1796-2020, America Changed

[DylanSH99]

Hey everybody, I will be doing a thread of every single presidential election from 1796 onward, only the outcomes are altered. I've been very busy, but am looking forward to this. If anyone has any questions, please feel free to ask, Thanks!

[RC (a la Frémont)]

You should probably become at least a Rookie before doing this. Otherwise, it sounds very interesting, though I don't know how you would alter the 1789 and 1792 elections. Can't wait to see it!

[DylanSH99]

Just changed it from 1796 onward. Thanks! The first post should be done today. I had a previous account but forgot the password, so I had to start all over.

[DylanSH99]

Hey everybody, I will be doing a thread of every single presidential election from 1796 onward, only the outcomes are altered. I've been very busy, but am looking forward to this. If anyone has any questions, please feel free to ask, Thanks!

I love the idea of this. Message me if you need help with anything.

The website won't let me send any personal messages, but would really love your help.

[DylanSH99]

The First Term of George Washington (1789-1793)

April 1, 1789: House of Representatives first achieved a quorum and elected its officers.
April 6, 1789: Senate first achieved a quorum and elected its officers.
April 6, 1789: The House and Senate, meeting in joint session, counted the Electoral College ballots, then certified that George Washington had been elected President of the United States and John Adams was elected as Vice president.
April 30, 1789: George Washington was inaugurated as the nation's first president at Federal Hall in New York City
January 8, 1790: President Washington gave the first State of the Union Address
June 20, 1790: Compromise of 1790: James Madison agreed to not be "strenuous" in opposition to the assumption of state debts by the federal government; Alexander Hamilton agreed to support a national capital site above the Potomac River.
April 5, 1792: President George Washington used the veto for the first time, vetoing a bill designed to apportion representatives among U.S. states.
October 13, 1792: Foundation of Washington, D.C.: The cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion, now known as the White House, was laid.
December 5, 1792: President George Washington is re-elected in a landslide, alongside Vice President John Adams.

The Second Term of George Washington (1793-1797)
April 22, 1793: George Washington signed the Neutrality Proclamation
February 11, 1794: Wishing to avoid charges of being a Star Chamber, The Senate holds its first public session, resolving "That the Senate doors be opened".
March 14, 1794: Eli Whitney was granted a patent for the cotton gin
March 27, 1794: The federal government authorized the construction of the original six frigates of the United States Navy
August 7, 1794: Whiskey Rebellion began: Farmers in the Monongahela Valley of Pennsylvania rebelled against the federal tax on liquor and distilled drinks.
August 20, 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers — American troops under General Anthony Wayne forced a confederacy of Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa, Chippewa and Pottawatomie warriors into a disorganized retreat.

1796 Presidential Election
June 30, 1796: Vice President John Adams fends off challenges from Governor John Jay, Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth, Minister Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Governor Thomas Pinckney, Senator Samuel Johnston, and Justice James Iredell to represent the Federalists in the 1796 election. Adams selects Minister Charles Pinckney as his running mate over his brother, Governor Thomas Pinckney.
June 31, 1796: Secretary Thomas Jefferson wins the Democratic-Republican nomination over Governor Samuel Adams (who had a rift with his brother John over the War), Governor George Clinton, Senator Aaron Burr, and Senator John Henry. Jefferson selects Senator Aaron Burr as his running mate.
September 17, 1796: President Washington endorses Vice President Adams for President, calling him, "My only true successor."
December 7, 1796: Vice President John Adams and Minister Charles Cotesworth Pinckney defeat Secretary Thomas Jefferson and Senator Aaron Burr, 79 electoral votes to 59 electoral votes, as the country is uncertain as to what will happen after the Washington Era...

[DylanSH99]

The John Adams Presidency (1797-1801)
March 4, 1797 – John Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney became President and Vice President of the United States.
July 8, 1797 - The Senate expelled Tennessee Senator William Blount for conspiring with the British.
July 1797-1798 - XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval skirmishes but no war is declared
June 18, 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts is established and is hailed, "as a landmark victory".
July 11, 1798 - The United States Marine Corps was established.
December 14, 1799 — Former President George Washington died. President Adams hails him as, "America's greatest warrior". Vice President Pinckney calls him, "One of the greatest men to ever set foot upon this great Earth."
February 24, 1800 — Library of Congress founded
November 17, 1800 — Congress held its first session in Washington, D.C. Vice President Pinckney presides over the Senate.
January 20, 1801 — President Adams appoints John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States.
February 19, 1801 - The Democratic-Republican Party won both houses of Congress.
February 27, 1801 — Washington, D.C. was placed under the jurisdiction of Congress.

1800 Presidential Election
June 30, 1800 - President Adams officially nominated by the Federalists for a second term. Vice President Pinckney declines to run for a second term as Vice President, instead wishing to retire from the office, calling it, "A miserable one at that". President Adams picks Senator Samuel Johnston as his running mate, calling him "A great American patriot".
June 31, 1800 - Secretary Thomas Jefferson runs again for the Democratic-Republican nomination defeating Governor Samuel Adams, Governor George Clinton, and Senator Aaron Burr. Secretary Jefferson selects Governor Clinton as his running mate and many people believe they could squeak in with a narrow victory.
December 6, 1800 - President Adams and Vice President Pinckney are re-elected over Secretary Jefferson and Governor Clinton, 86 to 52, surprising a lot of people who believed a different outcome would occur...

[DylanSH99]

The Second Term of John Adams (1801-1805)
March 4, 1801: President John Adams is sworn in for a second term, alongside Vice President Samuel Johnston.
May 10, 1801: The pascha of Tripoli declared war on United States by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down
March 16, 1802: West Point established
February 24, 1803: First time an Act of Congress was declared unconstitutional: U.S. Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison
April 30, 1803: Federalists shut down what the Democratic-Republicans called the "Louisiana Purchase".
February 16, 1804: In the First Barbary War, Stephen Decatur led a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate Philadelphia
May 14, 1804: Lewis and Clark Expedition departed from Camp Dubois to begin their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River
July 11, 1804: Aaron Burr shoots Alexander Hamilton, who barely survives. Burr is sentenced to life in prison.
November 30, 1804: Impeachment trial of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase
March 1, 1805: Samuel Chase acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate

The 1804 Presidential Election
June 30, 1804: Incumbent Vice President Samuel Johnston declines to run, leaving the Federalists to nominate former Vice President Charles Cotesworth Pinckney for President and Senator Rufus King for Vice President.
June 31, 1804: Secretary Thomas Jefferson once again runs for President, reportedly saying, "They say three time's a charm, how about a fourth time?". Jefferson faces opposition from Governor George Clinton, but is able to win the Democratic-Republican nomination. In a deal that they believe will unite the party, Clinton agrees to run with Jefferson as his running mate.
July 6, 1804: President Adams endorses former Vice President Pinckney for President.
December 5, 1804: Secretary Thomas Jefferson and Governor George Clinton are elected in a landslide over former Vice President Charles Pinckney and Senator Rufus King, 132 to 44, marking this the first time the Democratic-Republicans win the White House.

[Kingpoleon]

Interesting. What's Madison up to?

[DylanSH99]

Interesting. What's Madison up to?

He'll be mentioned in the next posts.

[DylanSH99]

The Thomas Jefferson Presidency (1805-1809)
June 1, 1805: First Barbary War ends.
November 7, 1805: Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived at the Pacific Ocean.
September 23, 1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition continue the exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest.
June 1807: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: The British warship HMS Leopard (1790) captured and boarded the USS Chesapeake (1799).
August 17, 1807: The Clermont, Robert Fulton's first American steamboat, left New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.
January 1, 1808: The importation of slaves into the United States was banned

1808 Presidential Election
June 30, 1808: Federalists nominate Senator Rufus King over former Vice President Charles C. Pinckney for President. King selects Pinckney as his running mate.
June 31, 1808: President Jefferson becomes the nominee for the Democratic-Republicans for a second term. Jefferson chooses Vice President Clinton as his running mate, over Senator John Quincy Adams and Secretary Henry Dearborn.
December 7, 1808: Jefferson and Clinton are re-elected very easily over the King/Pinckney ticket, 164 electoral votes to 12, officially giving them a second term in office.

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The Second Term of Thomas Jefferson (1809-1813)
March 4, 1809: Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States.
October 27, 1810: Annexation of West Florida from Spain
November 6, 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's forces
April 4, 1812: President Jefferson enacted a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom
April 20, 1812: Vice President George Clinton dies, President Jefferson selects Secretary Henry Dearborn to the vice presidency.
June 18, 1812: War of 1812: United States declared war on Great Britain
August 16, 1812: War of 1812: Detroit surrendered to the British.
October 13, 1812: War of 1812: the Battle of Queenston Heights

1812 Presidential Election
May 26, 1812: Vice President Henry Dearborn announces he will not run for President.
June 30, 1812: The Federalist Party nominates Chief Justice John Marshall over challenges from Senator Rufus King and former Vice Presidency Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Marshall picks King as his running mate, over Attorney General Jared Ingersoll.
June 31, 1812: In one of the closest nominating battles in history to date, Secretary James Madison defeats Secretary James Monroe, with distant challenges from Mayor DeWitt Clinton and Governor Daniel D. Tompkins. Madison selects Governor Tompkins as his running mate over Governor Elbridge Gerry.
August 16, 1812: President Jefferson endorses James Madison for President.
December 2, 1812: Secretary James Madison and Governor Daniel D. Tompkins continue the legacy of Thomas Jefferson by soundly defeating the Marshall/King ticket, 179 to 39.

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The James Madison Presidency (1813-1817)
December 24, 1814: America becomes more aggressive and successfully defeats the British, which ensures a victory for Napoleon in Europe.

1816 Presidential Election
June 30, 1816: Chief Justice John Marshall is once again nominated by the Federalists for President over former Vice President Charles Pinckney and Senator Rufus King. Senator John Eager Howard is nominated for Vice President.
June 31, 1816: Many Democratic-Republicans are angered with President Madison over being a lame-duck president, and nominate Senator Andrew Jackson for President. Madison accepts his defeat and endorses Senator Jackson. Governor Simon Snyder is nominated for Vice President.
December 4, 1816: Andrew Jackson and Simon Snyder are elected, defeating John Marshall and John E. Howard, 155 to 66, thus continuing the reign of the Democratic-Republican Party in the White House.

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The Andrew Jackson Presidency (1817-1821)
March 4, 1817: Andrew Jackson became President of the United States
July 4, 1817: Construction on the Erie Canal began
November 20, 1817: The first Seminole War began in Florida
January 2, 1819: What was to become the first financial crisis is inverted, a major relief to President Jackson and the rest of America.
February 2, 1819: Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Supreme Court allowed Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.
March 6, 1819: McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme Court ruled that the Bank of the United States is constitutional.
November 19, 1819: Vice President Simon Snyder dies. President Jackson appoints former Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins back to his old position.
August 7, 1820: 1820 United States Census conducted, eventually determining a population of 9,638,453, of which 1,538,022 were slaves.

1820 Presidential Election
June 30, 1820: Although losing the last few elections, Chief Justice John Marshall remains a highly popular figure in the Federalist Party, and is nominated in a landslide over challenges from former Vice President Charles C. Pinckney, Senator Rufus King, Governor DeWitt Clinton, and Senator John Eager Howard. Marshall picks Congressman Richard Stockton as his running mate.
June 31, 1820: The Democratic-Republicans nominate President Andrew Jackson for a second term, who keeps Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins on the ticket.
December 6, 1820: In one of the biggest landslides in American history, President Jackson demolishes Chief Justice Marshall, 217 to 19, thus questioning the ability and existence of the Federalist Party.

[Kingpoleon]

Hopefully Madison gets another term in 1824.

Did his victory win us Canada?

[DylanSH99]

Hopefully Madison gets another term in 1824.

Did his victory win us Canada?

In fact, no, Canada is still it's own country. I will post again today, and will also post more tomorrow. Hope everyone is enjoying the timeline so far!

[DylanSH99]

The Second Term of Andrew Jackson (1821-1825)
March 5, 1821: Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson as President of the United States.
August 1823: Arikara War fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians.
December 2, 1823: Jackson Doctrine: President Andrew Jackson delivered a speech to the Congress, announcing a new policy of forbidding European interference in the Americas and establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts.

1824 Presidential Election
June 30, 1824: The Federalist Party announces that it they don't win the White House, they will no longer function as a political party. They nominate Chief Justice John Marshall, as a last bid to win the election. The Federalists do not even nominate a running mate for Marshall, announcing that he alone can do the job.
June 31, 1824: Former President James Madison makes a comeback bid for the Democratic-Republican nomination, but is narrowly defeated by US Minister Richard Rush, who also defeats Speaker Henry Clay, Secretary John C. Calhoun, Secretary William H. Crawford, Senator Nathaniel Macon, Secretary John Quincy Adams, Governor DeWitt Clinton, incumbent Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins, and Secretary Smith Thompson. Senator Nathan Sanford is nominated for Vice President over Secretary Calhoun, Senator Macon, and US Minister Albert Gallatin.
August 26, 1824: President Jackson endorses Minister Rush, calling his selection of Senator Sanford as his running mate, "brilliant".
December 2, 1824: Once again, the Federalist Party is demolished as Richard Rush is elected President, alongside Nathan Sanford as Vice President, 243 electoral votes to 18, thus ending the Federalist Party as we know it.

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The Richard Rush Presidency (1825-1829)
March 4, 1825: Richard Rush inaugurated as President of the United States
October 26, 1825: The Erie Canal opened, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.
July 4, 1826: Both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on the 50th Anniversary of America's Independence. President Rush honors them by calling them, "true patriots of our time that will never be forgotten."

1828 Presidential Election
June 30, 1828: The National Republican Party, which used to be the Democratic-Republican Party, re-nominates President Rush and Vice President Sanford.
June 31, 1828: The newly formed Democratic Party nominates US Minister Martin Van Buren for President and Secretary John C. Calhoun for Vice President.
December 2, 1828: President Rush wins re-election over Minister Van Buren, 150 electoral votes to 111.

The Second Term of Richard Rush (1829-1833)
March 4, 1829: Richard Rush is inaugurated for a second term as President.
1832: Nullification Crisis occurs, which badly damages the Presidency of Richard Rush.

1832 Presidential Election
June 30, 1832: Senator Hugh Lawson White is nominated by the National Republicans for President, winning over incumbent Vice President Nathan Sanford, US Minister William Henry Harrison, Senator Henry Clay, and Senator John Tyler. White selects Congressman John Sergeant as his running mate.
June 31, 1832: The Democrats nominate Secretary John C. Calhoun for President over US Minister Martin Van Buren and Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson. Calhoun selects Judge Philip B. Barbour for Vice President over Minister Van Buren and Congressman Johnson.
September 3, 1832: President Rush endorses Senator White for President.
December 5, 1832: The Democrats take control of the White House as John C. Calhoun and Philip P. Barbour are elected over Hugh Lawson White and John Sergeant, 208 electoral votes to 80.

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The John C. Calhoun Presidency (1833-1837)
January 30, 1835: Richard Lawrence unsuccessfully tried to assassinate President Calhoun in the United States Capitol; this was the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
December 28, 1835: The Second Seminole War began. Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack government agent Thompson outside Fort King in central Florida.
1835: Toledo War fought between Ohio and Michigan Territory over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
February 23, 1836: Siege of the Alamo began in San Antonio, Texas.
July 11, 1836: President John C. Calhoun issued the Specie Circular, beginning the failure of the land speculation economy that would lead to the Panic of 1837.
December 15, 1836: The U.S. Patent Office (USPTO) burned in Washington, DC.

1836 Presidential Election
June 30, 1836: The newly formed Whig Party, formerly the National Republicans, nominate former Vice President Nathan Sanford over Senator William Henry Harrison, Senator John Tyler, Senator Daniel Webster, Senator Hugh Lawson White, and Congressman John Sergeant. The party nominates Senator John Tyler for Vice President over Congressman Francis Granger.
June 31, 1836: President Calhoun is re-nominated by the Democrats, alongside Vice President Barbour.
December 7, 1836: President Calhoun and Vice President Barbour are re-elected over Vice President Sanford and Congressman Granger, 204 electoral votes to 90.

The Second Term of John C. Calhoun (1837-1841)
March 4, 1837: John C. Calhoun is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States
May 10, 1837: Panic of 1837
January 6, 1838: First public demonstration of Samuel Morse's telegraph
May 26, 1838: Trail of Tears: The Cherokee removal began
1839: The first state law permitting women to own property was passed in Jackson, Mississippi
January 19, 1840: Captain Charles Wilkes circumnavigated Antarctica, claiming what becomes known as Wilkes Land for the United States.
February 18, 1841: The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate began and lasted until March 11
February 25, 1841: Vice President Philip Barbour dies. President Calhoun appoints Minister Van Buren as Vice President.

1840 Presidential Election
June 30, 1840: The Whigs nominate US Minister William Henry Harrison for President over Senator Henry Clay and Senator John Tyler. Harrison selects Senator Clay as his running mate over Senator Tyler.
June 31, 1840. The Democrats nominate US Minister George M. Dallas for President over challenges from Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson, Governor James K. Polk, and US Minister Martin Van Buren. Vice President Barbour had decided against a run for the nomination due to declining health, which ultimately resulted in his death less than a year later. Dallas picks Congressman Johnson for Vice President.
September 23, 1840: President Calhoun endorses Minister Dallas for President.
December 2, 1840: George M. Dallas and Richard M. Johnson are elected President and Vice President, respectively, defeating the Harrison/Clay ticket, 173 electoral votes to 121, continuing the dominance of the Democratic Party.

[DylanSH99]

The George M. Dallas Presidency (1841-1845)
March 4, 1841: George M. Dallas was inaugurated as President of the United States
August 16, 1841: President Dallas vetoes a bill to re-establish the Second Bank of the United States, leading Whig Party members to riot outside the White House in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history.
May 19, 1842: Dorr Rebellion
May 24, 1844: The first electrical telegram was sent by Samuel F. B. Morse from the U.S. Capitol to the B&O Railroad "outer depot" in Baltimore, Maryland, saying "What hath God wrought".

1844 Presidential Election
June 30, 1844: Whigs nominate Senator Henry Clay for President over challenges from Senator John Tyler, General Zachary Taylor and Congressman Millard Fillmore. US Minister William Henry Harrison had declined to run due to health concerns. Once nominated, Clay selected General Taylor for Vice President over Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen.
June 31, 1844: President Dallas and Vice President Johnson are re-nominated by the Democrats for a second term.
December 4, 1844: The Dallas/Johnson ticket wins re-election over the Clay/Taylor ticket, 195 electoral votes to 80, to win a second term.

The Second Term of George M. Dallas (1845-1849)
March 4, 1845: George M. Dallas is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States
October 10, 1845: The Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opened in Annapolis, Maryland
December 2, 1845: President Dallas announced to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
April 25, 1846: Open conflict over border disputes of Texas's boundaries began the Mexican-American War
July 1, 1847: United States issued its first postage stamps
January 24, 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, beginning the California Gold Rush
January 31, 1848: Washington Monument established
July 19, 1848: Seneca Falls Convention
1846–1848: Mexican-American War

1848 Presidential Election
June 30, 1848: Governor William A. Graham is nominated by the Whigs for President, defeating various challenges from Senator John M. Clayton, Senator Henry Clay, Senator John Tyler, Senator Daniel Webster, Associate Justice John McLean, General Zachary Taylor, and General Winfield Scott. General Scott is selected for Vice President over Comptroller Millard Fillmore.
June 31, 1848: The Democrats nominate Senator William R. D. King for President, defeating Minister James Buchanan, Governor James K. Polk, Senator Franklin Pierce, former Vice President Martin Van Buren, Senator Lewis Cass, and Associate Justice Levi Woodbury. Senator Franklin Pierce is selected for Vice President over Congressman William O. Butler.
August 6, 1848: President Dallas endorses Senator King for President.
November 7, 1848: The Whigs take control of the White House, as Governor William A. Graham defeats Senator William R. D. King for President, 167 electoral votes to 124.

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The William A. Graham Presidency (1849-1853)
March 4, 1849: William A. Graham became President of the United States
March 7, 1850: Senator Daniel Webster gave his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorsed the Compromise of 1850 to prevent a possible civil war
July 1, 1852: Henry Clay was the first to lie in state in the United States Capitol rotunda

1852 Presidential Election
June 30, 1852: Minister James Buchanan is nominated by the Democratic Party for President, narrowly defeating Senator Franklin Pierce, Senator William R. D. King, Senator Lewis Cass, Congressman John C. Breckinridge, Delegate Joseph Lane, Senator Daniel S. Dickinson, and Senator Sam Houston. The Democrats nominate Senator King for Vice President.
June 31, 1852: The Whigs re-nominate President Graham and Vice President Scott.
November 2, 1852: James Buchanan is elected the next President, defeating incumbent President William A. Graham, 191 electoral votes to 105.

The James Buchanan Presidency (1853-1857)
March 4, 1853: James Buchanan became President of the United States
April 18, 1853: Vice President William R. D. King died, President Buchanan appoints Senator Franklin Pierce as his Vice President
July 8, 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Edo Bay with a request for a trade treaty
December 30, 1853: Gadsden Purchase: The United States bought land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest
March 20, 1854: Republican Party founded
March 30, 1855: Elections were held for the first Kansas Territory legislature. Missourians crossed the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body.
July 2, 1855: The Kansas territorial legislature convened in Pawnee and began enacting proslavery laws.
November 21, 1855: Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence began with events leading to the Wakarusa War between antislavery and proslavery forces.
January 24, 1856: President James Buchanan declared the new Free-State Topeka government in Bleeding Kansas to be in rebellion.
January 26, 1856: First Battle of Seattle: Marines from the USS Decatur drove off Indian attackers after an all-day battle with settlers.
February, 1856: Tintic War broke out in Utah
May 21, 1856: Lawrence, Kansas captured and burned by pro-slavery forces (the "Sacking of Lawrence").

1856 Presidential Election
March 24, 1856: President Buchanan announces he will not run for a second term, stating his health had been deteriorating.
June 30, 1856: Senator Stephen Douglas is nominated by the Democrats for President, over the candidacies of Senator Lewis Cass, incumbent Vice President Franklin Pierce, and Governor Herschel V. Johnson. Congressman John C. Breckinridge is nominated for Vice President.
June 31, 1856: Former President William A. Graham is nominated by the newly formed Republican Party for President, over Justice John McLean, Senator Charles Sumner, Senator William H. Seward, Congressman Abraham Lincoln, Governor Salmon P. Chase, Senator John C. Fremont, and former Vice President Winfield Scott. The Republicans nominate Congressman Lincoln for Vice President over Senator William L. Dayton.
November 4, 1856: In the closest election to date, Stephen Douglas defeats former President William A. Graham, 156 electoral votes to 140, continuing the Democratic Party's residency in the White House.

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The Stephen Douglas Presidency (1857-1861)
March 4, 1857: Stephen Douglas became President of the United States
March 6, 1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford
July 18, 1857: Utah Expedition left Fort Leavenworth, effectively beginning the Utah War
March 3, 1859: Financial appropriations for the improvement and construction of lighthouses.
August 27, 1859: First oil well was drilled in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania
December 20, 1860: South Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
January 3, 1861: Delaware Secession Convention voted not to secede from the Union
January 9, 1861: Mississippi Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
January 10, 1861: Florida Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
January 11, 1861: Alabama Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
January 18, 1861: Georgia Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
January 26, 1861: Louisiana Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
January 29, 1861. Kansas admitted to the Union as a free state.
February 1, 1861: Texas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession
February 23, 1861: The people of Texas ratified its Ordinance of Secession

1860 Presidential Election
June 30, 1860: President Douglas and Vice President Breckinridge are nominated for a second term by the Democratic Party.
June 31, 1860: Congressman Abraham Lincoln is nominated by the Republicans for President, defeating Senator Benjamin Wade, Justice John McLean, Senator Simon Cameron, Senator Charles Sumner, Congressman Edward Bates and Senator John C. Fremont. Lincoln selects State Congressman Cassius Clay as his running mate, shocking Republicans all over the country who had thought he would pick Senator Hannibal Hamlin.
November 6, 1860: Lincoln/Clay defeats Douglas/Breckinridge, 188 electoral votes to 115, turning a new page in the history of the United States.

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The Abraham Lincoln Presidency (1861-1865)
March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln, certified as constitutionally elected president by the 36th Congress, is duly inaugurated President of the United States.
April 12–14, 1861: Battle of Fort Sumter, Civil War began
April 27, 1861: President Lincoln suspends habeas corpus from Washington, D.C., to Philadelphia
May 6, 1861: Arkansas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession.
May 20, 1861: North Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession.
May 23, 1861: Virginia popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. 5 of 12 U.S. Representatives remained. Two senators from the "Restored Government of Virginia" replaced the two who withdrew.
June 8, 1861: Tennessee popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. 3 of 10 U.S. Representatives remain. One Senator, Andrew Johnson, remained.and called up 75,000 militia.
July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run Union approach to Richmond is repulsed.
September 17, 1862: Battle of Antietam rebel invasion into Maryland is repulsed.
September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation ordered, to begin January 1, 1863
November 19, 1863: Gettysburg Address

1864 Presidential Election
June 30, 1864: Military Governor Andrew Johnson is nominated by the Democrats for President, defeating challenges from various candidates, including Governor Thomas H. Seymour, General George B. McClellan, former Vice President Franklin Pierce and Senator Joseph Lane. They also nominate Railroad President George W. Cass for Vice President, over Congressman George H. Pendleton, who was the favorite, Congressman Daniel W. Voorhees, and Senator Augustus C. Dodge.
June 31, 1864: President Lincoln is nominated for a second term, but the unpopularity of Vice President Clay drives the Republicans to nominate Major General Benjamin Butler for Vice President over Senator Daniel Dickinson and Commanding General Ulysses S. Grant.
November 8, 1864: With many of the southern states seceding, President Lincoln wins re-election comfortably over Andrew Johnson, 163 to 71, marking an uncertain future and a tough one in the hands of the Lincoln Presidency.

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The Second Term of Abraham Lincoln (1865-1869)
March 4, 1865: Second inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln.
April 9, 1865: Surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War
April 15, 1865: Attempted assassination of President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre. Actor John Wilkes Booth's gun misfires, and is quickly arrested and sentenced to death by hanging. President Lincoln returns to the White House.
December 11, 1865: Creation of the House Appropriations Committee and the House Banking and Commerce Committee, reducing the tasks of the House Ways and Means Committee
January, 1866: The second and current United States Capitol dome completed after 11 years of work.
July 24, 1866: Tennessee became the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.
January 8, 1867: African American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia
March 30, 1867: Alaska Purchase
December 25, 1868: President Lincoln granted unconditional pardons to all Civil War rebels
January 20, 1869: Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the first woman to testify before Congress

1868 Presidential Election
June 30, 1868: From a wide field of candidates, the Democrats nominate Governor James E. English for President, over Associate Justice Stephen J. Field, Ambassador Thomas H. Seymour, Senator Thomas A. Hendricks, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, Railroad President George W. Cass, Military Governor Andrew Johnson, and Governor Joel Parker. English selects Senator Augustus C. Dodge as his running mate over Congressman Francis P. Blair and Congressman John A. McClernand.
June 31, 1868: Incumbent Vice President Benjamin Butler, highly popular, is nominated by the Republicans for President, defeating Congressman Horace Greeley, Senator Benjamin Wade, and General Ulysses S. Grant. They also nominate Senator Benjamin Wade for Vice President. Other candidates for Vice President were Congressman William D. Kelley, Governor Andrew G. Curtin, Senator Hannibal Hamlin, Senator Henry Wilson, Governor Reuben E. Fenton, General Grant, and Senator James Harlan.
September 23, 1868: President Lincoln endorses Vice President Butler, stating, "Vice President Butler is the only candidate that will keep the United States united, once and for all."
November 3, 1868: In a landslide, the Butler/Wade ticket defeats the English/Dodge ticket, 262 to 32, to continue the Republican's stay at the White House.

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The Benjamin Butler Presidency (1869-1873)
March 4, 1869: Benjamin Butler became President of the United States
May 10, 1869: Golden spike marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in Promontory, Utah
December 10, 1869: Wyoming Territory gave women the right to vote, one of the first such laws in the world
February 12, 1870: Utah Territory gave women the right to vote
February 25, 1870: Senator Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first African American ever to sit in the U.S. Congress
June 10, 1871: U.S. Marines make naval attack on the Han River forts in Korea
March 1, 1872: Yellowstone National Park was established as the world's first national park

1872 Presidential Election
June 30, 1872: The Democrats nominate Governor James E. English, the nominee in 1868, over Senator Francis P. Blair, Jr. and Chairman Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden is selected as English's running mate.
June 31, 1872: President Butler is nominated for a second term. Vice President Wade loses support from his base, and Governor Rutherford B. Hayes is nominated for Vice President, over Governor Edmund J. Davis, Senator John F. Lewis and Senator Henry Wilson.
November 5, 1872: The Republican Party continues its dominance as President Butler is re-elected, 291 to 75.

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The Second Term of Benjamin Butler (1873-1877)
September 18, 1873: New York stock market crash triggered the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression
June 25, 1876: Custer's Last Stand at the Battle of Little Bighorn
July 4, 1876: United States Centennial

1876 Presidential Election
June 30, 1876: Democrats once again nominate Governor James E. English over the candidacies of Governor William Allen, Governor Thomas A. Hendricks, Governor Joel Parker, Congressman William H. English, and Governor Samuel J. Tilden. English selects Governor Hendricks over Congressman Henry B. Payne as his running mate.
June 31, 1876: Collector Chester A. Arthur is selected as the Republican presidential nominee, defeating the likes of former Vice President Benjamin Wade, Senator Oliver P. Morton, Congressman William A. Wheeler, Congressman James A. Garfield, Postmaster General Marshall Jewell, and Senator James G. Blaine. The Republicans nominate Congressman William A. Wheeler for Vice President over Congressman Garfield, Postmaster General Jewell, Congressman Joseph R. Hawley, Congressman Stewart L. Woodford, and Senator Frederick T. Frelinghuysen.
August 23, 1876: President Butler endorses Collector Arthur for President.
November 7, 1876: The Democrats take back the White House, as the English/Hendricks ticket defeats the Arthur/Wheeler ticket, 242 to 127.