Russia has a very long history of antisemitism, often at official policy level. Zionism arguably exists because of it.
Not really. Zionism exists today because of the Dreyfuss Affair and the Holocaust- which showed that Jews would never be accepted even in liberal countries like France and Germany. Previously, Jews had assumed assimilation was the answer to anti-Semitism and Reform
Jews were anti-Zionist because “Berlin is our Jerusalem”. No one had high expectations that Russia would treat Jews well. However, the USSR did play a significant role in spreading European-style anti-Semitism into the Arab world.
