. Cecil Harland Underwood (Republican, West Virginia) 1972 – 1973
38. Edmund Sixtus Muskie (Democratic, Maine) 1973 – 1981
39. Birch Evans Bayh, Sr. (Democratic, Indiana) 1981 – 1985
40. Cecil Harland Underwood (Republican, West Virginia) 1985 – 1989
41. Paul Dominique Laxalt (Republican, Nevada) 1989 – 1997
42. John Richard Kasich (Republican, Ohio) 1997 – 2001
43. Birch Evans Bayh, Jr. (Democratic, Indiana) 2001 – 2009
44. Willard Mitt Romney (Republican, Michigan) 2009 – 2017
45. Rafael Edward Cruz (Republican, Texas) 2017 – Incumbent


† Died of natural causes          ‡ Assassinated          * Resigned

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
16. Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democratic, Illinois) 1861 – 1861 †
17. Solomon Foot (Republican, Vermont) 1861 – 1865
18. Ulysses S. Grant (National Union, Ohio) 1865 – 1873
19. Charles Francis Adams (Liberal Republican, Massachusetts) 1873 – 1877
20. Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Liberal Republican, Indiana) 1877 – 1881
21. James Baird Weaver (National Union, Iowa) 1881 – 1885
22. Allen Granberry Thurman (Liberal Republican, Ohio) 1885 – 1893
23. Benjamin Harrison (National Union, Indiana) 1893 – 1901
24. Adlai Ewing Stevenson (Liberal Republican, Illinois) 1901 – 1905
25. Theodore Roosevelt (National Union, New York) 1905 – 1913
26. Robert Marion LaFollette (National Union, Wisconsin) 1913 – 1921
27. William Gibbs McAdoo (National Liberal, California) 1921 – 1925
28. John Calvin Coolidge (National, Massachusetts) 1925 – 1929
29. Norman Mattoon Thomas (American Labor, New York) 1929 – 1933
30. Charles Curtis (National, Kansas) 1933 – 1933 ‡
31. William Franklin Knox (National, Massachusetts) 1933 – 1937
32. Norman Mattoon Thomas (American Labor, New York) 1937 – 1941
33. Herbert Clark Hoover (National, California) 1941 – 1949
34. Norman Mattoon Thomas (American Labor, New York) 1949 – 1953
35. Darlington Hoopes (American Labor, Maryland) 1953 – 1957
36. Henry Asgard Wallace (National, Iowa) 1957 – 1965
37. Eugene Joseph McCarthy (American Labor, Minnesota) 1965 – 1973
38. Hubert Horatio Humphrey (American Labor, Minnesota) 1973 – 1977
39. Robert Joseph Dole (National, Kansas) 1977 – 1985
40. George Herbert Walker Bush (National, Connecticut) 1985 – 1993
41. Robert Kenneth Dornan (National, California) 1993 – 1997
42. Albert Arnold Gore (Alliance, Tennessee) 1997 – 2005
43. Howard Brush Dean (Alliance, Vermont) 2005 – 2009
44. John Richard Kasich (National, Ohio) 2009 – 2017
45. John Herman Cox (National, California) 2017 – Incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRIME MINISTERS of the UNITED STATES
Phyllis Schlafy (Conservative, St. Louis) 1981–1990
George Herbert Walker Bush (Conservative, Houston) 1990–1997
Birch Evans Bayh (Labor, Evansville) 1997 – 2007
Albert Arnold Gore (Labor, Nashville) 2007 – 2009
Willard Mitt Romney (Conservative, Oakland) 2009 – 2016
Janice Kay Brewer (Conservative, Maricopa) 2016 – 2019
Donald John Trump (Conservative, Statten Island) 2019 – Present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
Constitution of 1788 – First Republic
32. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic, New York) 1933 – 1933 ‡
33. John Nance Garner (Democratic, Texas) 1933 – 1937

Emergency Act of 1937 – American State
34. Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (National Union, Louisiana) 1937 – 1949
35. William Dudley Pelley (National Union, Indiana) 1949 – 1951 *

Order No. 28 – Military Regime
36. Douglas MacArthur (Military, Arkansas) 1951 – 1964 †
37. Curtis LeMay (Fatherland, Ohio) 1964 – 1975 ^

Interim Government – American Spring
Acting. Walter Frederick Mondale (Fatherland, Minnesota) 1975 – 1976
39. Birch Evans Bayh II (Democratic Action, Indiana) 1976–1979

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
43. George Walker Bush (Republican, Texas) January 20, 2001 – September 11, 2001 ‡
44. Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, Wyoming) September 11, 2001 – January 20, 2009
45. Daniel Ray Coats (Republican, Indiana) January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2013
         Special Advisor to the President: Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, Wyoming) January 20, 2009 – May 2, 2011 †
46. Olympia Jean Snowe (Independent, Maine) January 20, 2013 – January 20, 2017
47. Alan Stuart Frankin (Democratic, Minnesota) January 20, 2017 – January 2, 2018 *
48. Ralph Shearer Northam (Democratic, Virginia) January 2, 2018 – January 20, 2021
49. Ronald Dion DeSantis (Republican, Florida) January 20, 2021 – August 9, 2027 *
50. Thomas Bryan Cotton (Republican, Arkansas) August 9, 2027 – January 20, 2037

‡ Assassinated         † Died of natural causes          * Resigned

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

Same scenario as WB's above.

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
14. Abraham Lincoln (Republican→National Union, Illinois) 1861–1865‡
—. Andrew Johnson (National Union, Tennessee) 1865–1868*
—. Benjamin Franklin Wade (Republican, Massachusetts) 1868–1869
15. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1869–1877
16. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (Republican, Ohio) 1877–1881
17. James Abram Garfield (Republican, Ohio) 1881–1881‡
—. Chester Alan Arthur (Republican, New Jersey) 1881–1882
18. Winfield Scott Hancock (Democratic, Pennsylvania) 1882–1886†
—. John Sherman (Republican, Ohio) 1886–1886
19. John Sherman (Republican, Ohio) 1886–1893
20. Stephen Grover Cleveland (Democratic, New York) 1893–1897
21. William McKinley (Republican, Ohio) 1897–1901‡
—. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (Republican, New York) 1901–1902
22. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (Republican, New York) 1902–1913
23. William Howard Taft (Republican, Ohio) 1913–1917
24. James Middleton Cox (Democratic, Ohio) 1917–1921
25. Charles Evans Hughes (Republican, New York) 1921–1929
26. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (Republican, New York) 1929–1933
27. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic, New York) 1933–1945†
—. Henry Asgard Wallace (Democratic, Iowa) 1945–1945
28. Thomas Edmund Dewey (Republican, New York) 1945–1949
29. James Francis Byrnes (Democratic, South Carolina) 1949–1953
30. Dwight David Eisenhower (Republican, Kansas) 1953–1955†
—. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, California) 1955–1955
31. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, California) 1955–1957
32. Carey Estes Kefauver (Democratic, Tennessee) 1957–1963†
—. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1963–1963‡
—. John William McCormack (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1963–1964
33. Hubert Horatio Humphrey (Democratic, Minnesota) 1964–1973
34. Edmund Sixtus Muskie (Democratic, Maine) 1973–1977
35. Ronald Wilson Reagan (Republican, California) 1977–1981
36. Walter Frederick Mondale (Democratic, Minnesota) 1981–1981‡
—. Lloyd Millard Bentsen (Democratic, Texas) 1981–1981
37. Lloyd Millard Bentsen (Democratic, Texas) 1981–1985
38. George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican, Texas) 1985–1993
39. William Jefferson Clinton (Democratic, Arkansas) 1993–2001
40. George Walker Bush (Republican, Florida) 2001–2005
41. John Forbes Kerry (Democratic, Massachusetts) 2005–2009
42. John Sidney McCain (Republican, Arizona) 2009–2011†
—. Joseph Isadore Lieberman (Independent, Connecticut) 2011–2012
43. Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic, New York) 2012–2017
44. Marco Antonio Rubio (Republican, Florida) 2017–present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

Flipped tickets since 1988.

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
40. Lloyd Millard Bentsen (Democratic, Texas) 1989–1993
41. Albert Arnold Gore (Democratic, Tennessee) 1993–2001
42. Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, Texas) 2001–2005
43. Johnny Reid Edwards (Democratic, North Carolina) 2005–2009
44. Joseph Robinette Biden (Democratic, Delaware) 2009–2017
45. Michael Richard Pence (Republican, Indiana) 2017–incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRIME MINISTERS of the UNITED STATES
Secretary of the Treasury (appointed by POTUS with the consent of the Senate)
1. Alexander Hamilton (Federalist | Federalist majority) 1789 – 1794
Secretary of State (appointed by POTUS with the consent of the Senate)
2. Timothy Pickering (Federalist | Federalist majority) 1794 – 1795
–. Timothy Pickering (Federalist | Federalist minority) 1795 – 1797
–. Timothy Pickering (High Federalist | High Federalist majority) 1797 – 1800
3. John Marshall (Presidential Federalist | Presidential Federalist minority) 1800 – 1801
4. James Madison (Republican | Republican majority) 1801 – 1809
5. Albert Gallatin (Republican | Republican majority) 1809 – 1811
6. James Monroe (Republican | Republican majority) 1811 – 1817
7. John Quincy Adams (National Republican | National Republican majority) 1817 – 1825
8. Henry Clay (National Republican | National Republican majority) 1825 – 1827
–. Henry Clay (National Republican | National Republican minority) 1827 – 1829
9. Martin Van Buren (Jacksonian | Jacksonian majority) 1829 – 1837
10. John Forsyth (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1837 – 1841
11. Daniel Webster (Whig | Whig majority) 1841 – 1841
–. Daniel Webster (Whig | Presidential minority) 1841 – 1843
12. John Caldwell Calhoun (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1843 – 1845
13. James Buchanan (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1845 – 1847
–. James Buchanan (Democratic | Democratic minority) 1847 – 1849
14. Daniel Webster (Whig | Whig minority) 1849 – 1852 †
15. Edward Everett (Whig | Whig minority) 1852 – 1853
16. William Learned Marcy (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1853 – 1855
17. Nathaniel Prentice Banks (Native American | Opposition coalition majority) 1855 – 1857
18. Lewis Cass (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1857 – 1859
–. Lewis Cass (Democratic | Democratic minority) 1859 – 1860
19. Jeremiah Sullivan Black (Democratic | Democratic minority) 1860 – 1861
20. William Henry Seward (Republican | Republican majority) 1861 – 1863
–. William Henry Seward (Republican | Republican–Unionist coalition majority) 1863 – 1865
–. William Henry Seward (Republican | Republican majority) 1865 – 1868
President of the Executive Council (appointed by POTUS on the advice of the House)
21. Benjamin Franklin Wade (Radical Republican | Republican majority) 1868 – 1869
22. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican | Republican majority) 1869 – 1875
23. Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1875 – 1881
–. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican | Republican majority) 1881 – 1883
–. Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1883 – 1885 †
24. Allen Granberry Thurman (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1885 – 1889
–. James Gillespie Blaine (Republican | Republican majority) 1889 – 1891
25. Charles Frederick Crisp (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1891 – 1895
26. William McKinley (Republican | Republican majority) 1895 – 1901 ‡
27. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican | Republican majority) 1901 – 1911
28. James Beauchamp Clark (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1911 – 1917
–. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican | Republican majority) 1917 – 1924 †
29. Charles Evans Hughes (Republican | Republican majority) 1924 – 1925
30. Joseph Taylor Robinson (Democratic | Democratic majority) 1925 – 1931
–. Joseph Taylor Robinson (Democratic | Democratic minority) 1931 – 1933
31. Huey Pierce Long (American | American–Farmer-Labor minority) 1933 – 1935 †
32. Henry Asgard Wallace (American Labor | American Labor minority) 1935 – 1935
33. Henry Ford (National Front | National Front–Republican majority) 1935 – 1937
–. Henry Ford (National Front | National Front majority) 1937 – 1938
–. Henry Ford (National Front | National Front unanimity) 1938 – 1947 †
34. Charles Augustus Lindbergh (National Front | National Front unanimity) 1947 – 1968 ^
35. Curtis Emerson LeMay (National Front | National Front unanimity) 1968 – 1974 ^
36. Gerald Rudolph Ford (National Front | National Front unanimity) 1974 – 1976
37. Birch Evans Bayh (Democratic Action | Democratic Action–Social Democratic–Labor majority) 1976 – 1980
–. Birch Evans Bayh (Movement for Democracy | Movement for Democracy–Labor–Farmers' minority) 1980 – 1982
38. Phyllis Schlafy (Christian Democratic | Christian Democratic–Farmers' majority) 1982 – 1990
39. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Alliance | Alliance–Justice–Labor majority) 1990 – 1998
–. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Alliance | Alliance–Justice majority) 1998 – 2002
40. Daniel Ray Coats (Christian Democratic | Christian Democratic–People's–Farmers' majority) 2002 – 2006
–. Daniel Ray Coats (Christian Democratic | Christian Democratic–Farmers' majority) 2006 – 2010
42. Barrack Hussein Obama (Working Families–Justice–Labor majority) 2010 – 2018
43. Thomas Bryant Cotton (People's | People's–Christian Democratic–Farmers' majority) 2018 – present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
32. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic, New York) 1933 – 1945 †
33. Harry S Truman (Democratic, Missouri) 1945 – 1950 ‡
34. Alben William Barkley (Democratic, Kentucky) 1950 – 1953
35. Douglas MacArthur (National Union, Arkansas) 1953 – 1955 †
36. John William Bricker (National Union, Ohio) 1955 – 1963 ‡
37. Richard Milhous Nixon (National Union, California) 1963 – 1981
38. Ronald Wilson Reagan (National Union, California) 1981 – 1981 ‡
39. Gerald Rudolph Ford (National Union, Michigan) 1981 – 1985
40. Maurice Robert Gravel (Democratic Action—Solidarity, Alaska) 1985 – 1989
41. Mario Matthew Cuomo (Social Democratic, New York) 1989 – 1993
42. Edmund Gerald Brown (Reform, California) 1993 – 1997
43. Paul David Wellstone (Social Democratic, Minnesota) 1997 – 2001
44. Daniel Ray Coats (People's, Indiana) 2001 – 2005
45. Richard Bruce Cheney (People's, Wyoming) 2005 – 2009
46. Hillary Dianne Rodham (Social Democratic, Illinois) 2009 – 2013
47. Michael Dale Huckabee (Christian Democratic, Arkansas) 2013 – 2017
48. Michael Richard Pence (Christian Democratic, Indiana) 2017 – 2021
49. Elizabeth Ann Warren (Working Families, Massachusetts) 2021 – present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
18. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1869–1877
19. Samuel Jones Tilden (Democratic, New York) 1877–1881
20. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1881–1885
21. Stephen Grover Cleveland (Democratic, New York) 1885–1893
22. William McKinley (Republican, Ohio) 1893–1897
23. Richard Parks Bland (Democratic, Missouri) 1897–1901
24. Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican, Massachusetts) 1901–1909
25. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, New York) 1909–1921
26. Leonard Wood (Republican, New Hampshire) 1921–1925
27. Allan Louis Benson (Farmer-Labor, New York) 1925–1929
28. Frank Orren Lowden (Republican, Illinois) 1929–1933
29. Norman Thomas (Farmer-Labor, New York) 1933–1941
30. Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg (Republican, Michigan) 1941–1949
31. Burton Kendall Wheeler (Farmer-Labor, Montana) 1949–1953
32. Douglas MacArthur (Republican, Arkansas) 1953–1961
33. Darlington Hoopes (Farmer-Labor, Pennsylvania) 1961–1969
34. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, California) 1969–1973
35. George Stanley McGovern (Farmer-Labor, South Dakota) 1973–1981
36. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (Republican, Illinois) 1981–1989
37. Phillip Miller Crane (Republican, Illinois) 1989–1997
38. Joseph Robinette Biden (Farmer-Labor, Delaware) 1997–2009
39. John Sidney McCain (Republican, Arizona) 2009–2017
40. Bernard Sanders (Farmer-Labor, Vermont) 2017–present

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
1. George Washington (Unaffiliated, Virginia) 1789–1793 †
–. John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1793–1797 ¹
2. Thomas Jefferson (Republican, Virginia) 1797–1801 ²
3. John Adams (Federal Unionist, Massachusetts) 1801–1809 ³
4. John Marshall (Federal Unionist, Virginia) 1809–1821 ⁴
5. John Quincy Adams (Unionist, Massachusetts) 1821–1829 ⁵
6. Andrew Jackson (National Democratic, Tennessee) 1829–1833 ⁶
7. John Caldwell Calhoun (Black Cockades, South Carolina) 1833–1837 ⁷
8. Henry Clay (Unionist, Kentucky) 1837–1845 ⁸
9. Thomas Hart Benton (National Democratic, Missouri) 1845–1849 ⁹
10. James Buchanan (National Unionist, Pennsylvania) 1849–1853 ¹⁰
11. Millard Fillmore (National Unionist, New York) 1853–1857 ¹¹
12. Stephen Douglas (Republican, Illinois) 1857–1861 ‡ ¹²
13. Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, Maine) 1861–1873 ¹³

† Died in office of natural causes          ‡ Assassinated

¹ Washington's death in the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic elevated Adams to the position of chief magistrate, in fact if not in name. The precise wording of Article II left unclear whether a vice president who assumed the full discharge of the powers and duties of the presidency on the death of the previous magistrate, himself became president, or merely acted as president for the remainder of the existing term. In the uncertainty of the moment, Adams was unable to assert himself as a full president, and deferred to the Cabinet (whose members had all been appointed by Washington) on most important matters. The resultantly bellicose response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 badly damaged Adams' reputation with the public, leading to the election of his rival Jefferson in the election of 1796.
² The reign of the Republicans did not last long. Jefferson entered office amidst rising tensions with the French Republic over the Jay Treaty, negotiated by his predecessor, which Jefferson and his allies accused was an unmanly capitulation to Britain. Jefferson's conciliatory address to Congress in the spring of 1796 was poorly received, and the Federalist majority in the Senate initially blocked his plan for a peace mission. The Senate finally agreed to send Charles Lee to Paris to treat with the Directory; but in the meantime the anti-American party in the revolutionary government, and negotiations stalled. When Jefferson was forced to confirm that bribes had been demanded of Lee in exchange for a meeting with the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, the resulting anti-French outcry catapulted the Federalists to a majority in the House and doomed Jefferson's chances for reelection in 1800.
³ During the campaign of 1800, the Federalist party divided along factional lines. The Federalist Ultras who controlled the Congressional nominating caucus and their leader, Alexander Hamilton, favored South Carolina's Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as the candidate to challenge incumbent President Jefferson; however, the more moderate Federalist Unionists supported the renomination of former Vice President John Adams. Away from Philadelphia, Adams' supporters accounted for a majority of Federalist voters, but Hamilton had sufficient sway with the electors to produce a tie. Hoping to deny Hamilton victory, Jefferson instructed the Republicans in the House to vote for Adams, who thus became the third president of the Union.
⁴ On leaving the presidency in 1809, Adams bequeathed the coalition of moderate Federalists and "national" Republicans to his Secretary of State, John Marshall, who won the next three presidential elections with only token opposition from the extreme right and the extreme left. The Federal Unionist party drew support heavily from the merchant class, Yankees, Congregationalists, Unitarians, and the financial elites; after the adoption of the Land Act of 1802, the party also enjoyed strong support from small landholders in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
⁵ The pro-market policies of Marshall, however, alienated Southern Federalists, who took up cause with the remnant Ultras to oppose Adams' son, John Quincy, in the election of 1820. Adams won reelection in 1824 against a divided opposition, but a financial panic the following year weakened his influence in Congress; never personally popular, he was defeated by an alliance of ultras and radicals in 1828.
⁶ Popular for his exploits against the Indians in the Southeast, Jackson ran in 1828 as the candidate of the landless masses and poor tenant farmers, the last shattered remains of the Jeffersonians reorganized as the National Democratic party. Favoring a strong central government led by a strong executive, they found common cause with John C. Calhoun and the Federalist extreme right, who nominated Jackson on a fusion ticket against Adams in 1828. Sixty-one years old on the day of his inauguration, Jackson served only one term as president, but during it dramatically expanded the powers of the presidency, using his control of patronage to push through a dramatic reduction of the price of federal lands.
⁷ By 1822, Calhoun had emerged as the leader of the Southern Ultras, who vigorously opposed the expansion of the franchise throughout the South but otherwise favored low tariffs and minimal taxation —policies that favored both the common man and the planter elites. Aggressively expansionist, he added Tejas and Spanish Louisiana to the Union but was driven out of office after just four years by his former friend and ally, Henry Clay.
⁸ Dubbed the American Mercury, Clay supported Adams in the elections of 1820 and 1824 before deserting him for Jackson in 1828. He soon broke with his new chief, and after a term as leader of the opposition was borne into the White House in 1836 on the strength of his pro-tariff credentials. Having worked out an alliance of New England merchants and planters in the Mississippi River Valley, Clay pursued a pro-tariff, anti-expansion policy that deemphasized issues such as slavery that threatened to divide his disparate coalition. In 1844, his luck ran out, and the presidency fell to the radical Thomas Hart Benton.
⁹ While Benton hailed from North Carolina and had represented the slave state of Missouri in the Senate, it was anti-slavery fervor that put him in the presidency. Reacting to the "Rhodes Family Incident" in which federal authorities attempted to seize a family of free blacks living near Westfield, Indiana in defiance of the local courts, yeomen farmers in the Northwest and upper South united behind Benton in the election of 1844. Their object was not abolition, but anti-expansion: as president, Benton advocated a "free soil" policy and vowed to veto the admission of any new slave states to the Union. His position lost him the support of his native Southerners, who joined forces to eject him in 1848.
¹⁰ An alarmed slave power leapt into motion, forging an alliance between the "lords of the loom" and the "lords of the lash" to oppose Benton in 1848. Under the banner of the National Union party, inland planters, friends of the tariff, and Northern capitalists simply hoping to keep the peace supported James Buchanan for the presidency and narrowly won, sweeping the South plus New York, New Jersey, as well as (by a plurality) Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and the candidate's native Pennsylvania. In spite of this apparent rout, were Benton's votes combined with the radical abolitionist ticket, however, the president would have won reelection, striking terror to the hearts of the Southern aristocracy. Buchanan's platform was not explicitly pro-slavery, but proclaimed neutrality on the issue and fidelity to the constitution. Once in office, however, he took swift action to shore up the institution, signing the Fugitive Slave Act of 1849 and the Nebraska Act of 1850 to secure the future of slavery in the territories. Denied renomination in 1852, his last act as president was to sign the resolution annexing California to the Union.
¹¹ Fillmore's four years in office were overshadowed by bloody fighting over slavery in California, as the appointed pro-slavery governor grappled with anti-slavery leaders in the territorial legislature, many of whom had opposed American annexation. Hoping to diffuse the situation, Fillmore sent 2,000 federal troops to San Francisco to disband the legislature and proclaim martial law; but the force was unable to maintain order outside the city, and the anti-slavery lawmakers organized a shadow government in the mountains. Exhausted, Fillmore did not seek reelection in 1856, plunging the nation into chaos.
¹² Several factors converged to allow the election of the first radical president since Jefferson in 1856. Beginning in 1840, the expansion of the electorate to include landless citizens and recent immigrants made universal (white) male suffrage the rule in the West and Mid-Atlantic, while in New England property requirements for voting were reduced or replaced with a lighter poll tax. The Second Great Awakening gave rise to new denominations that attached the strict hierarchies of the established churches and advocated for democratic church governance. Meanwhile, the battle over slavery split the Unionist party in New England, as anti-slavery conservatives joined forces with the radical democrats to oppose the increasingly Southernized national party. Finally, the splintering of the National Unionists at their 1856 convention ensured a divided vote, allowing the anti-slavery forces to prevail. Organized under the banner of the new Republican party (its name an homage to Thomas Jefferson's political organization), an alliance of Western farmers, urban laborers, capitalists, and Protestant evangelicals nominated Stephen Douglas on an anti-expansion platform. Though he lost every slave state save Missouri, the division in the Unionist camp allowed Douglas to win a majority in the electoral college. Despite this, the Three-Fifths proviso ensured Southern Unionists and their Northern allies would command majorities in both houses of Congress: their attempts to prevent Douglas' inauguration in March 1857 provoked the American Civil War.
¹³ Douglas' assassination in the spring of 1861 elevated Hannibal Hamlin as the thirteenth president of the United States. Contending against the Southern "Congressional" government of by Acting President Alexander Hamilton Stephens headquartered at Washington, Hamlin invoked his authority as commander-in-chief to expand Douglas' 1857 emancipation edict to apply to all slaves in states rebelling against the presidency and to appoint Ulysses S. Grant commanding general of the presidential armies, replacing the inept John Charles Frémont. The fall of Atlanta signaled the impending victory of the Presidential forces which was confirmed on May 1, 1863, when Congressional forces abandoned Fredericksburg, Virginia, allowing Grant to march into Washington. The Constitution of 1862 —proposed by the Presidential legislature —formally abolished slavery throughout the United States, extended the rights of citizenship to all Americans (including former slaves), guaranteed universal male suffrage in state and federal elections, mandated the direct election of senators, revoked the Senate's right to confirm presidential appointments, and replaced the electoral college with a direct popular vote for president.