List of Alternate Presidents

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28. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican-NY) 1913-1921
29. John W. Davis (Democratic-WV) 1921-1925*
30. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic-NY) 1925
31. Robert M. La Follette (Labor-WI) 1925*
32. Burton K. Wheeler (Labor-MT) 1925-1929
33. Frank O. Lowden (Republican-IL) 1929-1933
34. Norman M. Thomas (Labor-NY) 1933-1941
35. Robert A. Taft (Republican-OH) 1941-1943*
36. Dewey J. Short (Republican-MO) 1943-1945
37. Harry F. Byrd (Democratic-VA) 1945-1949
38. Harold Stassen (Republican-MN) 1949-1953
39. Wayne Morse (Labor-OR) 1953-1957
40. Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic-TX) 1957-1961
41. Barry M. Goldwater (Republican-AZ) 1961-1968**
42. Henry C. Lodge (Republican-MA) 1968-1969
43. Nelson Rockefeller (Republican-NY) 1969-1974*
44. George Romney (Republican-MI) 1974-1977
45. Henry M. Jackson (Labor-WA) 1977-1983*
46. Walter Mondale (Labor-MN) 1983-1985
47. George H.W. Bush (Republican-CT) 1985-1993
48. H. Ross Perot (Independent, then National Unity-TX) 1993-2001
49. Eric R. Boucher (United Left-California) 2001-2005
50. George W. Bush (Republican-CT) 2005-2013
51. Roseanne Barr (United Left-California) 2013-

*Died in office
**Assassinated

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Indeed. It also helps that history has changed dramatically since 1912.

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28. William Sulzer (Democratic-NY) 1913-1919*
29. James B. "Champ" Clark (Democratic-MO) 1919-1925
30. Leonard Wood (Republican-NH) 1925-1933
31. David I. Walsh (Democratic-MA) 1933-1935**
32. John Nance Garner (Democratic-TX) 1935-1941
33. Frank Merriam (Republican-CA) 1941-1946***
34. Arthur Vandenberg (Republican-MI) 1946-1949
35. Richard B. Russell (Democratic-GA) 1949-1953
36. Richard M. Nixon (Republican-CA) 1953-1961
37. John G. Tower (Republican-TX) 1961-1965
38. J. William Fulbright (Democratic-AR) 1965-1973
39. George H.W. Bush (Republican-TX) 1973-1981
40. Harold Washington (Democratic-IL) 1981-1989
41. Geraldine Ferraro (Democratic-NY) 1989-1997
42. Mitch McConnell (Republican-KY) 1997-2001
43. Betsy McCaughey (Democratic-NY) 2001-2005
44. Richard Burr (Republican-NC) 2005-2013
45. Dino Rossi (Republican-WA) 2013-

*Died in office.
**Assassinated.
***Resigned.

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1. John Milton (Federalist-GA) 1789-1793
2. John Adams (Federalist-MA) 1793-1797
3. Oliver Ellsworth (Federalist-PA) 1797-1801
4. Thomas Jefferson (Republican-VA) 1801-1805
5. Charles Cotesworth Picnkney (Federalist-SC) 1805-1809
6. James Monroe (Republican-VA) 1809-1813
7. Rufus King (Federalist-MA) 1813-1821
8. James Monroe (Republican-VA) 1821-1825
9. Henry Clay (Nationalist-KY) 1825-1829
10. John Q. Adams (Nationalist-MA) 1829-1833
11. Henry Clay (Nationalist-KY) 1833-1837
12. Willie P. Mangum (Nationalist-NC) 1837-1841
13. William H. Harrison (Nationalist-OH) 1841
14. John Tyler (Nationalist-VA, then Independent-VA) 1841-1845
15. James G. Birney (Liberty-NY) 1845-1849
16. Gerrit Smith (Liberty-NY) 1849-1853
17. Winfield Scott (Nationalist-NJ) 1853-1857
18. Millard Fillmore (Nationalist-NY) 1857-1861
19. Abraham Lincoln (Liberty-IL) 1861-1865
20. George B. McClellan (People's-NJ) 1865-1869
21. Horatio Seymour (People's-NY) 1869-1873
22. Benjamin G. Brown (Liberty-MO) 1873-1877
23. James Blanchard (Liberty-IL) 1877-1881
24. James A. Garfield (Liberty-OH) 1881
25. Chester A. Arthur (Liberty-NY) 1881-1885
26. Benjamin F. Butler (Reform-MA) 1885-1889
27. Belva Ann Lockwood (Reform-DC) 1889-1893
28. Benjamin Harrison (Liberty-IN) 1893-1897
29. Charles E. Bentley (Reform-NE) 1897-1901
30. William McKinley (Liberty-OH) 1901
31. Theodore Roosevelt (Liberty-NY) 1901-1905
32. Silas C. Swallow (Reform-PA) 1905-1909
33. August Gilhaus (Workingmens-NY) 1909-1913
34. Arthur Reimer (Workingmens-MA) 1913-1921
35. Warren G. Harding (Liberty-OH) 1921-1925
36. Herman P. Faris (Reform-MO) 1925-1929
37. Frank Webb (Workingmens-CA) 1929-1933
38. Herbert Hoover (Liberty-CA) 1933-1937
39. D. Leigh Colvin (Reform-NY) 1937-1941
40. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Liberty-NY) 1941-1945
41. Claude A. Watson (Reform-CA) 1945-1953
42. Adlai Stevenson (Liberty-IL) 1953-1957
43. Enoch A. Holtwick (Reform-IL) 1957-1961
44. John F. Kennedy (Liberty-MA) 1961-1963
45. Lyndon B. Johnson (Liberty-TX) 1963-1965
46. Clifton DeBerry (Workers'-IL) 1965-1966
DeBerry overthrown in the February Coup of 1966

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the United States (1966-1977)
1. Eugene McCarthy (Liberty-MN) 1969-1973
2. George McGovern (Liberty-SD) 1973-1977
McGovern overthrown in the January Coup of 1977

Presidents of the United States under the Constitution of 1977
1. Lester Maddox (American-GA) 1977-1981
2. Ronald Reagan (American-CA) 1981-1985
3. Lyndon LaRouche (American-VA) 1985-1993
4. George H.W. Bush (Republican-MA) 1993-1997
5. Howard Phillips (American-VA) 1997-2001
6. George W. Bush (Republican-CT) 2001-2004
Revolution of 2004

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the United States
1. Ralph Nader (Independent-CT) 2004-2009
2. Alan Keyes (American-MD) 2009-2011
Revolution of 2011

Presidents of the United Soviet States of America
1. Peta Lindsay (Revolutionary Communist-IL) 2013-

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11. Henry Clay (Whig-KY) 1845-1849
12. Lewis Cass (Democratic-MI) 1849-1853
13. Franklin Pierce (Democratic-NH) 1853-1857
14. James Buchanan (Democratic-PA) 1857-1861
15. Abraham Lincoln (Republican-IL) 1861-1865
16. Andrew Johnson (Democratic-TN) 1865-1869
17. Ulysses Grant (Republican-IL) 1869-1877
18. Samuel J. Tilden (Democratic-NY) 1877-1881
19. Winfield S. Hancock (Democratic-PA) 1881-1885
20. James G. Blaine (Republican-ME) 1885-1889
21. Grover Cleveland (Democratic-NY) 1889-1897
22. William McKinley (Republican-OH) 1897-1901
23. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican-NY) 1901-1909
24. William Howard Taft (Republican-OH) 1909-1913
25. Woodrow Wilson (Democratic-NJ) 1913-1917
26. Charles Evans Hughes (Republican-NY) 1917-1925
27. Calvin Coolidge (Republican-MA) 1925-1929
28. Herbert Hoover (Republican-CA) 1929-1933
29. Franklin Roosevelt (Democratic-NY) 1933-1945
30. Harry Truman (Democratic-MO) 1945-1953
31. Dwight Eisenhower (Republican-NY) 1953-1961
32. Richard Nixon (Republican-CA) 1961-1965
33. Lyndon Johnson (Democratic-TX) 1965-1969
34. Richard Nixon (Republican-CA) 1969-1973
35. Ronald Reagan (Republican-CA) 1973-1977
36. Jimmy Carter (Democratic-GA) 1977-1981
37. Ronald Reagan (Republican-CA) 1981-1985
38. George H.W. Bush (Republican-TX) 1985-1993
39. Bill Clinton (Democratic-AR) 1993-2001
40. Al Gore (Democratic-TN) 2001-2005
41. George W. Bush (Republican-TX) 2005-2009
42. Barack Obama (Democratic-IL) 2009-

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17. Andrew Johnson (Democratic-TN) 1865-1868*
18. Benjamin Wade (Republican-OH) 1868-1869
19. Ulysses Grant (Republican-IL) 1869-1877
20. Samuel J. Tilden (Democratic-NY) 1877-1881
21. Ulysses Grant (Republican-IL) 1881**
22. Chester A. Arthur (Republican-NY) 1881-1885
23. Grover Cleveland (Democratic-NY) 1885-1889
24. Benjamin Harrison (Republican-IN) 1889-1893
25. Grover Cleveland (Democratic-NY) 1893-1894***
26. Adlai Stevenson I (Democratic-IL) 1894-1897****
 
*Removed from office.
**Assassinated.
***The entirety of the second Cleveland administration was riven by social and economic conflict, a byproduct of the second crash of the Long Depression in the late 1880s. Escalating conflicts between the administration and a hostile Congress likewise resulted in tensions between the two, exacerbated by the Great Strike of 1894, which saw Cleveland deploy federal troops to put down the strike. Populist agitators and socialists called for the removal of Cleveland from office, and, the Republicans, sensing the unpopularity of Cleveland, jumped at the chance to remove the President and re-assert their control of the executive branch. Cleveland was impeached and removed from office. Incoming President Adlai Stevenson was made aware that his actions were subject to approval by Congress, and so quickly attempted to reverse course on the strike and implement needed political reforms.
****With Congress having gained increased power over the past generation or so and the Presidency weakened perhaps beyond repair, Stevenson mostly caved into whatever the Republican-Populist coalition in the House and in the Senate wanted in terms of political reform. In order to re-assert the balance of power between Congress and the executive, the 16th Amendment was passed creating a kind of semi-presidential system in place of the strict separation of powers put in place by the framers of the Constitution. The President would continue to nominate cabinet secretaries, but these would be members of the House and would be subject to its discipline. A 'First Secretary' of the cabinet would more or less serve a prime ministerial role. Subsequent amendments to the Constitution authorized a tax on incomes (17th), limited the President to a single, six year term set to begin with the election of 1896 (18th), and abolished the electoral college (19th).

Presidents of the United States following the passage of the 16th Amendment

26. Adlai Stevenson I (Democratic-IL) 1894-1901*
27. William P. Frye (Republican-ME) 1901-1903
28. William McKinley (Republican-OH) 1903-1909
29. Joseph B. Foraker (Republican-OH) 1909-1915
30. Charles E. Hughes (Republican-NY) 1915-1921
31. Charles E. Russell (Social Democratic-NY) 1921-1923**
32. Daniel Hoan (Social Democratic-WI) 1923-1927
33. Frank Lowden (Republican-IL) 1927-1933
34. Herbert Hoover (Republican-CA) 1933-1939
35. Upton Sinclair (Social Democratic-CA) 1939-1945
36. Henry A. Wallace (Social Democratic-IA) 1945-1951
37. John W. Bricker (Republican-OH) 1951-1957/1961****
38. James P. Cannon (Communist-IL) 1957-1961

*Stevenson became the first President to be elected to a single, six year term. Unfortunately he would not live to see the end of it, being struck down by an anarchists' bullet two years prior to the expiration of that term.
**Died in office
****Bricker would be elected in tandem with the first ever Communist-led House of Representatives, sparking a constitutional crisis when the administration refused to implement policies proposed by the cabinet. This eventually led to an attempt by the administration to declare the House of Representatives as an 'insurrectionist body' and begin an armed mobilization against it, sparking the Second American Civil War in 1952. A series of conflicts would follow, ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Presidency by the forces aligned with Congress in 1961. Bricker would suspend the Presidential Election of 1956, but in areas controlled by the Communists, the election would result in a sweeping victory for James P. Cannon, who would legally take over the reins of government in 1961.

First Secretaries of the Cabinet of the United States

1. Thomas B. Reed (Republican-ME) 1897-1899
2. William J. Bryan (People's-NE) 1899-1901
3. Thomas B. Reed (Republican-ME) 1901-1902*
4. Mark Hanna (Republican-OH) 1902-1903
5. William R. Hearst (People's-NY) 1903-1905
6. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican-NY) 1905-1909
7. William R. Hearst (People's-NY) 1909-1911
8. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican-NY) 1911-1913
9. William Sulzer (People's-NY) 1913-1915
10. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican-NY) 1915-1917
11. Thomas R. Marshall (People's-IN) 1917-1919
12. Morris Hilquit (Social Democratic-NY) 1919-1921
13. A. Mitchell Palmer (People's-PA) 1921-1923
14. Morris Hilquit (Social Democratic-NY) 1923-1933*
15. Norman Thomas (Social Democratic-NY) 1933-1937
16. Henry S. Breckinridge (Conservative-NY) 1937-1941
17. Norman Thomas (Social Democratic-NY) 1941-1945
18. Robert A. Taft (Conservative-OH) 1945-1947
19. Norman Thomas (Social Democratic-NY) 1947-1951
20. Farrell Dobbs (Communist-MN) 1951-1961

*Died in office

After the defeat of Presidential forces at the Battle of Boston in September 1961, President Bricker was tried and executed for treason, along with those who had supported his administration in the conflict against Congress. A new constitutional convention met in 1959 to devise a new form of government for the United States and re-christen it the United Socialist States of America, a move officially consummated with the victory of 1961, although the USSA claims leadership back to 1959.

Under the new constitution, the President would be a purely ceremonial position, with all power resting in what was described as the 'commune-state.' Elections for the Congress of the USSA occur every two years and themselves elect a National Executive Committee which manages the day to day affairs of the state.

Presidents of the United Socialist States of America

1. James P. Cannon (Communist-IL) 1959-1965
2. Farrell Dobbs (Communist-MN) 1965-1971
3. Henry Winston (Communist-MO) 1971-1977
4. Clifton DeBerry (Communist-IL) 1977-1983
5. Barry Commoner (Libertarian-NY) 1983-1989
6. Lenora Fulani (Libertarian-NY) 1989-1995
7. Huey P. Newton (Workers-CA) 1995-2001
8. Bobby Seale (Workers-CA) 2001-2007
9. Kevin Carson (Libertarian-AR) 2007-2011
10. Bill Ayers (Workers-IL) 2011-

General-Secretaries of the National Executive Committee of the Congress of the United Socialist States of America

1. Farrell Dobbs (Communist-MN) 1959-1961
2. Elizabeth G. Flynn (Communist-NY) 1961-1964*
3. Arvo Halberg (Communist-MN) 1964-1969
4. Fred Halstead (Communist-CA) 1969-1971
5. Arvo Halberg (Communist-MN) 1971-1975
6. Pete Camejo (Communist-CA) 1975-1977
7. Huey P. Newton (Workers-CA) 1977-1979
8. Pete Camejo (Communist-CA) 1979-1981
9. Avro Halberg (Socialist-MN) 1981-1989
10. Murray Bookchin (Libertarian-VT) 1989-1993
11. Bill Ayers (Workers-IL) 1993-1997
12. Murray Bookchin (Libertarian-VT) 1997-1999
13. Tom Hayden (Workers-CA) 1999-2005
14. Richard Wolff (Libertarian-CT) 2005-2007
15. Bobby Rush (Workers-IL) 2007-2009
16. Richard Wolff (Libertarian-CT) 2009-2013
17. Kshama Sawant (Workers-WA) 2013-2015
18. Russell Brand (Libertarian-NY) 2015-

*Died in office

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Once word got 'round that a bunch of bigwigs were getting together in Philadelphia to do something or another they weren't technically supposed to be doing in 1787 (that is, revising the Articles of Confederation), popular discontent boiled over in a spectacular uprising on August 10, 1791, putting the riotous mobs of Philadelphia in control of government and in control of the political reform process. The 'Second Republic' of the United States had thus been born.

Presidents of the National Constitutional Convention of the American Republic (1792-1804)
1. Thomas Paine (Independent, although generally associated with the Sons of Liberty) 1792-1793
2. Aaron Burr (Columbian Order) 1793-1794
3. Thomas Jefferson (Columbian Order, then Society of 1776) 1794-1799
4. Andrew Jackson (Independent) 1799-1804

The Coup of 1799, led by Andrew Jackson and those military officers loyal to his command during the American Revolutionary Wars, ultimately led to Jackson crowning himself 'Emperor Andrew I' in 1804, inaugurating the American Empire.

Emperors of the United States of America during the First Empire of the United States (1804-1815)

1. Andrew I (House of Jackson) 1804-1815

Following the defeat of Jackson at the battle of Worchester in 1815, Congress declared the end of the Jacksonian dynasty and hastily offered the crown to John Adams. Adams, a staunch republican in youth, had become convinced by the years of the First and Second Republics that such a form of government was untenable, and as such, he quietly accepted the crown, and would be inaugurated as King (not Emperor) John I in 1815, establishing the first Kingdom of the United States that year.

Kings of the Kingdom of the United States (1815-1848)

1. John I (House of Adams) 1815-1824
2. John II (House of Adams) 1824-1830*
3. Charles (House of Adams) 1830-1848**

*John II had notoriously poor relations with Congress, resulting in the July Revolution of 1830. Rather than declaring a new birth of Republicanism or whatever, this was more or less a re-arranging of the deck chairs of monarchy, with Congress declaring John II unfit for his position and instead offering the crown to John II's cousin, Charles Henry Adams.
**Fictional person. All good things must come to an end, and in 1848, they came to an end in a big way for King Charles, who would be overthrown in response to waves of revolutionary activity sweeping across North America and Europe. The King was out and the Third Republic was proclaimed.

Presidents of the Third Republic of the United States (1848-1852)

1. Martin Van Buren (Republican) 1848
2. Andrew Jackson Donelson (American) 1848-1852

In a move that literally everyone should have seen coming, the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, Andrew Donelson, declared himself Emperor of the United States in 1852.

Emperors of the Second Empire of the United States (1852-1870)

1. Andrew II (House of Jackson-Donelson) 1852-1870

Conflicts over slavery in the United States had remained mostly dormant until the 1850s, when the aggressive expansionist politics of Andrew II prompted a slow radicalization that would culminate in the declaration by a number of 'free states' in 1870 that these would no longer be party to any 'union with slavery.' Declaring their allegiance to the 'republican ideal', these states immediately chartered a new government, with fiercely revolutionary New York leading the way. Andrew II responded with an attempt to suppress the rebellion that failed miserably, leading to riots across the country, the takeover of Philadelphia by communists (the famed 'Philadelphia Commune') and the overthrow of his government by the military.

After (barely) managing to retain control of Washington, Congress gave unlimited dictatorial power to General Robert E. Lee to contain the rebels, of which he abjectly failed. He did, however, manage to bring those pesky communists in Philadelphia under control and stabilize the front, for the time being. Humiliated, the rump United States would sign a treaty recognizing the independence of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and Michigan in 1871, which would subsequently declare themselves the 'Republic of Columbia', harkening back to an older name for the continent and to the famed republicanism of the 'Columbian Order' during the Second Republic.

In the old United States, Congress would attempt to offer Charles F. Adams the crown, but he would refuse it, and for lack of a better option, Congress would declare the Fourth Republic of the United States in 1871. This new Republic would be parliamentary in nature, with a President elected by a bicameral legislature every six years to a single term.

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Presidents of the Fourth Republic of the United States (1871-1940)
1. David Davis (Independent) 1871-1873
2. Jeremiah Black (Conservative) 1873-1879
3. Rutherford B. Hayes (Liberal) 1879-1885
4. James A. Garfield (Liberal) 1885-1891
5. Benjamin Harrison (Liberal) 1891-1897
6. John M. Palmer (Liberal Conservative) 1897-1903
7. Henry G. Davis (Liberal Conservative) 1903-1909
8. Thomas Wilson (Liberal Conservative) 1909-1915
9. James Cox (Liberal Conservative) 1915-1921
10. A. Mitchell Palmer (Nationalist) 1921-1927
11. Charles Curtis (People's) 1927-1933
12. John Nance Garner (Nationalist) 1933-1939
13. Wendell Willkie (Nationalist) 1939-1940

Chairmen of the Council of Presidential Ministers (1871-1940)
1. George Morgan (Conservative) 1871-1876
2. James A. Garfield (Liberal) 1876-1877
3. Samuel J. Randall (Conservative) 1877
4. James A. Garfield (Liberal) 1877-1881
5. Nicholas Ford (Radical) 1881-1882
6. Joseph W. Keifer (Liberal) 1882-1884
7. John A. Logan (Liberal) 1884-1885
8. Absolom M. West (Radical) 1885-1886
9. Benjamin Harrison (Liberal) 1886
10. David Davis (Independent) 1886-1887
11. Absolom M. West (Radical) 1887
12. Walter Q. Gresham (Independent) 1887-1888
13. Henry George (Radical Liberal) 1888-1889
14. Walter Q. Gresham (Independent) 1889-1890
15. William McKinley (Liberal) 1890-1895
16. William J. Bryan (Radical Liberal) 1895-1896
17. Walter Q. Gresham (Independent) 1896-1898
18. Thomas E. Watson (Radical) 1898
19. William McKinley (Liberal) 1898-1899
20. James Richardson (Liberal Conservative) 1899-1902
21. William J. Bryan (People's) 1902-1905
22. John S. Williams (Liberal Conservative) 1905-1906
23. William J. Bryan (People's) 1906-1909
24. Victor Berger (Social Democratic) 1909-1911
25. William J. Bryan (People's) 1911-1912
26. Champ Clark (Liberal Conservative) 1912-1913
27. Victor Berger (Social Democratic) 1913
28. Champ Clark (Liberal Conservative) 1913
29. William J. Bryan (People's) 1913-1914
30. Champ Clark (Liberal Conservative) 1914
31. Victor Berger (Social Democratic) 1914-1917
32. Champ Clark (Liberal Conservative) 1917
33. Victor Berger (Social Democratic) 1917
34. William J. Bryan (People's) 1917-1920
35. A. Mitchell Palmer (Nationalist) 1920
36. Champ Clark (Nationalist) 1920-1921
37. Victor Berger (Social Democratic) 1921-1922
38. Finis Garrett (Nationalist) 1922-1924
39. Samuel Ralston (People's) 1924-1925
40. Victor Berger (Social Democratic) 1925-1926
41. Samuel Ralston (People's) 1926
42. Finis Garrett (Nationalist) 1926-1929
43. Daniel Hoan (Social Democratic) 1929
44. John Nance Garner (Nationalist) 1929-1930
45. Huey Long (People's) 1930
46. John Nance Garner (Nationalist) 1930
47. Huey Long (People's) 1930-1931
48. John Nance Garner (Nationalist) 1931-1932
49. Huey Long (People's) 1932
50. Daniel Hoan (Social Democratic) 1932-1933
51. Huey Long (People's) 1933-1934
52. Jo Byrns (Nationalist) 1934-1935
53. Daniel Hoan (Social Democratic) 1935
54. Jo Byrns (Nationalist) 1935-1936
55. William Lemke (People's) 1936
56. Norman Thomas (American Section of the Workers' International) 1936-1937
57. William Lemke (People's) 1937-1938
58. Norman Thomas (ASWI) 1938
59. William Lemke (People's) 1938-1940
60. William Bankhead (Nationalist) 1940

The Fourth Republic lasted awhile, but internal contradictions abounded. A revanchist war against Columbia in the 1910s resulted in a victory for the US, but brought with it political instability as the slavery-dominated US attempted to integrate free territories won in the course of the war into its territory. With an economic crash in the 1930s, these contradictions intensified. Slavery itself was brought into question with the election of the first ever truly socialist government in 1936, but the government of Norman Thomas was continually undermined by the arch-conservative President and Senate, leaving him little to show for his efforts. True to his own pacifistic stance, Thomas would not push the issue, which enraged enough of his supporters that, when the now communist Columbians invaded in 1940, working class Americans would join their ranks and help tear up the old society root and branch.

The United States ceased to exist in 1940, it having been fully incorporated into the Democratic Republic of Columbia that year.


I'll probably do a companion list for Columbia, too, if anyone's interested. This was supposed to be a 'US as France' thing but I decided to make it 'US as CS as France vs. New England as the Soviet Union (but democratic) as Germany', if that makes any sense.

[TNF]

Ah, what the hell. Here's a few lists for the First Republic of Columbia (1871-1918), the Second Republic of Columbia (1918-1933), and the Democratic Republic of Columbia (1933-2015).

Executive Magistrates of the First Republic of Columbia (1871-1918)
Yes, you read that right. With republican experiments not having really worked out all that well so far in this world, what better way to make sure that yours works than by going all out on the whole nostalgia for Rome stuff? Hey, it worked for them! (Sort of). The Republic of Columbia, true to its radical democratic origins, established a single chamber Senate with universal suffrage upon its establishment in 1871. The people elect a nonpartisan 'Executive Magistrate' to represent themselves against any unjust enactment from the legislature every four years, and all of the EMs would be limited to a single term, in hopes of preventing dictatorship or something or another. Ultimately the system would become partisan and would result in deadlock as the Senate and the Magistrate began to grapple over policy matters prior to and immediately after the first re-match between Columbia and the US. The defeat of the Columbians would result in a constitutional crisis and the abandonment of the Magistrate system in 1919.

1. Henry Wilson (Independent) 1871-1875
2. William A. Wheeler (Independent) 1875-1879
3. Chester A. Arthur (Independent) 1879-1883
4. James G. Blaine (Independent) 1883-1887
5. Stephen Cleveland (Liberty) 1887-1891
6. David B. Hill (Liberty) 1891-1895
7. Garret Hobart (Columbian) 1895-1899
8. Theodore Roosevelt (Columbian) 1899-1903
9. Alton B. Parker (Liberty) 1903-1907
10. James S. Sherman (Columbian) 1907-1911
11. Nicholas M. Butler (Columbian) 1911-1915
12. Charles E. Hughes (Columbian) 1915-1918

Presidents of the Executive Council of the Columbian Senate (1871-1918)
More or less the Prime Minister of the Republic of Columbia.

1. James G. Blaine (Columbian) 1871-1883
2. Thomas B. Reed (Columbian) 1883-1890
3. David B. Hill (Liberty) 1890-1891
4. Augustus Van Wyck (Liberty) 1891-1894
5. Thomas B. Reed (Columbian) 1894-1900
6. Stephen Cleveland (Liberty) 1900-1908
7. Alton B. Parker (Liberty) 1908-1909
8. Theodore Roosevelt (Reform) 1909-1917
9. Henry Ford (Independent) 1917
10. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Reform) 1917-1918
11. Leonard Wood (Independent) 1918

Following the defeat of the Columbian armies in the 1914-1918 US-Columbian War, revolutionary uprisings of workers across Columbia occurred that ultimately toppled the First Republic and led to the inauguration of the Second Republic of Columbia (1918-1933). The new Republic would be more parliamentary in nature, weakening the overall power of the Magistrate and enhancing the powers of the Senate. In addition, the Senate would now be elected by means of proportional representation, and a second chamber, the House of Councilors, would be added in an attempt to stabilize the system.

It wouldn't work.


Executive Magistrates of the Second Republic of Columbia (1918-1933)
1. Morris Hillquit (Social Democratic) 1918-1922
2. Louis Waldman (Social Democratic) 1922-1926
3. Leonard Wood (Independent) 1926-1930
4. Charles Lindbergh (Independent) 1930-1934

Presidents of the Executive Committee of the Columbian Congress (1918-1933)
1. Louis Waldman (Social Democratic) 1918-1920
2. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Reform) 1920-1923
3. Leonard Wood (Independent) 1923
4. John Coolidge (Republican) 1923
5. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Reform) 1923-1926
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Reform) 1926-1928
7. Morris Hillquit (Social Democratic) 1928-1930
8. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Reform) 1930-1932
9. Henry Ford (Independent) 1932-1933

With the appointment of crypto-fascist Henry Ford as President of the Executive Committee by crypo-fascist President Lindbergh and the subsequent assault on left-wing organizations, the revolutionary spirit of 1918 rose yet again, this time resulting in a short civil war (1933-1936), that saw the victory of the far-left and the inauguration of the Democratic Republic of Columbia in 1933.

Presidents of the National Executive Committee of the National Convention of the Democratic Republic of Columbia (1933-2015)
1. William Z. Foster (Socialist Labor) 1933-1945
2. Tucker P. Smith (Socialist Labor) 1945
3. Alvah Bessie (Socialist Labor) 1945-1949
4. Farrell Dobbs (Socialist Workers) 1949-1963
5. Clifton DeBerry (Socialist Workers) 1963-1966
6. Fred Halstead (Socialist Workers) 1966-1969
7. Charlene Mitchell (Communist) 1969-1974
8. Frank Zeidler (Peace and Socialism) 1974
9. Avro Halberg (Communist) 1974-1982
10. Clifton DeBerry (Socialist Workers) 1982-1998
11. Angela Davis (Communist) 1998-2005
12. Kshama Sawant (Socialist Workers) 2005-

[TNF]

Nice list, Cathcon.

[TNF]

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic-NY) 1933-45
33. Frank P. Zeidler (Labor-WI) 1945-53
34. Adlai E. Stevenson II (Democratic-IL) 1953-61
35. John F. Kennedy (Democratic-MA) 1961-65*
36. Francis A. "Frank" Sinatra (Labor-NJ) 1965-73
37. John V. Lindsay (Democratic-NY) 1973-77
38. Walter F. Mondale (Labor-MN) 1977-81
39. Mary E. Hanford (Democratic-NC) 1981-93**
40. Edward M. "Ed" Kennedy (Democratic-MA) 1993-97***
41. Michael S. "Mike" Dukakis (Labor-MA) 1997-2005
42. Robert P. "Patrick" Casey, Jr. (Labor-PA) 2005-09
43. John F. "Jack" Kennedy, Jr. (Democratic-MA) 2009-

*First Catholic President.
**First female President.
***First brother of a former President elected President.

32. John N. Garner (Democratic-TX) 1933-41
33. Paul V. McNutt (Democratic-IN) 1941-45*
34. Walter A. O'Brien (Labor-MA) 1945-53
35. John J. Sparkman (Democratic-AL) 1953-57
36. John F. Kennedy (Democratic-MA) 1957-61
37. Stuart Symington (Democratic-MO) 1961-65
38. Howard Metzenbaum (Labor-OH) 1965-73**
39. John Connally (Democratic-TX) 1973-77
40. Allard K. Loewenstein (Labor-NY) 1977-81
41. Edward M. "Ed" Kennedy (Democratic-MA) 1981-93
42. Robert P. "Patrick" Casey, Jr. (Labor-PA) 1997-2005
43. Carol E. Moseley Braun (Labor-IL) 2005-09***
44. Willard M. "Will" Romney (Republican-MI) 2009-****

*McNutt was not President Roosevelt's original running mate in 1940. In an attempt to consolidate southern support, Roosevelt initially selected House Speaker William Bankhead for the number two spot in 1940. However, Bankhead died before the ballots were cast for President, and the Democrats re-convened in an emergency convention to nominate McNutt, a political centrist, for the Vice Presidency.

**First Jewish Vice President.

***First female and first black Vice President.

****First Republican Vice President since the 1930s

[TNF]

And a British list

Lord Salisbury (Conservative) 1886-92
William Gladstone (Liberal) 1892-94
Lord Rosebury (Liberal) 1894-95
Lord Salisbury (Conservative) 1895-1901
Arthur Balfour (Conservative) 1901-10
H.H. Asquith (Liberal) 1910-16
David Lloyd George (Liberal) 1916-22
Andrew Bonar Law (Conservative) 1922-23
Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) 1923-29
David Lloyd George (Liberal) 1929-31
Sir Herbert Samuel (Liberal) 1931-35
Archibald Sinclair (Liberal) 1935-45
Clement Davies (Liberal) 1945-51
Winston Churchill (Conservative) 1951-55
Anthony Eden (Conservative) 1955-57
Harold Macmillan (Conservative) 1957-59
Jo Grimond (Liberal) 1959-66
Edward Heath (Conservative) 1966-74
Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal) 1974
Edward Heath (Conservative) 1974-75
Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) 1975-87
David Steel (Liberal) 1987-88
Paddy Ashdown (Liberal) 1988-97
John Major (Conservative) 1997
Michael Hague (Conservative) 1997-2003
Michael Howard (Conservative) 2003-05
Charles Kennedy (Liberal) 2005-07
Nick Clegg (Liberal) 2007-

[TNF]

16. Abraham Lincoln (Republican-IL) 1861-65*
17. Andrew Johnson (Democratic-TN) 1865-69
18. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican-OH) 1869-73
19. Samuel J. Tilden (Democratic-NY) 1873-77
20. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican-OH) 1877-81
21. Winfield S. Hancock (Democratic-NJ) 1881*
22. William H. English (Democratic-IN) 1881-85
23. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican-OH) 1885**
24. John A. Logan (Republican-IL) 1885-86**
25. John Sherman (Republican-OH) 1886-89
26. Stephen Cleveland (Democratic-NY) 1889-93
27. John Sherman (Republican-OH) 1893-97
28. Stephen Cleveland (Democratic-NY) 1897-1905
29. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican-NY) 1905-09
30. William H. Taft (Republican-OH) 1909-17
31. Charles E. Hughes (Republican-NY) 1917-21
32. James Cox (Democratic-OH) 1921-23**
33. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic-NY) 1923-25
34. Robert La Follette (Farmer-Labor-WI) 1925**
35. Burton K. Wheeler (Farmer-Labor-MT) 1925-29
36. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic-NY) 1929-33
37. Norman Thomas (Farmer-Labor-NY) 1933-41
38. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic-NY) 1941-45
39. Henry Wallace (Farmer-Labor-IA) 1945-53
40. Adlai E. Stevenson (Democratic-IL) 1953-57
41. Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. (Democratic-MA) 1957-61
42. Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic-TX) 1961-65
43. Hubert H. Humphrey (Farmer-Labor-MN) 1965-73
44. Richard M. Nixon (Democratic-CA) 1973-77
45. Walter F. Mondale (Farmer-Labor-MN) 1977-85
46. George H.W. Bush (Democratic-TX) 1985-97
47. William J. "Bill" Blythe III (Democratic-AR) 1997-2001
48. Paul Wellstone (Farmer-Labor-MN) 2001-02**
49. Jeanne Shaheen (Farmer-Labor-NH) 2002-13
50. Barack H. Obama (Democratic-HI) 2013-

*Assassinated.
**Died in office.

[TNF]

JFK Lives, TNF-style

35. John Kennedy (Democratic-MA) 1961-69
36. George W. Romney (Republican-MI) 1969-73
37. Robert Kennedy (Democratic-NY) 1973-77
38. John Anderson (Republican-IL) 1977-85
39. Jack F. Kemp (Republican-NY) 1985-89
40. Albert A. "Al" Gore, Jr. (Democratic-TN) 1989-97
41. Bill Bradley (Republican-NJ) 1997-2005
42. Bill Richardson (Democratic-NM) 2005-13

37. Lyndon Johnson (Democratic-TX) 1961-65
38. George Smathers (Democratic-FL) 1965-69
39. James A. Rhodes (Republican-OH) 1969-73
40. James E. "Jimmy" Carter (Democratic-GA) 1973-77
41. Jack F. Kemp (Republican-NY) 1977-85
42. Lamar Alexander (Republican-TN) 1985-89
43. Richard Gephardt (Democratic-MO) 1989-97
44. John A. Danforth (Republican-MO) 1997-2005
45. Barack H. Obama (Democratic-IL) 2005-13

1964: Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York and Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona (Republican), George Wallace of Alabama and Harlan Sanders of Kentucky (Constitution)
1968: Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota and Sargent Shriver of Maryland (Democratic), George Wallace of Alabama and John G. Schmitz of California (Constitution)
1972: George W. Romney of Michigan and James A. Rhodes of Ohio (Republican)
1976: Robert F. Kennedy of New York and James E. "Jimmy" Carter of Georgia (Democratic), John Ashbrook of Ohio and Lawrence McDonald of Georgia (Independent)
1980: James E. "Jimmy" Carter of Georgia and Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota (Democratic)
1984: Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy of Massachusetts and Lloyd M. Bentsen of Texas (Democratic)
1988: Jack F. Kemp of New York and Lamar Alexander of Tennessee (Republican), Lowell Weicker of Connecticut and Richard Lamm of Colorado (Independent)
1992: Paul D'Amato of New York and George Deukmeijan of California (Republican), Lowell Weicker of Connecticut and Ed Zschau of California (People's)
1996: Richard Gephardt of Missouri and Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut (Democratic), Pat Buchanan of Virginia and Bob Dornan of California (Conservative)
2000: Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut and John McCain of Arizona (Democratic)
2004: John F. Kerry of Colorado and Hillary Rodham of Illinois (Republican)
2008: Mitt Romney of Michigan and Tom Barrett of Wisconsin (Republican)

[TNF]

Republican Century

25. William McKinley (R-Ohio) 1897-1901*
26. Theodore Roosevelt (R-New York) 1901-09
27. William Taft (R-Ohio) 1909-13
28. Theodore Roosevelt (R-New York) 1913-21
29. James Cox (D-Ohio) 1921-23*
30. Franklin Roosevelt (D-New York) 1923-29
31. Al Smith (D-New York) 1929-33
32. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (R-New York) 1933-44**
33. Bob Taft (R-Ohio) 1944-49
34. Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. (D-Massachusetts) 1949-57
35. Nelson Rockefeller (R-New York) 1957-65
36. George W. Romney (R-Michigan) 1965-73
37. Robert F. Kennedy (D-New York) 1973-77
38. Charles Mathias (R-Maryland) 1977-85
39. John Anderson (R-Illinois) 1985-89
40. Michael S. Dukakis (D-Massachusetts) 1989-97
41. Arlen Specter (R-Pennsylvania) 1997-2005
42. Elizabeth Hanford (D-North Carolina) 2005-13
   
*Assassinated
**Died in office

[TNF]

The Hump Doesn't Get Dumped

Well, in '68, anyway.

35. John Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) 1961-63*
36. Lyndon Johnson (D-Texas) 1963-69
37. Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) 1969-73
38. Ronald Reagan (R-California) 1973-81
39. George H.W. Bush (R-Texas) 1981-85
40. Gary Hart (D-Colorado) 1985-93
41. Bob Dole (R-Kansas) 1993-2001
42. Bill Bradley (D-New Jersey) 2001-09

*Assassinated

Dewey Defeats Truman (For Real)

32. Franklin Roosevelt (D-New York) 1933-45*
33. Harry Truman (D-Missouri) 1945-49
34. Thomas Dewey (R-New York) 1949-57
35. Adlai Stevenson (D-Illinois) 1957-65
36. Nelson Rockefeller (R-New York) 1965-73
37. Henry Jackson (D-Washington) 1973-77
38. Gerald Ford (R-Michigan) 1977-85
39. Robert Dole (R-Kansas) 1985-89
40. Al Gore (D-Tennessee) 1989-97
41. Jack Kemp (R-New York) 1997-2005
42. Howard Dean (D-Vermont) 2005-13

*Died in office

[TNF]

28. Woodrow Wilson (D-New Jersey) March 4, 1913 - March 4, 1921
29. Leonard Wood (R-New Hampshire) March 4, 1921 - August 7, 1923¹
30. Frank Lowden (R-Illinois) August 7, 1923 - March 4, 1933
31. Newton Baker (D-Ohio) March 4, 1933 - December 25, 1937²
32. Henry Breckinridge (D-New York) December 25, 1937 - May 2, 1940³
33. Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (D-Massachusetts) May 2, 1940 - January 20, 1945⁴
34. Thomas Dewey (R-New York) January 20, 1945 - January 20, 1953⁵
35. Earl Warren (R-California)  January 20, 1953 - January 20, 1957
36. Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. (D-Massachusetts) January 20, 1957 - August 12, 1963⁶
37. Nelson Rockefeller (R-New York) August 12, 1963 - November 7, 1963⁷
38. Farrell Dobbs (Labor-Minnesota) November 7, 1963 - April 8, 1964<sup>8

1</sup>Died in office.
²Died in office.
³President Breckinridge was killed in office when the plane he was flying in to meet with Allied leaders during the Second World War was shot down over the English channel.
⁴Secretary of State Joseph P. Kennedy became President upon the death of President Breckinridge and on account of the Vice Presidency being vacant. He would be the first Catholic to occupy the office and the first non-elected President to occupy the position. He would continue the Second World War throughout his term of office, in spite of the conflict becoming increasingly unpopular.
⁵Kennedy would be massively unpopular by the time of the 1944 Presidential Election, allowing him to opt not to run for another full term of his own. At the front, morale had broken down and whole units began mutinying and announcing their 'kinship with the Comintern', which of course scared the sh#t out of the American command. The voters, upset with the loss of life and with the inability of Kennedy to secure peace, voted the Republicans in after a twelve year exile. President Dewey would negotiate an armistice with the Comintern in September 1945 and would spent the better part of his two terms in office attempting to modernize and expand American arms production and the American military, in view of the inevitable return to conflict with the Comintern.
⁶Deciding that he would finish what his father had been unable to, JPK Jr, hero of the Second World War, would be instrumental in abrogating the twelve year armistice with the Comintern and sparking the Third World War. From 1957 to 1963 (when Kennedy was overthrown and hacked to death by communist partisans in Philadelphia), the Allies battled with the Comintern throughout the globe, with increasing difficulty. Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election in part thanks to the electoral college invalidating the majority of the vote given to the Comintern-backed Labor Party and instead re-electing Kennedy as President and Republican Nelson Rockefeller as his Vice President on a 'National Unity' ticket.
⁷Rockefeller would be the shortest service President in American history. Backed into a corner by the onslaught of the Red Army and the Comintern armies abroad, he would eventually sign the declaration of surrender on November 7, 1963, the 46th anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia. Red Army forces stormed into Philadelphia and inaugurated Farrell Dobbs, popular vote winner in 1956 and 1960 as the president of the provisional revolutionary government.
⁸Dobbs served as president of the provisional revolutionary government, and with the Labor-controlled Congress, called for a constitutional convention to work out a new, socialist form of government for the former United States.

28. Thomas Marshall (D-Indiana) March 4, 1913 - March 4, 1921
29. Frank Lowden (R-Illinois) March 4, 1921 - August 7, 1923¹
Vice Presidency vacant, August 7, 1923 - March 4, 1925
30. Calvin Coolidge (R-Massachusetts) March 4, 1925 - January 5, 1933²
Vice Presidency vacant, January 5, 1933 - March 4, 1933
31. Henry Breckinridge (D-New York) March 4, 1933 - December 25, 1937³
Vice Presidency vacant, December 25, 1937 - January 20, 1941
32. W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel (D-Texas) January 20, 1941 - January 20, 1945
33. John Bricker (R-Ohio) January 20, 1945 - January 20, 1949
34. Earl Warren (R-California) January 20, 1949 - January 20, 1953
35. Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (R-Massachusetts) January 20, 1953 - January 20, 1957
36. J. Strom Thurmond (D-South Carolina) January 20, 1957 - January 20, 1961
37. Nelson Rockefeller (R-New York) January 20, 1961 - August 12, 1963⁴
Vice Presidency vacant, August 12, 1963 - November 7, 1963
38. Myra Tanner Weiss (Labor-Washington) November 7, 1963 - April 8, 1964

¹Became President upon the death of President Leonard Wood.
²Died in office.
³Became President upon the death of President Newton Baker.
⁴Became President upon the assassination of President Kennedy.

[TNF]

36. Lyndon Johnson (D-Texas) 1963-69
37. Robert Kennedy (D-New York) 1969-77
38. Ronald Reagan (R-California) 1977-81
39. Edward Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) 1981-89
40. Jesse Jackson (D-Illinois) 1989-93
41. Pat Buchanan (R-Virginia) 1993-2001
42. Bill Bradley (D-New Jersey) 2001-09
43. Rick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania) 2009-17
 
Defeated presidential candidates:
1964: Barry Goldwater (R-Arizona)
1968: Ronald Reagan (R-California), George Romney (I-MI)
1972: John Ashbrook (R-Ohio), Pete McCloskey (I-CA)
1976: Jerry Brown (D-California)
1980: Ronald Reagan (R-California), Mo Udall (I-AZ), Barry Commoner (Green-NY)
1984: George H.W. Bush (R-Texas)
1988: Bob Dole (R-Kansas)
1992: Jesse Jackson (D-Illinois), Lane Kirkland (I-SC)
1996: Paul Tsongas (D-Massachusetts), Lane Kirkland (Labor-SC)
2000: John McCain (R-Arizona), Ezola Foster (American-LA)
2004: Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts)
2008: John Edwards (D-North Carolina)
2012: Bernie Sanders (D-Vermont)

[TNF]

37. Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) 1969-74¹
38. Edmund Muskie (D-Maine) 1974-77
39. Charles Percy (R-Illinois) 1977-81
40. Robert Redford (D-California) 1981-89
41. Lloyd Bentsen (D-Texas) 1989-93
42. Thomas Kean (R-New Jersey) 1993-2001
43. Ken Bentsen (D-Texas) 2001-09
44. Barack Obama (R-Illinois) 2009-

¹Died in office on account of stomach cancer.

Defeated presidential candidates:
1968: Richard Nixon, George Wallace
1972: Ronald Reagan, John Schmitz
1976: Ed Muskie
1980: Chuck Percy, John Ashbrook
1984: Bob Dole
1988: Dick Thornburgh
1992: Lloyd Bentsen, Tony Mazzochi
1996: Al Gore, Tony Mazzochi (Progressive)
2000: Tom Ridge
2004: John Warner
2008: John McCain
2012: Mark Warner

[TNF]

Rick Perry was a Democrat who supported Al Gore for President in 1988

[TNF]

The Permanent Revolution

Trotsky succeeds Lenin as head of the Soviet Union, which results in a very different 20th Century.

List of Premiers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Vladimir Lenin (Communist Party) 1922-24¹
Leon Trotsky (Communist Party) 1924-47²
Grigory Zinoviev (Communist Party) 1947-61³
Iona Yakir (Communist Party) 1961-67
Milovan Đilas (Socialist Workers Party) 1967-71⁴
Alexander Dubček (Socialist Workers Party) 1971-79
Qing Ku (Communist Party) 1979-94⁵
Vlad Jurković (Socialist Workers Party) 1994-2001⁶
Maria Černá (Communist Party) 2001-<sup>7

1</sup>Died in office.
²Trotsky's tenure would see the Soviet Union rebuild most of the industry that had been destroyed during the Russian Civil War and would see the continued growth of the international socialist movement, with the victorious Chinese Revolution in 1925 and the German Revolution of 1933, both of which pushed the West into an openly anti-Soviet posture once again during the 1930s. The Second Great War (1941-47) would see the Soviet Union (which includes here the various Chinese soviet republics) successfully fend off attack from an alliance of Western powers, the UK (led by PM Oswald Mosley), France (led by Charles Maurras), and Fascist Italy (led by Benito Mussolini). The war also had the effect of spreading communist revolution up and down southern and southeastern Europe, as well as in the baltic states. At long last, the German Socialist Republic would be united with the USSR and a new capital established for the union at Prague. Trotsky resigned from the position of Premier following the signing of an armistice with the western powers, citing ill health. He would die in 1953 as chief ideologist and leader of the international socialist movement, reviled in corporate boardrooms but increasingly admired on the shop floor.
³Zinoviev took over as head of government following Trotsky's resignation in 1947. The internal dynamic of the party, which had remained fairly democratic throughout Trotksy's tenure in office, had become increasingly argumentative as the war went on, with some of the left arguing that the war should continue until total victory over fascism, and those on the right arguing for peace and building up the nation to prepare for a final conflict with the West in the near future. The ban on factions, having been lifted in the late 1930s, now sprung into more or less open conflict, with party unity more or less impossible to maintain, which led to a promulgation by Trotsky (late in the war) that lifted the ban on opposition political parties, provided that these parties 'are socialist in nature and outlook'. The Communist Party faced in 1947 the first mass opposition to it since the early 1920s, but nonetheless won a resounding majority in the Congress of Soviets over the opposition, represented primarily by the left-wing Socialist Workers Party.
⁴The first non-CPSU leader of the Soviet Union in it history, Milovan Đilas lead a wave of popular sentiment for further democratization of the USSR, including a phasing out of odious political censorship and establishing more worker control and oversight of the economy. He also famously pursued a policy of detente with the West, professing his belief that the liberation of the Western working classes could 'only come from those people themselves' and that the competition between the capitalist West and socialist East would prove the superiority of socialism.
⁵Fictional person. The 'Iron Lady', Ku became head of the Communist Party in the mid-1970s and represented what came to be known as the 'neo-communist' segment of the party, which was militarily aggressive toward the West and committed to 'winning the international class struggle.' She was also of course the first Chinese-born leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and would as its Premier oversee the final collapse of the capitalist west with the revolutions of 1989. Ku would resign in 1994 to take up the role of General-Secretary of the Presidium of the Comintern, which had, for all intents and purposes, become something of a world government. She would die in 2013 after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease.
⁶Fictional person.
⁷Fictional person.

[TNF]

The Permanent Revolution (con't)

List of Prime Ministers of Italy
Benito Mussolini (National Fascist Party) 1922-49¹
Pietro Badoglio (National Fascist Party) 1949-53
Alcide De Gasperi (Christian Democracy) 1953-54
Amintore Fanfani (Christian Democracy) 1954-58
Pietro Nenni (Socialist Party) 1958-63
Francesco De Martino (Socialist Party) 1963-76
Benigno Zaccagnini (Christian Democracy) 1976-83
Bettino Craxi (Socialist Party) 1983-92
Arnaldo Forlani (Christian Democracy) 1992-94
Lea Fiorentini (Communist Party) 1994-96²
Flavia Sagese (Italian Anarchist Federation) 1996-2001³
Lea Fiorentini (Communist Party) 2001-06
Flavia Sagese (Italian Anarchist Federation) 2006-08
Lea Fiorentini (Communist Party) 2008-13
Benedetta Lombardi (Confederation of Italian Ecologists - Italian Anarchist Federation) 2013-<sup>4

1</sup>Died in office.
²Fictional person. Presided over the peaceful transition from capitalism to communism in Italy.
³Fictional person.
⁴Fictional person.

Monarchs of the Kingdom of Italy
Victor Emmanuel III (House of Savoy) 1900-47
Umberto II (House of Savoy) 1947-83
Victor Emmanuel IV (House of Savoy) 1983-94<sup>1

1</sup>Monarchy abolished.

[TNF]

Third Place is a Charm

The third place winner at the convention or in the primaries vs. his opposite.

37. Ronald Reagan (R-California) 1969-73
38. George Wallace (D-Alabama) 1973-81
39. John Anderson (R-Illinois) 1981-89
40. Al Gore (D-Tennessee) 1989-97
41. Steve Forbes (R-New York) 1997-2005
42. Howard Dean (D-Vermont) 2005-09
43. Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts) 2009-17

[TNF]

35. Richard Nixon (R-California) 1961-63¹
36. Henry Cabot Lodge (R-Massachusetts) 1963-69
37. John Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) 1969-74²
38. Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) 1974-77
39. Daniel J. Evans (R-Washington) 1977-81
40. Edward J. King (D-Massachusetts) 1981-89
41. Lloyd Bentsen (D-Texas) 1989-93
42. Tommy Thompson (R-Wisconsin) 1993-2001
43. Ken Bentsen (D-Texas) 2001-09
44. Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts) 2009-17

¹Assassinated.
²Resigned.

Defeated presidential candidates:

1960: John Kennedy (D-Massachusetts)
1964: George McGovern (D-South Dakota)
1968: Nelson Rockefeller (R-New York)
1972: Barry Goldwater (R-Arizona)
1976: Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota)
1980: Daniel J. Evans (R-Washington)
1984: Robert J. Dole (R-Kansas)
1988: Thomas Kean (R-New Jersey)
1992: Lloyd Bentsen (D-Texas)
1996: Walter Mondale (D-Minnesota)
2000: Terry Branstad (R-Iowa)
2004: John McCain (R-Arizona)
2008: Joe Lieberman (D-Connecticut)
2012: Jon Corzine (D-New Jersey)

[TNF]

List of Presidents of the United States during the Second Republic (1787-1812)¹

1. George Washington (Independent-Virginia) 1789-97
2. John Adams (Federalist-Massachusetts) 1797-1801
3. Thomas Jefferson (Republican-Virginia) 1801-09
4. James Madison (R-Virginia) 1809-12

List of Presidents of the United States during the Third Republic (1812-37)²
1. James Madison (R-Virginia) 1812-16
2. James Monroe (R-Virginia) 1816-24
3. John Q. Adams (R-Massachusetts) 1824-28
4. Andrew Jackson (Democratic-Tennessee) 1828-36
5. Martin Van Buren (D-New York) 1836-37

List of Presidents of the United States during the Fourth Republic (1837-62)³
1. Martin Van Buren (D-New York) 1837-41
2. William Henry Harrison (Whig-Ohio) 1841⁴
John Tyler (Whig, then Independent-Virginia) 1841-43 (Acting)
3. James K. Polk (D-Tennessee) 1843-47
4. Zachary Taylor (W-Louisiana) 1847-50⁵
Millard Fillmore (W-New York) 1850-51 (Acting)
5. Franklin Pierce (D-New Hampshire) 1851-55
6. James Buchanan (D-Pennsylvania) 1855-59
7. Abraham Lincoln (Republican-Illinois) 1859-62

List of Presidents of the United States under the Fifth Republic (1862-87)⁶
1. Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois) 1862-63⁷
Andrew Johnson (D-Tennessee) 1863-64 (Acting)
2. Ulysses S. Grant (R-Illinois) 1864-72
3. Samuel J. Tilden (D-New York) 1872-76
4. James A. Garfield (R-Ohio) 1876⁸
Chester A. Arthur (R-New York) 1876 (Acting)
5. Samuel J. Tilden (D-New York) 1876-80
6. James G. Blaine (R-Maine) 1880-84
7. S. Grover Cleveland (D-New York) 1884-87

List of Presidents of the United States under the Sixth Republic (1887-1912)⁹
1. Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana) 1887-1891¹⁰
Levi P. Morton (R-New York) 1891-92 (Acting)
2. Levi P. Morton (R-New York) 1892-98
3. William McKinley (R-Ohio) 1898-1904
4. Alton Parker (D-New York) 1904-10
5. William Howard Taft (R-Ohio) 1910-12

List of Presidents of the United States under the Seventh Republic (1912-37)¹¹
1. Theodore Roosevelt (R-New York) 1912-18
2. Warren G. Harding (R-Ohio) 1918-24
3. William G. McAdoo (D-California) 1924-30
4. Newton Baker (D-Ohio) 1930-36
5. John L. Lewis (Labor-Pennsylvania) 1936-37

List of First Secretaries of the United States under the Seventh Republic (1912-37)
1. James Mann (R-Illinois) 1912-16
2. Frederick Gillett (R-Massachusetts) 1916-22
3. Finis Garrett (D-Tennessee) 1922-29
4. John Nance Garner (D-Texas) 1929-32
5. Paul J. Kvale (Labor-Minnesota) 1932-34
6. Jo Byrns (D-Tennessee) 1934-36
7. Paul J. Kvale (L-Minnesota) 1936-37

List of Presidents of the United States under the Eighth Republic (1937-62)¹²
1. Smedley Butler (Independent-Pennsylvania) 1937-40¹³
William B. Bankhead (D-Tennessee) 1940 (Acting)¹⁴
Sam Rayburn (D-Texas) 1940 (Acting)
2. Joseph P. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) 1940-46
3. Paul Robeson (L-New Jersey) 1946-52
4. Frank Sinatra (L-New Jersey) 1952-58
5. Marion M. Morrison (R-Iowa) 1958-62

List of First Secretaries of the United States under the Eighth Republic (1937-62)
1. Paul J. Kvale (L-Minnesota) 1937
2. William B. Bankhead (D-Tennessee) 1937-40¹⁴
3. Sam Rayburn (D-Texas) 1940-46
4. Vito Marcantonio (L-New York) 1946-52¹⁵
5. Hubert Humphrey (L-Minnesota) 1952-54
6. Sam Rayburn (D-Texas) 1954-60
7. Malcolm Little (L-Platte) 1960-62

List of Presidents of the United States under the Ninth Republic (1962-87)¹⁶
1. Edward R. Murrow (I-New York) 1962-65¹⁷
Malcolm Little (L-Platte) 1965-66 (Acting)
2. John F. Kennedy (I-Massachusetts) 1966-72¹⁸
3. John R. Cash (I-Tennessee) 1972-78¹⁹
4. Fr. Robert F. Kennedy (I-New York) 1978-84²⁰
5. Ronald Reagan (I-California) 1984-87²¹

List of First Secretaries of the United States under the Ninth Republic (1962-87)
1. Malcolm Little (L-Platte) 1962-68
2. Tony Mazzocchi (L-New York) 1968-72
3. John V. Lindsay (D-New York) 1972-80
4. Angela Davis (L-Alabama) 1980-87

List of First Secretaries of the United States under the Tenth Republic (1987-2012)²²
1. Angela Davis (L-Alabama) 1987-88
2. Avro Halberg (Communist-Minnesota) 1988-94
3. Bert Sinatra (C-New Jersey) 1994-2002²³
4. George Paul (L-Kentucky) 2002-06²⁴
5. Lesane P. Crooks (C-California) 2006-10
6. John F. Cena (L-Florida) 2010-12

List of Premiers of the United Workers' and Farmers' Council Republics of America (2012-)²⁵
1. John F. Cena (L-Florida) 2012-18
2. Taylor Swift (C-Pennsylvania) 2018-

Footnotes to follow.