List of Alternate Presidents

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41. Michael S. "Mike" Dukakis (D-Massachusetts) 1989-97
42. George W. Bush (R-Texas) 1997-2002¹
43. John C. "Jack" Danforth (R-Missouri) 2002-05
44. John F. Kerry (D-Massachusetts) 2005-09
45. John S. McCain III (R-Arizona) 2009-17
46. W. "Mitt" Romney (R-Massachusetts) 2017-21
47. Dustin B. McDaniel (D-Arkansas) 2021-29
48. Taggart "Tagg" Romney (R-Massachusetts) 2029-37
49. James R. "Jim" Perez (D-Illinois) 2037-45^{2
   
1}Assassinated.
²Fictional person.

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Presidents of the United States of America (First Republic)
1. George Washington (Independent-Virginia) 1789-97
2. John Adams (Federalist-Massachusetts) 1797-1801
3. Thomas Jefferson (Republican-Virginia) 1801-05
4. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (F-South Carolina) 1805-09
5. James Madison (R-Virginia) 1809-17
6. James Monroe (R-Virginia) 1817-25
7. John Q. Adams (R-Massachusetts) 1825-33
8. William Wirt (Anti-Masonic-Maryland) 1833-34¹
9. Amos Ellmaker (Anti-Masonic, then Whig-Pennsylvania) 1834-37
10. Hugh L. White (Whig-Tennessee) 1837-40¹
11. John Tyler (W-Virginia) 1840-41
12. Martin Van Buren (R-New York) 1841-45
13. James Birney (Liberty-New York) 1845-49
14. Lewis Cass (R-Michigan) 1849-53
15. John P. Hale (L-New Hampshire) 1853-61
16. John Bell (Constitution-Tennessee) 1861-69
17. John Gavin (L-New Hampshire) 1869-73²
18. Anthony Collins (C-Virginia) 1873-77²
19. Robert M. Black (L-Arkansaw) 1877-80²,<sup>3

1</sup>Died in office.
²Fictional person.
³Deposed during the December Revolution of 1880.

Provisional Government of the United States (December 1880 - March 1881)
Henry D. Henshaw (People's-Indiana) 1880-81<sup>1

1</sup>Henshaw served as head of state and government, leading a provisional government staffed with members of the various revolutionary parties until the Constitutional Convention of March 1881 produced the Constitution of 1881, establishing a five member Consulate to replace the old Presidency.

Consuls of the United States (Second Republic)
First Consulate: Henry D. Henshaw (P-Indiana), Thomas Williams (P-Florida), Andrew Hamilton (Temperance-Georgia), Donald Hopper (L-Mississippi), William Sweeten (C-Virginia)¹ 1881

¹The Consulate was dissolved following the May Uprising against the government. Succeeding it was an emergency administration led by General Milo Yates.

Yates Administration (Second Republic)
Milo Yates (I-Michigan) 1881<sup>1

1</sup>Yates would preside as effective dictator until the Presidential Election of 1881, held in November of that year following his restoration of the Constitution of 1789, plus or minus a few forced constitutional amendments guaranteeing things like universal suffrage (for white men).

Presidents of the United States (Second Republic)
1. William Mullen (C-New York) 1882-86
2. Thomas Williams (P-Florida) 1886-90
3. Gilbert Knopp (Nationalist-North Carolina) 1890-98¹
4. Harold Hargrove (N-Iowa) 1898-1902
5. Clinton Jones (P-Mississippi) 1902-10
6. Louis Cooper (N-Mississippi) 1910-14
7. Susan Sink (Social Democratic-Washington) 1914-18
8. Lucius Higgins (N-Kentucky) 1918-26
9. Daniel Mason (SD-Georgia) 1926-38
10. Michael Nutter, Sr. (N-Michigan) 1938-61²
11. Joseph Downey (N-Illinois) 1961-62
13. Larry West (American-Sequoyah) 1962-70³
14. Michelle McKnight (Independence-Massachusetts) 1970-74
15. Michael Nutter, Jr. (A-Colorado) 1974-82
16. Whitney Richardson (I-New York) 1982-86
17. Al Michaels (Solidarity-Louisiana) 1986-90⁴
18. Michael Bollinger (A-South California) 1990-94
19. Christine Peterson (S-Tejas) 1994-2006
20. James Hamilton (A-Pennsylvania) 2006-10
21. Becky Michaels (S-Louisiana) 2010-

¹The Liberty Party merged with the Constitution Party to form the Nationalist Party prior to the 1890 Presidential Election.
²Died in office. Nutter was the longest serving President in American history, having won in 1938, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1954, and 1958.
³The hegemony of the Nationalist Party between 1938 and 1958 led to the slow destruction of the Social Democratic Party as a national political force and the strengthening of the opposition caucuses within the Nationalists, who eventually broke off after the force that bound them together (Mike Nutter) died. On the right, the racist, isolationist American Party was born, while on the center-right, the more socially liberal (albeit very pro-business) Independence Party emerged as new competitors for the Nationalists, who quickly began to feel the pressure and fell apart as a governing party shortly thereafter.
⁴The reform left re-constituted itself as 'Solidarity' and won power for the first time in 1985.

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1. George Clinton (Anti-Federalist, then Republican-New York) 1789-97
2. John Adams (Federalist-Massachusetts) 1797-1805
3. Thomas Jefferson (R-Virginia) 1805-13
4. DeWitt Clinton (F-New York) 1813-17
5. Rufus King (F-Massachusetts) 1817-25
6. Andrew Jackson (R-Tennessee) 1825-29
7. John Q. Adams (F-Massachusetts) 1829-32¹
8. Richard Rush (F-Pennsylvania) 1832-37
9. Martin Van Buren (R-New York) 1837-43²
10. Richard M. Johnson (R-Kentucky) 1843-45
11. Henry Clay (F-Kentucky) 1845-53
12. Lewis Cass (R-Michigan) 1853-61³
14. Solomon W. Downs (R-Louisiana) 1861-73
15. Charles F. Adams (F-Massachusetts) 1873-77
16. James G. Blaine (F-Maine) 1877-83³
17. Chester A. Arthur (F-New York) 1883-85
18. Grover Cleveland (R-New York) 1885-93
19. Benjamin Harrison (F-Indiana) 1893-97
20. William McKinley (F-Ohio) 1897-1905²
21. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (F-New York) 1905-09
22. John A. Johnson (R-Minnesota) 1909-13
23. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (F-New York) 1913-17
24. Woodrow Wilson (R-Virginia) 1917-21
25. Warren G. Harding (R-Ohio) 1921-25²
26. Irvine Lenroot (F-Wisconsin) 1925-29
27. Herbert Hoover (F-California) 1929-33
28. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (F-New York) 1933-41
29. Franklin D. Roosevelt (R-New York) 1941-45²
30. Harold Stassen (F-Minnesota) 1945-49⁴
31. Harry S Truman (R-Missouri) 1949-53
32. Adlai E. Stevenson (R-Illinois) 1953-57
33. Dwight D. Eisenhower (Conservative-Texas) 1957-60³,⁵
34. Richard M. Nixon (C-California) 1960-61
35. John F. Kennedy (R-Massachusetts) 1961-65
36. Barry M. Goldwater (C-Arizona) 1965-69³
37. William F. Knowland (C-California) 1969
38. George Wallace (R-Alabama) 1969-73
39. Robert F. Kennedy (R-New York) 1973-81
40. John Anderson (Conservative, then Liberal Conservative) 1981-85⁶
41. Edward M. Kennedy (American-Massachusetts) 1985-93⁷
42. Patrick J. Buchanan (A-Virginia) 1993-2001
43. Donald Trump (A-New York) 2001-09
44. Barack Obama (Liberal-Illinois) 2009-13⁸
45. Tom Cotton (Nonpartisan-Arkansas) 2013-

¹Resigned.
²Assassinated.
³Died in office.
⁴Ran on a National Unity ticket in 1940 with Roosevelt.
⁵The Federalist Party, riven by internal divisions on the civil rights question, finally collapsed after nearly two centuries of existence in the late 1950s.
⁶With the Republicans collapsing in the 1980s, Anderson took a shot at picking up some of their base when he split the Conservative Party to form his own Liberal Conservative Party. This was fairly short-lived, as his defeat in 1984 and subsequent defeats for the party would effectively end the 'Liberal Conservative' movement.
⁷Kennedy led the far-right, anti-liberal American Party, which emerged from the protectionist, nationalist wing of the Republican Party.
⁸Overthrown in a military coup.

[TNF]

Viva La Commune!

Presidents of the United States of America
18. Ulysses S. Grant (R-Illinois) 1869-77
19. Samuel J. Tilden (D-New York) 1877-81¹
20. William H. English (D-Indiana) 1881-85
21. S. Grover Cleveland (D-New York) 1885-89
22. Robert T. Lincoln (R-Illinois) 1889-1901¹
23. Theodore Roosevelt (R-New York) 1901-09
24. T. Woodrow Wilson (D-New Jersey) 1909-17
25. John W. Weeks (R-Massachusetts) 1917-23¹
26. Irvine Lenroot (R-Wisconsin) 1923-25
27. Alfred E. "Al" Smith (D-New York) 1925-30²
28. Joseph T. Robinson (D-Arkansas) 1930-33
29. Herbert Hoover (R-California) 1933-37
30. E.W. Howerton (D-Pennsylvania) 1937-45³
31. Stanley J. "Stan" Steele (D-Kansas) 1945-47³,<sup>4

1</sup>Assassinated.
²Impeached and removed from office.
³Fictional person.
⁴Last President of the United States of America. Arrested following the declaration of the United Socialist States of America in December 1947.

Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
William E. Gladstone (Liberal) 1868-74
Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) 1874-81
Lord Salisbury (Conservative) 1881-92
William E. Gladstone (Liberal) 1892-94
Lord Rosebury (Liberal) 1894-95
Lord Salisbury (Conservative) 1895-1902
Arthur Balfour (Conservative) 1902-05<sup>1

1</sup>Overthrown during the English Revolution of 1905, which saw the abolition of the United Kingdom and the establishment of the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain.

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Sweet Home Alabama

35. John F. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) 1961-63¹
36. Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas) 1963-69
37. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minnesota) 1969-73²
38. George C. Wallace (D-Alabama) 1973-77³
39. Mark Hatfield (R-Oregon) 1977-81⁴
40. George C. Wallace (D-Alabama) 1981-85⁵
41. George H.W. Bush (R-Texas) 1985-89⁶
42. Ed Koch (D-New York) 1989-93⁷
43. Jerry Brown (R-California) 1993-97⁸
44. Al Gore (D-Tennessee) 1997-2001⁹
45. Bill Bradley (R-New Jersey) 2001-05¹⁰
46. Donald Trump (D-New York) 2005-13¹¹
47. Hillary Rodham (R-Illinois) 2013-21¹²
48. James Snell (R-Ohio) 2021-25*¹³
49. Matthew McLaughlin (D-New York) 2025-29* ¹⁴
50. Erin M. Warner (R-Florida) 2029-33* ¹⁵
51. Sofia Mendez (Labor-North Carolina) 2033-37* ¹⁶
52. Matthew McLaughlin (D-New York) 2037-41*
53. Robert McLaughlin (D-New York) 2041-49* ¹⁷
54. Mable Rogers (L-Georgia) 2049-53* ¹⁸
55. Nicole Boyer (Democratic/Conservative-Tennessee)  2053-61* ¹⁹
56. Isaac McLaughlin (D-New York) 2061-65* ²⁰
57. Augusta Turney (U-Virignia) 2065-68* ²¹
58. Alvin Beasley (Communist-New York) 2068-69* ²²

Defeated candidates
1960: Richard Nixon (R-California)
1964: Barry Goldwater (R-Arizona)
1968: Richard Nixon (R-California), George Wallace (American Independent-Alabama), Eldridge Cleaver (Peace and Freedom-California)
1972: George Romney (R-Michigan), Benjamin Spock (People's-California)
1976: George Wallace (D-Alabama)
1980: Mark Hatfield (R-Oregon), Gore Vidal (Liberal-New York), various candidates (Socialist Workers Party)
1984: Henry Jackson (D-Washington)
1988: George H.W. Bush (R-Texas)
1992: Ed Koch (D-New York), John Sweeney (Labor-New York)
1996: Jerry Brown (R-California), John Sweeney (L-New York)
2000: Al Gore (D-Tennessee), Pat Robertson (Dominionist-Virginia), Pete Camejo (L-California)
2004: Bill Bradley (R-New Jersey)
2008: Barack Obama (R-Hawaii)
2012: Harold Ford (D-Tennessee)
2016: Jim Webb (D-Virginia)
2020: David J. Larson (D-Louisiana)*, William B. Ashworth (Labor-California)*, Robert L. Healy (American Section of the Fifth International-Alabama)*
2024: Matthew McLaughlin (D-New York)*
2028: Matthew McLaughlin (D-New York)*
2032: Matthew McLaughlin (D-New York)*, Erin M. Warner (R-Florida)*
2036: Sofia Mendez (L-North Carolina)*, Larry Hendrix (R-California)*, Alexis Fitzgerald (ASFI-Minnesota)*
2040: Clara Martinez (L-New Jersey)*
2044: Rose Trejo (L-Florida)*, Gerald Loftin (ASFI-New York)*
2048: Bill Black (D-California)*, Steve Kimborough (True Labor-Florida)*
2052: Catherine Maguire (Labor/New Democratic-California)*, Walter Johnson (True Labor/Socialist/Bloc Quebecois-Texas)*, Jacob Boyd (Liberal/New Republican/-Ontario)*¹
2056: Miranda Richardson (Communist-Ohio)*, Mable Rogers (Unionist-Georgia)*
2060: Frank Griffin (C-Texas)*, John Jones (U-Pennsylvania)*, Tiffany Cozart (Free Democrat-Virginia)*
2064: Evelyn Evans (U-Maryland)*

*Fictional person.
¹Canadian parties had yet to merge with their US counterparts by the time of the 2052 election, which is why candidates were endorsed on multiple tickets. Mergers would be complete by the time of the 2056 Presidential Elections. In 2052, the Canadian Conservatives endorsed Democratic candidate Nicole Boyer for President.

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Footnotes:

*Fictional person.
¹Assassinated.
²You thought 1968 was a clusterf**k in real life? Well here it's worse. Johnson doesn't stop the bombing, Humphrey doesn't tack to the center on the war, the AFL-CIO campaign to discredit Wallace in the North falls flat with worse riots than IOTL, Nixon's machinations at the Paris Peace Talks come out in the open, etc, etc. When the smoke clears on election day, George Wallace carries all of the South (including the 'border states'), Peace and Freedom gets 2 percent of the vote, and no one is happy, because the whole race gets thrown to the House and the Senate. Wallace holds the balance of power (as he wanted all along) and uses it to try and get a better deal from Humphrey and Nixon in terms of calling off busing and/or maintaining the war effort. In the end, party unity prevails and Southern Democrats vote for Humphrey, but only with guarantees that effectively end busing and limit the scope of any welfare spending that the Hump might attempt during his time in office. The 1970 midterm elections see a wave of anti-war Democrats and third party candidates elected (for the first time since before the Depression), labor unrest as vets return home, and Republicans picking up some seats themselves as a result of vote splitting. By 1972, the war is still going strong and the U.S. has effectively found it's way into conflict not only in Vietnam, but also in Laos and in Cambodia. Humphrey, seeing the writing on the wall, decides not to seek another term as President in 1972.
³Wallace defeats a divided and demoralized liberal wing of his own party, capitalizing on social unrest and military defeat to sweep to victory at the Democratic Convention in Miami. Republicans make a mistake in nominating liberal George Romney, who, although he manages to win some degree of support from white-collar professionals opposed to the war, completely destroys the Republicans' shaky credibility with populist-inclined Northern working class voters, most of whom jump at the chance to vote for Wallace. The left, fresh off of a relative strong showing in 1968 and 1970, supports Benjamin Spock for President, who does worse (relatively speaking) than Cleaver had done in 1968, garnering only about 1.5 percent of the popular vote and carrying no states. Wallace's term sees a rollback of much of the 60s social legislation but a marked increase in welfare spending, as well as the President scrapping, once and for all, college deferments for the draft, leading to renewed opposition from the campus left. Inflation grips the economy and gives the Republicans a new lease on life in the 1974 midterm elections, which sees them capture both chambers of Congress for the first time since 1952. By the end of his term, Wallace is slashing welfare and public spending to combat inflation, and by 1975, Congress forces Wallace's hand, eliminating funding for the Indochinese War (as it has come to be known) and forcing withdrawal. Wallace would lose a second term in 1976 by a slim margin, but would campaign on his opposition to the 'defeatist Republican Congress' and 'liberal eggheads'. The United States hadn't seen the last of George Wallace, that's for sure...
⁴Hatfield pretty much ruins the public goodwill for the first Republican President since the 1950s by continuing (and deepening) austerity, which hits hard with the final cessation of military spending and the end to U.S. combat operations in Indochina (which is now teeming with Communists, of course). The economy pretty much falls apart while the President attempts to push through his ecological-oriented agenda (one of the few things historians give him credit for), leading to widespread labor unrest and renewed political activism, this time mostly among those youth unable to find jobs in the 'Hatfield economy.' In 1978, the Democratic Party sweeps to victory in Congressional elections, attacking Hatfield for presiding over economic stagnation, deindustrialization, and, of course 'for allowing the Soviets to get the upper hand' abroad, noting the recent victory of Soviet-aligned Iranian revolutionaries against the US backed Shah of Iran. The Republican right, likewise upset at Hatfield for failing to go far and deep enough on cuts to 'revitalize' the economy, attempts a primary challenge via Senator George H.W. Bush of Texas, although Hatfield's 'New Republican' base manages to hold off this challenge. It doesn't matter in the end, though. Hatfield is trounced by a resurgent George Wallace, even as liberals split from the Democratic Party (running Congressman Gore Vidal) and the left (via the Socialist Workers Party) manage impressive showings of their own.
⁵Wallace, upon assuming office for the second time, pledges to "finish what he started," although this time around he faces a different set of problems, from a stagnant economy to a perceived decline in U.S. influence abroad. On the domestic front, Wallace makes clear that he will not tolerate labor unrest, and effectively uses the army to break a nationwide Teamsters strike in 1981, leading to a lot of soul-searching among the less brain-dead elements of the American labor bureaucracy that they might, just might, need to consider not backing the Democrats in 1982. In a further bid to restore profitability, Wallace endorses measures aimed at holding down wages, and actively promotes industrial investment in the low wage, non-union South as a solution to the problem of labor unrest and economic stagnation. In addition to this, Wallace and his Congressional coalition take a hatchet to welfare spending, effectively ending federal guarantees of aid to the poor, while ratcheting up spending on the military in the wake of a perceived Soviet threat abroad. The economy hits rock bottom by 1982, resulting in major losses for the Democrats in the House and Senate, which once again flip to the Republicans. However, by 1984, the economy has largely recovered, and Wallace leaves office with a fairly high approval rating. His two administrations have forever changed the face and the make-up of the Democratic Party, which is less union-dense, more conservative, and much, much whiter than it had been when he initially took control of it in 1972.

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Footnotes Part II:

⁶Bush re-assembles a winning coalition in 1984 from the remnants of the old Democratic coalition, bringing women voters, minorities, and some trade unionists (!) into the Republican fold with the promise of a 'kindler, gentler' America. Continued economic problems, however, lead to buyers' remorse by 1988, ejecting the liberal Republican Party in favor of the Democrats yet again.
⁷A former liberal turned Wallace Democrat, Koch became the first Jewish President of the United States after a thorough shellacking of George Bush in 1988. As President, Koch continued the 'Wallace doctrine' of support for anti-communist rebels abroad, funding opposition to the Iraqi Revolution in 1990-91, which eventually turned into the U.S. sending troops to Iraq in 1990 to forestall the ouster of Ba'athist forces aligned with the U.S. This quickly became something of a proxy war between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., with Iraqi Communists receiving aid and support from Moscow. War weariness, combined with a split from the Democrats by labor led to the defeat of the Democrats in 1992.
⁸Exhibit A in the great transformation of American politics, Jerry Brown started  out as a Democrat but quickly became upset with the trajectory of his party and the election of George Wallace as President in 1972, leading to his switching to the GOP before his election as U.S. Senator in 1982. The consummate 'Hatfield Republican', Brown was interested in ending the War in Iraq, pursuing 'smart' welfare policy, and investing heavily in post-industrial and 'green' economic sectors as President. Under his leadership, the U.S. ended support operations in Iraq (where Communist forces would finally take control after a decade of fighting in 2001) and promoted free trade policies in North America, ostensibly to support U.S. manufacturers. As the brief economic uptick provided by military spending waned, economic problems persisted, leading to a Democratic take-back of Congress in 1994. Although the economy had mostly recovered by 1996, voter fatigue with the erratic Brown would lead to his becoming yet another in a long line of one-term Presidents, no President having won a second term since Eisenhower in 1956.
⁹Gore was President during a relatively peaceful late 1990s. His big f##k-up was that he was kind of a robot and leaned too much toward the 'liberals' in the Republican Party for the liking of most Democrats, given his relatively pro-ecology voting record in Congress and continuance of the Republicans' green initiatives. Oh, and the patching over of the Sino-Soviet split, which removed whatever advantage the US might have had in playing China against the Soviet Union, causing a row over the 'second loss of China' by a Democratic president in 60 years.
¹⁰President when Iraq went Communist (not good for him). Attempted to correct this 'mistake' by intervening in the subsequent Libyan Civil War in 2003, putting U.S. boots on the ground against the Iraqi/Iranian-backed communists. Also not good for him. Whatever social agenda he had (attempts at legalizing same-sex marriage in 2004) met with laughter by a very conservative Democratic Congress. Defeated in a close race in 2004, mostly on account of the fact that the public really didn't care to see Bill Bradley as President a second time, and partly on account of the public being tired of having their sons sent to die in sandy desert countries as part of an anticommunist crusade.

[TNF]

Footnotes Part III (jesus f##k)

¹¹Pledged to 'Make America Great Again' as part of his campaign for President in 2004, winning in spite of the fact that he is Donald f##king Trump. As President, pursued an aggressive anti-Soviet foreign policy, sending more troops to Libya and, for the first time, ending a US proxy war on terms favorable to the US, with the liquidation of the Libyan communists and the establishment of a pro-US military dictatorship. Re-elected in 2008 over 'low energy' Republican wonderkid Barack Obama, established the 'Minutemen' faction of the Democratic Party to purge insufficiently conservative elements from it, resulting in a solidly conservative Congress in 2010 and defeat after defeat for the Republicans. Went on the offensive in 2011, sending U.S. troops to Syria to help Libyan and Egyptian military dictators support one of their own against Iraqi/Iranian backed communist rebels. Left office with high approval ratings, in spite of a not so great economy and ongoing civil war in the Middle East.
¹²The first woman elected President and the first Republican to have managed to win a second term since Eisenhower. Continued Trump's anti-Soviet policies, although largely abandoned Syria to it's fate when a revolution rocked Saudi Arabia and overthrew the King, leading to the establishment of the Union of Arab Soviet Republics (UASR) in 2014. UASR moved to export it's own social revolution to Oman, Yemen, the UAE, and even into Iraq (which it viewed as Stalinist) and Iran (see Iraq). Managed to create a temporary alliance with the USSR to attempt to suppress the UASR (which it viewed as 'Trotskyite') in 2015, leading to a more or less worldwide effort to stop the UASR. This, however, mostly failed, in spite of USSR sending ground troops for the defense of its allied regimes in Iraq and Iran. By the start of her second term, most countries had given in and more or less recognized the UASR as a permanent fixture (the U.S. would not do this until the 2030s), which now included a large swath of territory and sponsored a 'Fifth International' intent upon bringing about the 'world revolution' (USSR/PRC need not apply).
¹³James Snell becomes the first Vice President elected President in their own right since...Martin Van Buren. The results aren't much better, either. In spite of (relative) international peace, an upsurge of working class political activity on the homefront leads to labor unrest and division among the Republicans (as well as the Democrats) with a second attempt at a Labor Party shaking things up politically. At least, that's the assumption, before the Democrats are returned to power in 2024...
¹⁴The leader of the Minuteman faction of the Democrats and Trump's former Chief of Staff, McLaughlin pursues a policy aimed at destroying 'domestic communism' during his term of office, heightening the security state and cracking down on 'labor radicals.' He is turned out in a close race in 2024, although he succeeds in pushing the fledgling American Section of the Fifth International underground, as well as scaring the newly minted Labor Party into endorsing the Republicans for President.
¹⁵Repressive anti-communist legislation backfires, as does repressive anti-labor legislation, which puts the administration on the defensive. It doesn't help that Warner actively tries to privatize what remains of the American Social Safety net (i.e. Social Security), which allows the Labor Party to rise from it's third party status and claim victory in 2032, becoming the first third party to win the Presidency since the Republicans in 1860.
¹⁶The first explicitly class-based party in American history has little to show for it's victory in 2032, as it is attacked incessantly by the media. Attempts at strengthening the power of unions to collectively bargain are undermined by a lack of control of Congress and hardcore right-wing reaction, as Minuteman bands attack strikers and go after communists of the left (i.e. the ASFI) and the right (the CPUSA, SWP, etc).
¹⁷His father Matthew blocked from seeking another term by the 22nd Amendment, Robert effectively acts as his father's proxy, enacting a laundry-list of Minuteman legislative efforts and effectively breaking the Republican Party in the process, most of which defects to the Democrats, which is moving toward a sort of catch-all, corporatist politics under Minuteman leadership. With the entire Middle East under communist control, energy shortages have led to a pursuit of North American integration by the Minutemen faction, which culminates in a U.S. invasion of Mexico, ostensibly to protect U.S. oil interests following an attempt at re-nationalization by the country's military dictator (formally US aligned but now off the reservation). The war over Mexico explodes tensions within the US, allowing for a brief revival for the radical left as the McLaughlin administration prepares to integrate newly 'democratic' Mexico into the US controlled North American Union.
¹⁸Labor flip-flops and supports the integration of Mexico with the rest of North America, choosing one it's most right-leaning members for President in 2048. This leads to a split among the Labor left, who run an anti-integration candidate, Steve Kimborough, for President on the True Labor ticket. Many Labor voters desert the party following it's approval of the Treaty of Tallahassee in 2050, integrating the whole of North America under the purview of the United States of North America, effectively a neo-colonial regime run by U.S. and Canadian capitalists.
¹⁹Boyer presided over the 'twilight' of American capitalism, then in terminal decline as a result of successful UASR-backed revolutionary movements elsewhere. None of this was helped by the President's own depressive state, the splitting of the Minutemen from the Democrats (and their subsequent merger with right-wing Labor and reactionary green elements in the new 'Unionist' Party), and the merger of True Labor with revolutionary elements to birth the Communist Party (Fifth Internationalist). Civil war lurked everywhere, but only really effectively broke out in Texas, where Communist and Unionist fighting forced the Boyer administration to declare martial law and send federal troops in, propping up the Unionists by default. She won re-election in 2056 over a divided public, most of which decided that elections weren't worth much and didn't bother to vote. The Democratic Party split between pro-Boyer and anti-Boyer factions in 2060, although in spite of this, they managed to hold onto political power thanks to a hung Electoral College, even though the Communists won a plurality of the popular vote. This encouraged the Communist Party to call for the taking up of arms, which came to a head with the declaration of the United Soviet States of North America in December 2060, as Boyer was exiting office...
²⁰Grandson and son of the previous McLaughlin Presidents, Isaac McLaughlin would have the dubious distinction of, holding office during the Second American Civil War. By 2065, Washington was in the hands of the Communists, and McLaughlin had put a bullet in his head, unwilling to be taken prisoner and stand trial for his role in prosecuting the war.
²¹Ran on a national unity ticket with McLaughlin in 2064. Full term is disputed, although she claimed the Presidency until her capture (she'd been on the run since 2065) in 2068. Subsequently tried and executed for war crimes.
²²Speaker of the House following the restoration of the purged Communist representatives to their elected positions (with the capture of Washington) and unofficial figurehead of the USSA, Beasley was inaugurated in 2068 with the capture of Turney. He would hold office only temporarily, presiding over a constitutional convention that legally dissolved the US in favor of the council-dominated government of the Communist Party.

[TNF]

Presidents of the United States of America

41. George H.W. Bush (R-Texas) 1989-93
42. William J. "Bill" Clinton (D-Arkansas) 1993-2001
43. George W. Bush (R-Texas) 2001-09
44. Barack H. Obama (D-Illinois) 2009-17¹
45. Donald J. Trump (R-New York) 2017-25²
46. Brandon J. Kirby (D-Massachusetts) 2025-33³
47. Robert D. Swope (R-Pennsylvania) 2033-41⁴
48. Olivia K. Henley (D-Oregon) 2041-43⁵
49. Patrick C. Ferrell (D-Virginia) 2043-49⁶
50. Glenn B. Griffin (R-Illinois) 2049-54<sup>7

1</sup>The last year of the Obama administration is fairly quiet, with the nation's attention fixated on the ongoing presidential race. The Democratic nomination, at first seen as a mere 'coronation' for Clinton, turns into a real contest with the entry of independent Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders into the race and subsequent victories by the self-described democratic socialist throughout the primary season. In spite of Sanders winning a majority of the vote in the Democratic primaries, support from Democratic Party superdelegates allows Clinton to clinch the nomination. In spite of legal challenges from the Sanders campaign and a wave of protests outside of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Clinton is nominated, but the effect of her candidacy on rank-and-file Democratic voters is overwhelmingly negative. Young voters in particular stay home, while others cast their ballots for the no-nonsense Republican nominee, former businessman and reality TV star Donald Trump. The nail in the coffin, however, is a renewed recession, pushing unemployment up and allowing Trump to capitalize on discontent with the weak economy that has plagued the Obama years. Trump becomes the first Republican to carry most of the Midwest (winning Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ohio) since the late 1980s, and with it, the White House.

²The Donald takes office in January 2017 with unemployment on an upswing and the major economies in sharp decline. With Republican control of both houses of Congress, he begins to push through a laundry-list of conservative policy proposals, from relatively banal (reducing income tax rates for high earners) to policy proposals aimed at reducing the power of organized labor (modeled on similar legislation at the state level), to proposals aimed at deregulating what regulated sectors of the economy remained and, of course, imposing new restrictions in immigration. Trump deepens US military commitments in Asia, backing up the decision by the Japanese to repeal Article 9 of its constitution and re-build a full-fledged military and signing military agreements with the Philippines, calling for the independence of Taiwan, and in general doing everything that he can to push back against growing Chinese influence in the region. Trump's popularity dips, however, with the weak economy, leading to the capture of the House of Representatives by the Democrats in 2018 and a near takeover of the Senate the same year.

Nevertheless, the economy has recovered enough that Trump is easily able to win re-election in 2020 over a lackluster Democratic opponent. The Democrats capture the Senate the same year and begin winning back control of governorships and state legislatures. Unable to mount much of an agenda on the domestic front, Trump would soon be overwhelmed with foreign policy concerns when a military standoff between American and Chinese forces in the Spratly Islands quickly developed into an international incident that threatened to explode in a full-on confrontation. Trump, believing that cooler heads would prevail and that the Chinese would not take seriously it's claims on the islands in the face of the prospect of war with the United States, pressed ahead, calling on the Chinese to vacate 'international waters' or face the consequences. The Chinese government held firm. Trump blinked. Before anyone knew what was happening, American troops had begun a full-on assault on Chinese positions, and war had begun in earnest.

Political opinion in the United States, which had been previously hostile to Trump, lined up behind him to a man. The Democrats in charge of Congress voted funds for operations, voted an official declaration of war (the first in eighty years), and voted a draft that called up young men and women alike, a first of its kind in American history. Factories for war production sprang up overnight, bringing millions into the war effort on the homefront and serving as a launching ground for effectively wiping out the recession that had plagued America for what seemed like a decade. Russia entered the war on the side of the Chinese, the Europeans intervened for the most part on the side of the United States, with the old standby allies (the UK, France, Germany, etc.) providing the bulk of the manpower in European theater. The possibility of MAD kept everyone's fingers off the nuclear trigger (thankfully) and with the collapse of both regimes on account of resource scarcity and lack of continued popular support, the war came to a close in the last year of the Trump administration.

The result of the conflict was immense - the two largest powers that had nominally opposed U.S hegemony abroad were gone. In Russia, a liberal republic emerged as many smaller republics associated with the former federation broke away. In China, a democracy was proclaimed, but in reality a fairly nasty regime with ties to U.S. and European sweatshop-based manufacturers was the reality. U.S. ally Viet Nam had been crushed by China and a pro-Beijing government installed; with this government overthrown, a 'democracy' was likewise proclaimed at Saigon (newly renamed) and across the border in Laos. The Korean peninsula was reunified. In the aftermath as well, political shifts enveloped the west – the Democrats won the Presidency for the first time in eight years, In France the Front National came to power (a worrying development for Eurocrats who had already lost much of the Union with the Brexit, Grexit, and all the other exits that had fundamentally weakened the strength of what was once the European Union), in Germany and Japan, nationalism was no longer a dirty word.

As Trump left office, he signed off on a number of initiatives that have lead many historians to rank him quite highly in spite of his brash style, what are frequently regarded as racist immigration controls, and his hawkish character. Working with 'Sanders Democrats', Trump signed off on a bill establishing single-payer health insurance in 2025. In response to purported labor violence during a strike wave that followed the war, Trump also signed off on the first comprehensive gun control legislation in thirty years, outlawing automatic weapons and initiating universal background check requirements. Trump would also sign off on legislation raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour during the last years of his administration, effectively recognizing that the tight labor market produced by the war effort and immigration controls had pushed wages upward.

CONT

[TNF]

³Fictional person. Brandon Kirby, wartime Governor of Massachusetts, came into office with his party in control of both the House and Senate. He also came into office amid the aforementioned labor unrest, an economy adjusting from a lack of war material orders to a peacetime economy, and a public anxious about the future in the wake of the Third World War. On the domestic front, Kirby enacted a tax hike on high earners (restoring the top income tax rates to roughly where they were under the second Bush administration), pushed through legislation essentially making a college education tuition free (by garnishing wages or income after the fact until the total cost of one's education had been paid off), requiring employers to provide for accrued paid sick leave, and vacation time, and providing incentives for state governments to offer universal pre-kindergarten programs via block grants.

Other legislative efforts included a nationwide affirmative consent bill, strengthened gun control measures, efforts to mitigate the effects of racial profiling, and a re-vamping of federal drug policy for the first time since the 1960s, resulting in the recognition of state laws legalizing Cannabis and a nationwide increase in the tobacco purchase age to 21. Kirby also became the first Democratic President in recent memory to sign off on legislation restricting the ability of trade unions to participate in politics, and took in general a negative view of trade unionism, worsening already frayed relations between the House of Labor and it's traditional political partner. Civil rights legislation protecting LGBT people from workplace discrimination was also notably enacted. This flurry of legislative activity was met with a general disinterest from the public, who of course was very much concerned with the ongoing recession and mostly stayed away from the polls in the 2026 midterm elections, resulting in a Republican sweep.

By 2028, however, the economy had recovered and Kirby's popularity had increased. Foreign policy questions with regard to Europe had become dominant in the intervening period and Kirby had been broadly supportive of the decision to disband NATO (in the wake of France's exit in the earlier part of the decade) and re-orient American military strategy toward Europe, where national tensions were once again coming to the forefront of European politics with the destruction of the European Union and the election of right-wing populists in various countries. In particular, the potentially hegemonic position of Germany in relation to the rest of Europe unnerved American policymakers, who increasingly saw the central European power as a very real competitor for power with China out of the way.

A 'Cold War' of sorts between Germany and the U.S. was evident by the time Kirby sought re-election, and he of course promised to maintain American military might in Europe and prevent any one power from 'upsetting the balance of power' in the region. He won re-election in a close race against Republican Irene Flores (the first Latina to be nominated for the position), 'Independent' Republican John Grenadier (a 'traditional' Republican upset with the 'Trump-ite' wing of the party that Flores belonged to), and John Sanford, a former 'Sanders Democrat' heading up the 'Democratic-Socialist' ticket endorsed by the labor movement in opposition to Kirby's re-election.

Kirby's second term would quickly be overtaken by renewed U.S. military involvement abroad. Following the balkanization of Spain during the latter 2010s, a number of new states had emerged, each of which were more or less regional clients of larger powers in the region. In particular, border wars and wars for the re-division of the region predominated during the World War, and afterward, attempts at creating a lasting peace were scuttled by heavy-handed intervention by foreign powers in support of one faction or another. In 2030, the 'Spanish Wars' escalated following border clashes with France and subsequent French occupation of the border regions, leading to condemnations by the British and Americans and resulting in a low level proxy war between Franco-German forces on the one hand and Anglo-American forces on the other. This conflict dominated the second Kirby administration, and made Kirby quite unpopular. Republicans won control of the Senate in 2030 after having lost it again in 2028, and by 2032, the GOP claimed an easy victory with the nomination of Admiral Robert Swope, a veteran of the World War, for the Presidency.

⁴Fictional person. Admiral Robert Swope gained a reputation as the best naval strategist the US had during the Third World War, presiding over successful efforts in the South China Sea and helping plan amphibious assaults on the Chinese coasts. As a Trump-ite, he was a fervent nationalist and definitely committed to making sure that the world was 'safe for American interests', but saw no interests at stake in Spain and spent the first year of his Presidency hammering out an armistice agreement. In the years that followed, he would however increase U.S. military efforts to curb the influence of what would become a Franco-German Alliance in years to come, engaging in aggressive diplomacy, making use of covert operations to destabilize regions allied with the French or Germans, etc.

Swope signed off on treaties designed to replace NATO with the British, Eastern European states, the Russian Republic, and various others, with an eye toward encircling the Franco-German Alliance and exporting the U.S.' particular brand of neoliberal politics. On the homefront, he didn't make too much of a stir; infrastructure projects were emphasized to modernize transportation systems with the advent of the mass produced driverless car, space industry thrived as mining companies began to reach out to the asteroid belt and as the U.S. raced the Europeans toward Mars, etc. Political unrest in 2034 centering on labor disputes (including a few city-wide general strikes) exploded in a fashion unlike anything seen in the past hundred years; by the late 2030s, this unrest would result in the striking down of various anti-trade union laws by the Supreme Court and see mass unionization, something that Swope welcomed in public but cursed loudly in private.

CONT

[TNF]

sup]5[/sup]Fictional person. America's first female President, Henley was also a veteran of the Third World War, having served with the Marines in the Pacific theater. Running for President in 2040, she promised a harder line against the Germans and made the development of U.S. space warfare capability the center of her campaign. The early period of her Presidency coincided with the height of the 'workers' rights' revolution, as trade unionism became nearly ubiquitous and popular labor leaders, like oil rig worker Ray Wood, became household names. Henley signed off on bills reducing the working day to 6 hours, firmly backed off of state interference in the internal affairs of the labor movement, and signed a ban on replacement workers (i.e. scabs) being used during strike activity. The closed shop was revived as a basic principle of union organization and union density approached 65 percent as the event that would actually define the Henley administration burst onto the scene in late 2043.

Political tensions in Canada between the Quebecois and the rest of the country had been muted for quite some time before erupting again after the Third World War. Seeing an ally in France and Germany, Quebecois politicians adopted the nationalist rhetoric of both and set their sights on achieving independence, once and for all. This time, however, there would be no waiting on an independence referendum – in response to the election of a Conservative government in 2043, the Quebec assembly unilaterally declared independence. Troops were mobilized. France and Germany issued declarations of support for Quebec and promised to intervene if the sovereignty of Quebec was infringed. President Henley invoked the Monroe Doctrine. A stray missile, or a violation of someone's airspace was ultimately all it took to get things going this time around. The Alliance (France, Germany, Japan) and the Coalition (the UK, US, Russia) were at war.

The bombing raids against the continental United States were brutal, unmatched by anything American cities had up to that point really experienced. Washington was hard hit, and in the process, President Henley was herself killed in the opening months of the conflict.

⁶Fictional person. President Ferrell took the oath of office shortly after being notified that President Henley had been killed in a bombing raid on Washington, and promptly ordered retaliatory bombing raids on Berlin, Paris, and Tokyo. The draft was re-instated promptly and war production began in earnest. The United States quickly occupied Quebec and began preparing for the invasion of Europe, moving through Alliance-controlled African territories and Alliance-held Italy. The Pacific theater saw a number of victories for a re-invigorated Japanese Navy, which crushed US-Allied states and got as far south as Australia. The war dragged on. President Ferrell won a lopsided re-election over Socialist Alexis Greer in 2044 (Ferrell chose a Republican, South Dakota Governor Allen Shriver, as his running-mate, concluding complex negotiations for a 'National Unity' ticket). But as early as 2045, the rot was becoming evident within the ranks of every combatant nation.

Strikes and factory occupations abounded on the home front, while on the battlefield, insubordination became more commonplace.

Then, it happened.

May 21, 2047. Britain lies in ruin. Repeated bombing raids by the Alliance have destroyed most infrastructure. Separatists in Scotland have, with the aid of the Alliance, declared independence. Northern Ireland has been occupied by a Sinn Fein-led Irish Republic allied with France and Germany. Parliament has been dismissed and emergency powers remain in the hands of the King, who has announced a separate peace to be concluded with the Alliance. The Americans are furious. But then again so are the English working classes, who see themselves as having got the worst end of this deal, which will mean the reduction of England to a colonial subject and the shredding of constitutional liberties going back to the Magna Carta. The propagandists of the British left thus had no trouble convincing the public that there was nothing worth saving in the old system and everything worth gaining by building a new society amid the ruins of the old. Almost concurrently with the announcement of the separate peace by the King, armed workers stormed government buildings and arrested everyone from the lowliest bureaucrat to the King himself following a raid on Buckingham Palace.

A government was formed along the lines of the old People's Charter, updated of course to reflect the situation in 21st Century Britain. The economy was to be brought under state control and production resumed for use, not for profit. The feudal remnant of the old regime was to be done away with, once and for all. Britain was declared not just a republic, but a workers' republic, a socialist republic, even. Peace was sought with all nations willing to entertain the notion, but the promise of revolutionary war was threatened in the event that efforts would be made to crush the English republic.

The war ground to a halt as French and German troops, along with American and Japanese troops, began mutinying en masse. Factory and office committees emerged; communist groups sympathizing with the English revolution emerged out of the woodwork in all the combatant countries. In the United States, widespread civil unrest lead to the takeover of whole cities by workers' committees, severely impairing the American war effort and ultimately forcing the U.S. to seek a ceasefire with the Alliance in 2048. The agreement was reached and the various combatants turned inward, seeking to stop the growth of the left. The English republic was mired in civil war and frequently had to deal with embargo, destitution, and raids from the Scots to the North in the aftermath of the war. But one thing was clear: the English had blazed a trail, and now others would soon follow on it.

⁷Fictional person. Glenn Griffin won the Presidency by red-baiting, German-baiting, and labor-baiting his Democratic and Socialist opponents. Attacking outgoing President Ferrell for his refusal to continue the war effort to a successful conclusion, Griffin blamed the 'defeat' of the U.S. on communists and others who had 'stabbed us in the back' throughout the 'forties. With the U.S. in a de facto state of civil war, Griffin mobilized the military to attempt to take back those regions held by workers' militia and workers' committees. His Presidency would be the last legal, constitutional regime in the old United States. In 2052 he won re-election (by suppressing the votes of his political opponents), but by 2053 the tide had turned and the population had firmly passed under the sway of the left-aligned workers' committees. The mutiny of officers assigned to protect Griffin in 2054 spelled his doom, leading to his arrest and the declaration of the United Socialist States of America as the legal successor to the United States on February 24, 2054.

[TNF]

-snip-

List continued from above. This will chronicle the period dating from the establishment of the United Socialist States of America in 2054 onward.

Presidents of the American Congress of Workers' Councils
1. Lori Ames-Olsen (Socialist-West Virginia) 2054¹
2. Patty Wells (S-Washington) 2054-60²
3. Stephen "Steve" Ellison (Communist-North Carolina) 2060-66³
4. Nina Strand (C-Ohio) 2066-72⁴
5. Daniel Dover (Democratic-New York) 2072-74⁵
6. Denise Daniels (C-Pennsylvania) 2074-79
7. Thomas Moreno (C-Alabama) 2079-86⁶
8. Irene Collins (Democratic-Socialist coalition) 2086-90⁷
9. Katherine Edwards (C-Massachusetts) 2090-

¹Interim president until new elections could be held. Ames-Olsen presided over the trial (and execution) of the former government, as well as the signing of the Anglo-American Treaty of 2054. She would subsequently be elected to a seat on the International Coordinating Committee of the Socialist International.

²Wells' tenure would be focused on re-building the country after World War IV and the subsequent American revolution. Computerized planning, extensive use of automation and 3D Printing technologies, and full employment rebuilt the economy in short order, with precedence going to defense industries in lieu of a possible end of the ceasefire with the Franco-German Alliance. By the latter period of her term in office, Wells was increasingly criticized for maintaining the ceasefire 'in lieu of a positive international outlook' by the Communist Party, which was running an aggressive campaign to 'unleash the productive forces', rebuild the economy, and destroy the 'imperialist threat' posed by the Franco-German Alliance. Following the defeat of the Labour Party in the 2059 elections in the Socialist Federation of England and Wales at the hands of the Communists there, the American SP would likewise lose in 2060 to Communist firebrand Steve Ellison.

³Former NFL star Steve Ellison was an unlikely convert to the Communist cause, having made a name for himself as a Trump Republican in the 2020s. Nevertheless, with the zeal of a convert, he pushed forward with the Communist agenda, namely deeper (and closer) ties with the Communist-lead government of the SFEW and the defeat of the Franco-German Alliance. When a coalition of Communists and left-wing socialists won the Presidential election of 2061, a military coup followed that had German backing. Ellison and Poole made stirrings about intervening, but this ultimately came to naught. The Germans' nuclear sword of damocles pointed at SFEW from both the continent and Scotland to the North; there was, at this point, little to be done. But the coup itself soon collapsed, pushing the hand of the Germans and leading to an invasion of France. French workers rose up to defend their desired government, German workers, heeding their example, took to the streets and bore their own rifles against those of the government. Chaos reigned on the continent as regions under the German heel threw it off and allied with the Anglo-American bloc, while other revolutions failed. In Germany in particular, the failure of the revolution led to the resurrection of the far-right, exiled from German politics for over a century. When the dust settled, France was occupied by a German government under the Swastika. Eastern European far-right regimes allied themselves to the same, as did a far-right Russian government. Communist governments occupied most of the former colonial world, with glaring exceptions in Asia, where Japanese puppet regimes predominated. Now was the time to strike. Ellison and Poole, with the communist regimes in tow, declared an end to the ceasefire - the World Revolution had come to its finishing point.

The war that followed was brutal. Warfare on every continent, in the atmosphere, and in space left billions dead. Ellison himself was killed in 2066, seen as yet another martyr of the international revolution. Poole would himself die in office in 2070, a victim of the decade long war that would ultimately bring into existence a new world, one free from the exploitation and oppression of capitalist society.

⁴Foreign Affairs Secretary Nina Strand took the helm after the death of Ellison following her confirmation by a closed-door session of the Congress of Workers' Councils. With the war entering it's fourth year, she (and others) had hoped that the war would be ending soon; economic troubles and the effective collapse of German and allied forces at their respective fronts would however, be three years away. The first major defections from the German, Russian, and Japanese lines would be in 2069, and would continue into the early 2070s, when the final collapse of the German government came in January 2071. With the capture of Berlin by German Red Guards and the subsequent declaration of a German Workers Republic on January 25, 2071, the second phase of World War IV, which had started nearly two decades earlier, came to a close.

Strand and the Communists would then spend the rest of their time in government negotiating the fusion of the world's powers under the auspices of the International, which would become the first ever international government of mankind. Although the position of President of the Congress of American Workers' Councils would continue to exist past this point, it would become a purely regional position, interlocked within the international system.

⁵That Democratic Party? Yep. At least, a severe mutation of it. While the heads of the Democratic Party where pretty much dealt with by the revolutionary government, it's rank-and-file base survived and a good part of it supported the revolution, allying itself with the Socialist Party. Following the collapse of the SP in the 2070s and the rise of the Communists, it became more or less the political voice of the remaining petty bourgeois elements in the country as the Communists became the default choice for American workers.

⁶Moreno headed the American government when the August 22, 2081 asteroid attacks impacted much of the planet. Capitalist emigres hiding out among the asteroid belt launched the attacks; although space-based defenses successfully blew up the asteroids, the showers that followed did damage the world over. The Moreno government led recovery efforts in North America, and also helped mobilize Americans for the subsequent anti-terror campaigns in the asteroid belt and the Jovian moons occupied by capitalist-aligned offworld forces. Opposition to the Communist Party's 'development first' strategy would result in the defeat of the Communists in the 2086 elections.

⁷Opposed to the developmentalist strategy of the Communists, the Democrats (in an electoral alliance with the slowly recovering Socialists) proposed a consumption-oriented strategy for economic development, allying themselves with the internationally-dominant 'Consumptionist' bloc consisting mostly of old labour, social democratic, radical, liberal, and progressive parties. Problems resulting from attempting to utilize co-operatives at the international (and regional) levels in the wake of attempting to rebuild the economy after the war and asteroid terrorism proved to be the undoing of most of the Consumptionist parties, which were defeated in wave elections in subsequent years. At the international level, the return of the Developmentalists (who stressed economic development as opposed to immediate consumptive-oriented policies) meant international industrialization programs, geo-engineering, and space colonization.