Public Offices held by Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates

[Lincoln Republican]

1908  

William Howard Taft OH Republican

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Son of Alphonso Taft, U.S. Attorney General 1876-1877, U.S. Secretary of War 1876, Minister to Austria-Hungary 1882-1884, Minister to Russia 1884-1885

Of note, President William Howard Taft was as well Secretary of War, 1904-1908

Brother of Charles Phelps Taft U.S. House of Representatives OH 1895-1897  

Father of Robert A Taft, OH House of Representatives 1921-1931, OH Senate 1931-1933, U.S. Senate OH 1939-1953, unsuccessful candidate for Republican Presidential nomination 1952, U.S. Senate Majority Leader 1953  

Father of Charles Phelps Taft II, Cincinnati, OH City Council 1938-1942, 1948-1951, Mayor Cincinnati, OH 1955-1957, Cincinnati, OH City Council 1957-1977

Grandfather of William Howard Taft III, 1949 went to Dublin, Ireland, as part of the Marshall Plan aid mission and worked for the Central Intelligence Agency and the Defense Department 1951-1953, U.S. Ambassador to Ireland 1953-1957

Grandfather of Robert A Taft Jr., OH House of Representatives 1955-1962, U.S. House of Representatives OH 1963-1965, Republican candidate for U.S. Senate OH 1964, defeated, U.S. House of Representatives 0H 1967-1971, U.S. Senate OH 1971-1976

Grandfather of Seth Chase Taft, unsuccessful candidate OH Senate 1962, unsuccessful candidate Mayor Cleveland, OH 1967, losing to Democratic candidate Carl B Stokes, the first African American Mayor of a major U.S. city. Taft served as Cuyahoga County, OH Commissioner 1971-1978, unsuccessfully sought Republican nomination  Governor OH 1982.

Great grandfather of Robert A "Bob" Taft III, OH House of Representatives 1977-1980, Hamilton County, OH Commissioner 1981-1990, Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor OH 1986, defeated, OH Secretary of State 1991-1999, Governor OH 1999-2007

Great grandfather of William Howard Taft IV, attorney adviser to chairman Federal Trade Commission 1970, principal assistant to Caspar W Weinberger, who was deputy director, then director, of the Office of Management and Budget in the Executive Office of the President 1970-1973, executive assistant to U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 1973-1976,  general counsel U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1976, General Counsel U.S. Department of Defense 1981-1984, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense 1984-1989, acting U.S. Secretary of Defense 1989, U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO, with rank of ambassador 1989-1992, legal adviser U.S. Department of State 2001-2005
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1878 Graduated from Yale College with a Bachelor of Arts Degree, ranking second in his class out of 121

1880 Graduated from Cincinnati Law School with a Bachelor of Laws degree

While in law school, worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead. Taft was assigned to cover the local courts, and also spent time reading law in his father's office. Both activities gave him practical knowledge of the law that was not taught in class. Shortly before graduating from law school, Taft went to the state capital of Columbus to take the bar examination and easily passed.

After admission to the Ohio bar, appointed Assistant Prosecutor of Hamilton County, OH, based in Cincinnati

1882 Appointed local Collector of Internal Revenue

1884 Campaigned for Republican Presidential candidate U.S. Senator James G Blaine of Maine, who lost to New York Governor Grover Cleveland

1887 Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati

Feb 1890-Mar 1892 Solicitor General of United States. At age 32, was the youngest ever Solicitor General of United States.

1891 Began serving on the newly created U.S. Court of Appeals for Sixth Circuit

1892 Confirmed by U.S. Senate on March 17 and received his commission that same day

Mar 17 1892-Mar 15 1900 Judge U.S. Court of Appeals for Sixth Circuit

Along with his judgeship, between 1896 and 1900 Taft also served as the first dean and a professor of constitutional law at the University of Cincinnati

1900 Appointed by President William McKinley chairman of a commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines which had been ceded to the United States by Spain following the Spanish–American War and the 1898 Treaty of Paris

Although Taft had been opposed to the annexation of the islands, and had told McKinley his real ambition was to become a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, he reluctantly accepted the appointment

Jul 4 1901-Dec 23 1903 First civilian Governor General of Philippines

1902 Visited Rome to negotiate with Pope Leo XIII for the purchase of Philippine lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church, then persuaded Congress to appropriate more than $7 million to purchase these lands, which he sold to Filipinos on easy terms

1903 President Theodore Roosevelt offered Taft the seat on the U.S. Supreme Court to which he had for so long aspired, but he reluctantly declined since he viewed the Filipinos as not yet being capable of governing themselves and because of his popularity among them.  Roosevelt actually made the offer of a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court on several different occasions, being met with a decline every time.

Feb 1 1904-Jun 30 1908 U.S. Secretary of War under President Theodore Roosevelt

1904 Campaigned for Republican Presidential nominee Theodore Roosevelt in Presidential election, Roosevelt wins  

1906 President Roosevelt sent troops to restore order in Cuba during the revolt
 
Sep 29 1906-Oct 13 1906 First Provisional Governor of Cuba

1906 Roosevelt made his third offer to Taft of a position on the U.S. Supreme Court which he again declined

Taft indicated to Roosevelt he wanted to be Chief Justice of the United States, not President, but there was no vacancy and Roosevelt wanted Taft to succeed him as President U.S.

1906 Campaigned for Republican candidates in mid term elections

1907 Roosevelt began touting Taft as the best choice for the Republican Presidential nomination for the party for 1908

For a time, Taft served as Acting Secretary of State

1908 Republican Party candidate for President U.S., elected

Mar 4 1909-Mar 4 1913 27th President U.S.

1912 Republican Party candidate for President U.S.,  lost to Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt

Had been made president of the Lincoln Memorial Commission while still in office. Dedicated the Lincoln Memorial as Chief Justice in 1922

1913-1921 Chancellor Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale Law School  

1913 Elected president of the American Bar Association for a one year term

Earned money with paid speeches and with articles for magazines, and would end his eight years out of office having increased his savings

After leaving the Presidency Taft maintained a cordial relationship with President Woodrow Wilson

1914 When World War I broke out in Europe founded the League to Enforce Peace

As president of the League to Enforce Peace, Taft hoped to prevent war through an international association of nations

1916 While at Yale, wrote the treatise, Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers

When President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany in Apr 1917, Taft was an enthusiastic supporter

Taft was chairman of the American Red Cross' executive committee, occupying much of the former President's time

Taft took leave from Yale to be co-chairman of the National War Labor Board 1917-1918, tasked with assuring industrial peace

1918 When Wilson proposed establishment of a League of Nations, with the League's charter part of the Treaty of Versailles, Taft expressed public support

Jul 11 1921-Feb 3 1930 Chief Justice of the United States, nominated by President Warren G Harding
 
Taft remains the only person to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government

Became the only U.S. President to serve as Chief Justice of the United States, and thus the only former U.S. President to administer the oath of office to subsequent U.S. Presidents, administering the oath of office to Calvin Coolidge Mar 4 1925 and to Herbert Hoover  Mar 4 1929

Resigned as Chief Justice of the United States Feb 3 1930, died shortly afterwards, Mar 8, 1930

First Lady of the United States Helen Taft 1909-1913

The fourth child of Judge John Williamson Herron, a law partner of Rutherford B Hayes, and Harriet Collins.

Graduated from the Cincinnati College of Music.

With her parents, attended the twenty fifth wedding anniversary celebration of President and Mrs Rutherford B Hayes at the White House 1877.

Her grandfather, Ela Collins, and uncle, William Collins, were both members of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York.

Was the first First Lady to ride in her husband's inauguration parade.

Attended the cabinet meetings with the President without speaking on the issues.

Introduced musical entertainment after state dinners which became a White House tradition. 

In her most lasting contribution as First Lady, arranged for the planting of the 3,020 Japanese cherry trees around the Tidal Basin and on Capitol grounds.

June 1912, attended both the Republican National Convention that re-nominated her
husband and the Democratic National Convention that nominated his opponent Woodrow Wilson.

During the Great War, provided support for the American Red Cross.

With Taft's appointment to the Supreme Court in 1921, Helen Taft became the only woman to be both First Lady and wife of a Chief Justice.

Prohibition was a major political debate at the time. Helen Taft was an opponent of the Prohibition movement.

Was the first First Lady to publish her memoirs, to own and drive a car, to support women's suffrage, to smoke cigarettes, and the first First Lady to successfully lobby for safety standards in federal workplaces.  

After her husband's death, served as an honorary vice president of the Colonial Dames of America and the Girl Scouts of the USA.

[Lincoln Republican]

1908 Continued

James S Sherman NY Republican

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According to Facts on File, "Sherman was of the ninth generation of descendants from Henry Sherman, a line also connected to Roger Sherman, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and William Tecumseh Sherman, the Union General during the Civil War"

Son of Richard U Sherman, Brigadier General New York State militia 1841–1857, Clerk New York State Assembly 1851-1857, Member New York State Assembly 1857, Delegate New York State Constitutional Convention 1867–1868, Assistant clerk U.S. House of Representatives 1870, member New York State Assembly 1875-1876, Secretary New York State Fish and Game Commission 1879–1890

Brother of Richard W Sherman, Mayor Utica NY 1900-1901

Of interest, James S Sherman was as well Mayor of Utica NY 1884-1885
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Educated at Hamilton College, where he was noted for his skills in oratory and debate

1880 After law studies was admitted to New York bar

Practiced law at the local firm of Cookingham & Martin, and also served as president of the Utica Trust & Deposit Co. and the New Hartford Canning Co.

Mar 1884-Mar 1885 Mayor Utica, NY

Mar 4 1887-Mar 3 1891 United States House of Representatives NY

1890 Candidate for United States House of Representatives NY, defeated

1892 Delegate from New York to Republican National Convention
 
Mar 4 1893-Mar 3 1909 United States House of Representatives NY

1908 Republican Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with William Howard Taft, elected

Mar 4, 1909–Oct 30, 1912 27th Vice President U.S. under William Howard Taft.  Sherman died in office.

To date, Sherman is the last Vice President U.S. to have died in office

1912 Renominated for Vice President U.S. on Republican ticket with William Howard Taft, the first time a sitting Vice President had been renominated in eighty-four years

But Sherman's health had collapsed, due to his steadily worsening kidney condition (Bright's disease), and he gave his acceptance speech against medical advice. Just days before the election, Oct 30 1912, he died at home in Utica, New York, and President Taft was left with no running mate with less than a week before the election, although Nicholas Murray Butler of New York was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received. Taft and Butler were defeated by the Democratic ticket of Woodrow Wilson and Thomas R Marshall, as well as by the Progressive, "Bull Moose," ticket of Theodore Roosevelt and Hiram Johnson.  The office of Vice President remained vacant until Marshall's inauguration, Mar 4, 1913.

Second Lady of the United States Carrie Sherman 1909-1912


Was the granddaughter of Congressman and Union brigade commander Eliakim Sherrill, killed at Gettysburg.

During her tenure as Second Lady, she founded the Congressional Club for Senators' and Representatives' wives.

William Jennings Bryan NE Democratic Party candidate for President U.S. See 1896

John W Kern IN Democratic

Studied law at the University of Michigan

Began to practice law in Kokomo, Indiana

1871-1884 City Attorney Kokomo, IN

1893-1897 Indiana State Senate

1893-1897 Assistant U.S. Attorney for IN

1897-1901 City Solicitor Indianapolis IN

1900 Democratic Party candidate Governor IN, lost

1904 Democratic Party candidate Governor IN, lost

1908 Democratic Party candidate Vice President U.S. with William Jennings Bryan, lost

After Bryan was defeated by Taft, Kern was subsequently outmaneuvered by Democrat Benjamin F. Shively for an open U.S. Senate seat for Indiana

When Indiana's other Senate seat opened in 1910, the Democratic-controlled state legislature rewarded Kern with a seat in the United States Senate

Mar 4 1911-Mar 3 1917 U.S. Senate IN

Mar 4 1913-Mar 3 1917  Chairman of Senate Democratic Caucus.  While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate Majority leader, and in turn, the first Senate Democratic Leader, while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus.

1916 Defeated for reelection to U.S. Senate IN

Kern was a champion of the direct election of Senators

At Bryan's urging, President Wilson considered Kern for appointment to high public office, but Kern died on August 17, 1917

Eugene V Debs IN Socialist Party of America candidate for President U.S. see 1900

Benjamin Hanford NY Socialist Party of America candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1904

[Lincoln Republican]

1908 Continued

Eugene W Chafin WI, IL, AZ Prohibition

Lawyer

Attended Wisconsin State University, graduating with a degree in law

1877 Elected as Justice of the Peace or "Police Magistrate" reelected in 1878

1882 Prohibition Party candidate for U.S. House of Representatives WI, lost

1886 Prohibition Party candidate for Attorney General WI, lost

1898 Prohibition Party candidate for Governor WI, lost

1900 Prohibition Party candidate for Attorney General WI, lost

1902 Prohibition Party candidate for U.S. House  of Representatives IL, lost

1904 Prohibition Party candidate for Attorney General IL, lost

1908 Appointed to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States

1908 Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S., lost to William Howard Taft

1909 Moved to Arizona

1912 Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Woodrow Wilson

1914 While in Arizona was the Prohibition Party candidate for U.S. Senate AZ, lost

Aaron S Watkins OH Prohibition

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Grandfather of W Dean Watkins, Prohibition Party candidate for Vice President U.S. 2000
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Lawyer

President of Asbury College in Kentucky

Methodist Minister

Received honorary degrees of Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Doctor of Laws, Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Humane Letters and Doctor of Philosophy

Long dedicated to promoting the temperance movement, Watkins served as Prohibition Party

Candidate for various political offices, including
 
1904 Prohibition candidate for US House of Representatives OH, lost

1908 Prohibition candidate for Vice President U.S. with Eugene W Chafin, lost

1912 Prohibition candidate for Vice President U.S. with Eugene W Chafin, lost

1920 Prohibition candidate for President U.S., lost to Warren G Harding

Thomas L Higsin MA Independence Party

1908 Independence Party candidate President U.S., lost to William Howard Taft

John Temple Graves GA Independence Party

1884 Presidential Elector for Florida

1888 Presidential Elector for Georgia

1908 Independence Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Thomas L Higsin, lost

1912 Speaker at Democratic National Convention

Thomas E Watson GA Populist Party candidate for President U.S. See 1896

Samuel Williams IN Populist

1908 Populist Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Thomas E Watson, lost

August Gillhaus NY Socialist Labor

1908 Substituted for the original nominee, “Morrie” Preston, a miner who was arrested on murder charges during a citywide strike in Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907

1908 Socialist Labor candidate President U.S., lost to William Howard Taft  

1912 Socialist Labor candidate Vice President U.S. with Arthur E. Reimer, lost

1914 Socialist Labor candidate State Engineer and Surveyor NY, lost

1916 Socialist Labor candidate U.S. Senate NY, lost

1918 Socialist Labor candidate Lieutenant Governor NY, lost

1920 Socialist Labor candidate Vice President U.S. William Wesley Cox, lost

1930 Socialist Labor candidate State Attorney General NY, lost

Donald L Munro VA Socialist Labor

Machinist and toolmaker

1908 Socialist Labor candidate Vice President U.S. with August Gillhaus, lost

1924 Socialist Labor candidate for Presidential Elector for Virginia

1928 Socialist Labor candidate for Presidential Elector for Virginia

[Lincoln Republican]

1912

Woodrow Wilson NJ Bourbon Democrat, Democratic

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Father of Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre

After World War I, Jessie Wilson Sayre and her husband, Francis Bowes Sayre Sr, moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jessie Wilson Sayre worked in interests of Democratic Party, League of Nations, League of Women Voters. Involved with YWCA, serving on its national board.  

1928 Jessie Wilson Sayre made introductory speech for Presidential nominee Al Smith at Democratic National Convention. 1929 name was mentioned as a candidate for Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator, for the seat then held by Republican Frederick H. Gillett of Massachusetts, declined. Became secretary of Massachusetts Democratic State Committee.

Father in law of  Francis Bowes Sayre Sr

Francis Sayre served as American Foreign Affairs Advisor to government of Siam, (now Thailand), Assistant U.S. Secretary of State, High Commissioner to Philippines 1939-1942, U.S. representative to United Nations Trusteeship Council. While Sayre was Siam's Foreign Affairs Advisor, he was appointed by the government of Siam as Siam's representative on Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.

Father of Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo

Because she had written a biography about her father, she served as an informal counselor on the 1944 biopic Wilson

Father in law of William Gibbs McAdoo

Served as Vice Chairman of Democratic National Committee, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 1913-1918, a founder and chairman of the Federal Reserve Board 1914, U.S. Director General of Railroads 1917-1918, candidate for Democratic Party nomination for President U.S. 1920, lost, candidate for Democratic Party nomination for President U.S. 1924, lost, U.S. Senate California 1933-1938. McAdoo was married to Wilson's daughter Eleanor Randolph Wilson.
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Academic Career

Attended Davidson College in NC for the 1873–1874 school year, cut short by illness, then transferred to Princeton University as a freshman when his father began teaching at the university. Graduated 1879. In second year, studied political philosophy and history, active in  Whig literary and debating society, wrote for Nassau Literary Review. Organized Liberal Debating Society, later coached Whig–Clio Debate Panel.

In hotly contested election of 1876, declared his support for Democratic Party and its nominee, Samuel J Tilden

1879 Attended law school at University of Virginia for one year; was President of Jefferson Literary and Debating Society. His health became frail and dictated withdrawal, so he went home to Wilmington, NC, where he continued his law studies. Admitted to Georgia bar and made a brief attempt at law practice in Jan 1882. Found legal history and substantive jurisprudence interesting, but abhorred the day to day procedural aspects, and after less than a year abandoned the practice to pursue study of political science and history.

1883 Began graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University

1886 Completed doctoral dissertation, "Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics" and received a Ph.D. in history and political science. For his doctorate, had to learn German.

1886-1887 Academic year was a visiting lecturer at Cornell University, but failed to gain a permanent position

1885-1888 Faculty of Bryn Mawr College

1888-1890 Faculty of Wesleyan University
 
1890 Joined Princeton University faculty as professor of jurisprudence and political economy

While there was one of the faculty members of the short-lived coordinate college, Evelyn College for Women
 
Additionally, became the first lecturer of Constitutional Law at New York Law School where he taught with Charles Evans Hughes, who he would run against in 1916 Presidential election

The only U.S. President to have held a Ph.D.

Writings on government and politics

Government Systems

Under the influence of Walter Bagehot's The English Constitution, Wilson saw the United States Constitution as pre-modern, cumbersome, and open to corruption. An admirer of Parliament, Wilson favored a parliamentary system for the U.S.

Believed that America's intricate system of checks and balances was the cause of the problems in American governance. Said the divided power made it impossible for voters to see who was accountable if government behaved badly.

Said the Congressional committee system was fundamentally undemocratic in that committee chairs, who ruled by seniority, determined national policy although they were responsible to no one except their constituents; and that it facilitated corruption.

Said the Presidency "will be as big as and as influential as the man who occupies it". By the time of his Presidency, Wilson hoped that Presidents could be party leaders in the same way British Prime Ministers were. Wilson also hoped that the parties could be reorganized along ideological, not geographic, lines.

Public Administration

Also studied public administration, which he called "government in action; it is the executive, the operative, the most visible side of government, and is of course as old as government itself". He believed that by studying public administration governmental efficiency could be increased.

Was concerned with the implementation of government. He faulted political leaders who focused on philosophical issues and the nature of government and dismissed the critical issues of government administration as mere "practical detail".

Thought the United States required greater compromise because of the diversity of public opinion and the difficulty of forming a majority opinion. Thus practical reform to the government is necessarily slow. Yet Wilson insisted that "administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics" and that "general laws which direct these things to be done are as obviously outside of and above administration."

1902-1910 President Princeton University

1910 Elected President of the American Political Science Association but soon decided to leave his Princeton post and enter New Jersey state politics

1910 Democratic Party candidate for Governor NJ, elected

Jan 17 1911-Mar 1 1913 Governor NJ

1912 Democratic Party candidate for President U.S., elected

1916 Democratic Party candidate for reelection President U.S., reelected

Mar 4 1913-Mar 4 1921 28th President U.S.

In the 1916 election, after a hard-fought contest, Wilson defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by a narrow margin in the popular vote and with a narrow majority in the Electoral College by winning several swing states with razor-thin margins. Wilson's re-election marked the first time since the Civil War that the Democratic Party won two consecutive Presidential elections, and he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive Presidential elections since Andrew Jackson.

President Wilson led the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference which took place at Versailles Palace outside Paris Jan 18 1919-Jan 21 1920, with a few intervals, a meeting of the victorious Allied Powers, following the end of World War I, to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers

The Treaty of Versailles, signed on Jun 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, was the peace settlement between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers, that officially ended World War I  

"The Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference were the President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George, the President of France Georges Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of Italy Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. "The Big Four" made all the major decisions at the Conference.

With his attendance at the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson became the first U.S. President to travel to Europe while in office

Incapacity

The immediate cause of Wilson's incapacitation in Sep 1919 was the physical strain of the public speaking tour he undertook to obtain support for ratification of Treaty of Versailles. In Pueblo, Colorado, on Sep 25, 1919, he collapsed and never fully recovered.

Oct 2, 1919, suffered a serious stroke that almost totally incapacitated him, leaving him paralyzed on his left side, and only able to see out of a corner of his right eye. He was confined to bed for weeks, sequestered from nearly everyone except his wife, Edith Wilson, and his physician, Dr. Cary Grayson. For at least a few months, he used a wheelchair. Later, he could walk only with the assistance of a cane. His wife and his aide Joe Tumulty helped a journalist, Louis Seibold, present a false account of an interview with the President.

With few exceptions, senior government officials were not allowed to see him for the remainder of his term. His wife, Edith Wilson, took control, selecting issues for his attention and delegating other issues to his cabinet heads. Eventually, Wilson resumed his attendance at cabinet meetings, but his input there was perfunctory at best. By Feb 1920 the President's true condition was known to all. Nearly every major newspaper expressed qualms about Wilson's fitness for the Presidency at a time when the League of Nations fight was reaching a climax and domestic issues such as strikes, unemployment, inflation and the threat of Communism were ablaze. There was no mechanism to remove him.

This was the most complex case of Presidential disability in American history and became a central argument for the 25th Amendment, which handles the issue of a disabled President

1920 Presidential Election

It was widely accepted prior to the 1920 election that President Wilson would not run for a third term, and would certainly not be nominated if he did make an attempt to regain the nomination. While Vice President Thomas Marshall had long held a desire to succeed Wilson, his indecisive handling of the situation around Wilson's illness and incapacity destroyed any credibility he had as a candidate, and in the end he did not formally put himself forward for the nomination.

Although William Gibbs McAdoo, Wilson's son-in-law and former U.S. Treasury Secretary, was the strongest candidate, Wilson blocked his nomination in hopes a deadlocked convention would demand that he run for a third term, even though he was seriously ill, physically immobile, and in seclusion at the time. The Democrats nominated Governor James M Cox of Ohio as their Presidential candidate, and 38-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, a fifth cousin of the late President Theodore Roosevelt, for Vice President.

Post Presidency

In 1921, Wilson and his wife Edith retired from the White House to an elegant 1915 town house in the Embassy Row (Kalorama) section of Washington, D.C.

Wilson continued daily drives, and attended Keith's vaudeville theatre on Saturday nights

Wilson was one of only two Presidents, Theodore Roosevelt was the first, to have served as president of the American Historical Association

On November 10, 1923, Wilson made a short Armistice Day radio speech from the library of his home, his last national address. The following day he spoke briefly from the front steps to more than 20,000 well wishers gathered outside the house.

[Lincoln Republican]

1912 Continued

Woodrow Wilson Continued

First Lady of the United States

Ellen Wilson died on August 6, 1914, while her husband, Woodrow Wilson, was still in office.  Ellen Wilson was First Lady 1913-1914. Their daughter, Margaret Woodrow Wilson, acted as White House hostess 1914-1915, until President Wilson married Edith Galt, on Dec 18 1915, making Edith Wilson First Lady 1915-1921.

Ellen Wilson

A descendant of slave owners, Ellen Wilson lent her prestige to the cause of improving housing in the capital's largely black slums. She visited dilapidated alleys and brought them to the attention of debutantes and Congressmen. Her death spurred passage of a remedial bill she had worked for.

Edith Wilson

At age 15 Enrolled in Martha Washington College, a precursor of Emory and Henry College, a finishing school for girls in Abingdon, Virginia. Returned home after a single semester.

At age 17 enrolled in Powell's  School for Girls in Richmond, Virginia. Powell's School closed at the end of the year.

During second  term of President Wilson, Edith Wilson is notable for the influential role she played in President Wilson's administration following the severe stroke he suffered in Oct 1919. For the remainder of her husband's Presidency, she managed the office of the President, a role she later described as a "stewardship," and determined which communications and matters of state were important enough to bring to the attention of the bedridden president.

Thomas R Marshall IN Democratic

1869 His parents sent him to Wabash College, in Crawfordsville IN, where he received a classical education

Participated in literary and debating societies, founded a Democratic Club. He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper, the Geyser, and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies.

Was the defendant in a law suit and traveled to Indianapolis in search of a defense lawyer and employed future United States President Benjamin Harrison, then a prominent lawyer in the area

Graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students. As a result of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him. At that time, the only way to become a lawyer in Indiana was to apprentice under a member of the Indiana bar association.

Went to live with his parents, who had moved to Columbia City. There he read law in the office of Walter Olds, a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court. He studied in the office for over a year and was admitted to the Indiana bar on April 26, 1875.

1880 Democratic candidate for District Prosecuting Attorney, lost

Marshall remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping on behalf of other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state

1904 became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee
 
1906 Declined Democratic Party nomination to run for Congress.  He did hint to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for Governor in the 1908 election.

Jan 11 1909-Jan 13 1913 Governor IN

IN constitution prevented Marshall from serving a consecutive term as Governor, made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term as Governor ended

1912 Did not attend Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, his name was put forward as Indiana's choice for President, as a compromise candidate. Presidential nomination was won by Woodrow Wilson.

1912 Instead received Democratic Party nomination for Vice President U.S.
Privately turned down the nomination, assuming the job would be boring given its limited role. He changed his mind after Wilson assured him that he would be given plenty of responsibilities.

1912 Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Woodrow Wilson, won

1916 Democratic Party candidate for reelection Vice President U.S. with Woodrow Wilson, reelected

Mar 4 1913-Mar 4 1921 28th Vice President U.S. with Woodrow Wilson

1919-1920, during the serious illness of President Wilson, Secretary of State Robert Lansing was the first official to propose that Marshall forcibly assume the Presidency. Other cabinet secretaries backed Lansing's request, as did Congressional leaders, including members of both the Democratic and Republican parties who sent private communications to Marshall. Marshall was cautious in accepting their offers of support. After consulting with his wife and his long-time personal adviser, Mark Thistlethwaite, he privately refused to assume Wilson's duties and become Acting President of the United States. The process for declaring a President incapacitated was unclear at that time, and he feared the precedent that might be set if he forcibly removed Wilson from office. Marshall wanted the President to voluntarily allow his powers to devolve to the Vice President, but that was impossible given his condition and unlikely given Wilson's dislike for Marshall. Marshall informed the cabinet that the only cases in which he would assume the Presidency were a joint resolution of Congress calling on him to do so, or an official communication from Wilson or his staff asserting his inability to perform his duties.  

1920 Had his name entered as a candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Democratic National Convention

Marshall had long held a desire to succeed Wilson, but his indecisive handling of the situation around Wilson's illness and incapacity destroyed any credibility he had as a candidate, and in the end he did not formally put himself forward for the nomination

Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M. Cox as President and Franklin Delano Roosevelt as Vice President

Second Lady of the United States Lois Marshall 1913-1921

She became involved in charitable activities in Washington DC and spent time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children.

In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition. Lois Marshall formed a close bond with the baby, who was named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment. The Marshalls had been unable to have children but they never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still alive would appear unusual to the public. They instead made a special arrangement with his parents. Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall, but in person they called him Izzy. Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday.

[Lincoln Republican]

1912 Continued

Theodore Roosevelt NY Progressive Party ("Bull Moose") candidate for President U.S., see 1904

Hiram Johnson CA Republican, Progressive Party ("Bull Moose"), Republican

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Son of Grove Lawrence Johnson, a Republican Representative and a member of the California State Legislature

Mother was Annie DeMontfredy, partially descended of a family of Huguenots who had left France to escape religious persecution there. Annie was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, claiming descent from a general of the Continental Army.
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Attended Heald College, a business–career college with multiple campuses in California

First worked as a shorthand reporter and stenographer in law offices

Eventually pursued a legal career, studying at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity

Admitted to the bar in 1888 and commenced practice in Sacramento

1902 Moved to San Francisco where he served as Assistant District Attorney and became active in reform politics, taking up an anti-corruption mantle

Attracted statewide attention in 1908 when he assisted lawyer, judge, and politician Francis J Heney in the graft prosecution of corrupt political boss Abe Ruef and San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz. His success was due in large measure to the fact that after Heney was gunned down in the courtroom, he took the lead for the prosecution and won the case.

Jan 3 1911-Mar 15 1917 Governor CA, won the gubernatorial election in 1910 as a member of the Lincoln-Roosevelt League, a liberal Republican movement

1912 A founder of the Progressive Party

1912 Progressive Party ("Bull Moose") candidate Vice President U.S. with Theodore Roosevelt, lost

1914 Reelected Governor  CA

1916 Theodore Roosevelt was again nominated as the Progressive Party ("Bull Moose") candidate for President, with businessman John M Parker of Louisiana nominated for Vice President.  Hiram Johnson was one of the others mentioned as a possible candidate for Vice President on the Progressive Party ticket, but withdrew his name in favor of Parker.

Roosevelt met with Republican Presidential nominee Charles Evans Hughes, decided not to contest the election, and endorsed Hughes

Mar 16 1917-Aug 6 1945 U.S. Senate CA, died in office

In the 1916 U.S. Senate election in California, progressive Republican candidate Hiram Johnson defeated California attorney, businessman, political figure and Mayor of the city of San Marino, Democratic candidate George Smith Patton.  George Smith Patton  was  the son of George S Patton Sr, a Confederate Colonel during the American Civil War, and the father of George S Patton, the General who commanded the Third United States Army during World War II.  

1919 Following Theodore Roosevelt's death in January 1919, Johnson was regarded as the natural leader of the Progressive Party, however, in 1920, he did not attempt to revive the Progressive Party

1920 Candidate for Republican Presidential nomination, lost to Warren G Harding

1924 Candidate for Republican Presidential nomination, lost to Calvin Coolidge

1932, 1936 Supported Democrat Franklin D Roosevelt in Presidential elections
 
William Howard Taft OH Republican Party candidate for President U.S., see 1908

James S Sherman NY renominated as Republican Party candidate for Vice President U.S., died before election, see 1908

Nicholas Murray Butler NY, Republican Party, replacement candidate for Vice President U.S.

Enrolled in Columbia College, later Columbia University, earned  Bachelor of Arts degree 1882, master's degree 1883, doctorate 1884

1885 Studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State Elihu Root. Through Root he also met Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.

Fall of 1885 Joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department

1887 Cofounded, and became president of, the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed Teachers College, Columbia University

1890-1891 A lecturer at Johns Hopkins University Baltimore

Throughout the 1890s served on the New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the College Entrance Examination Board

1901 Acting president Columbia University

1902-1945 President Columbia University
 
Was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936

Chair of the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration that met periodically from 1907 to 1912

During this time he was appointed president of the American branch of International Conciliation

1912 When Vice President and 1912 Republican Vice Presidential candidate, James S Sherman, running on the Republican ticket with President William Howard Taft, died a few days before the Presidential election, Butler was designated as the replacement Republican candidate for Vice President U.S., and to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received

1916 Tried to secure Republican Presidential nomination for Elihu Root.  Nomination won by Charles Evans Hughes.

1920 Sought Republican Presidential nomination for himself, nomination won by Warren G Harding

1928 Sought Republican Presidential nomination for himself, nomination won by Herbert Hoover

1928-1941 President of The American Academy of Arts and Letters

1928-1946 President of the elite Pilgrims Society, which promotes Anglo-American friendship

1931 Received Nobel Peace Prize

Believed that prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He became active in the successful effort for repeal of prohibition in 1933.

[Lincoln Republican]

1912 Continued

Eugene V Debs IN Socialist Party of America candidate for President U.S. See 1900

Emil Seidel WI Socialist Party of America

Patternmaker

1886 At the age of 22, went abroad to refine his skills as a woodcarver. Lived for six years in Berlin working at his trade during the day and attending school at night. It was in this period he became an active socialist. Upon his return to Milwaukee, 1892, joined the Pattern Makers Union.

1892 After return to U.S. joined the Socialist Labor Party of America. He was a charter member of the first SLP branch in Milwaukee

Later joined the Social Democracy of America (established 1897), the Social Democratic Party of America (established 1898), and the Socialist Party of America (established 1901) in turn

1904 Was one of nine Socialists to win electoral victory as Milwaukee WI city aldermen. Served two terms in that position before being elected as an Alderman-at-Large in 1909.

1910-1912 Mayor of Milwaukee WI, becoming the first Socialist mayor of a major U.S. city

1912 Milwaukee WI Mayoral election, Democratic and Republican parties joined forces to defeat Seidel

1912 Socialist Party of America candidate for Vice President U.S. with Eugene V Debs, lost

Most of his remaining political involvement was in local Milwaukee politics

1916-1920 Alderman Milwaukee WI

1932-1936 Alderman Milwaukee WI

1932 Socialist Party of America candidate for U.S. Senate WI, Lost

Eugene W Chafin IL Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S. See 1908

Aaron S Watkins OH Prohibition Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1908

Arthur E Reimer MA Socialist Labor Party of America

Worked as a ladies' tailor in his younger years

Attended Northeastern University, Boston, earned a law degree 1912

1898 Joined the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP)

1905 Was among those SLP members who joined the new Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Exited that organization along with his party comrades in 1908

1908 Helped to establish a rival organization, the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU) as a result of disagreement between the IWW majority and the SLP group over matters of strategy and tactics

1912 Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Woodrow Wilson

1913 Socialist Labor Party candidate for Governor MA, lost

1914 Socialist Labor Party candidate for Governor MA, lost

1914 Named the representative of the Socialist Labor Party to the International Socialist Bureau at the meeting of the Second International in Vienna, Austria

1916 Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Woodrow Wilson

August Gillhaus NY Socialist Labor Party of America candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1908

[Lincoln Republican]

1916

Woodrow Wilson NJ Democratic Party candidate for President U.S. See 1912

Thomas R Marshall IN Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1912

Charles Evans Hughes NY Republican

=====
Father of Charles Evans Hughes Jr, Secretary to New York Judge, and future Supreme Court of the United States Justice, Benjamin N Cardozo 1914-1916, U.S. Solicitor General 1929-1930
=====

At age 14, enrolled at Madison University, now Colgate University, Hamilton Village, NY

Transferred to Brown University, Providence, RI. Graduated third in his class at age 19.

Read law and entered Columbia Law School, New York City, NY, in 1882, where he graduated in 1884 with highest honors

While studying law, taught at Delaware Academy, Delhi, NY

1888-1891 Senior Partner in law firm

1891-1893 Law Professor Cornell University Law School

1893-1906 Senior Partner in law firm

1893-1895 Special lecturer Cornell University Law School  

1893-1900 Special lecturer New York University Law School

At that time, in addition to practicing law, Hughes taught at New York Law School with Woodrow Wilson, who would later defeat him for the Presidency, in 1916

1905 Appointed as counsel to the New York state legislative "Stevens Gas Commission", a committee investigating utility rates. His uncovering of corruption led to lower gas rates in New York City.
 
1906 Appointed to "Armstrong Insurance Commission" to investigate the insurance industry in New York as a special assistant to U.S. Attorney General

Jan 1 1907-Oct 6 1910 Governor NY, elected 1906 reelected 1908

1908 Offered Republican Vice Presidential nomination by William Howard Taft, but declined it to run again for Governor NY. Theodore Roosevelt became an important supporter of Hughes.

1909 Led an effort to incorporate Delta Upsilon fraternity. This was the first fraternity to incorporate, and he served as its first international president.

Apr 25, 1910 Appointed by President William Howard Taft to a seat as Associate Justice on U.S. Supreme Court, confirmed by U.S. Senate May 2, 1910, and received his commission the same day

Oct 10 1910-Jun 10 1916 Associate Justice U.S. Supreme Court

Jun 10 1916 Resigned from the U.S. Supreme Court to become the Republican Party candidate for President U.S. in 1916 Presidential election. He was also endorsed by the Progressive Party thanks to the support given to him from former President Theodore Roosevelt. Other Republican figures such as former President William Howard Taft endorsed Hughes.  

1916 Republican Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Woodrow Wilson in a close election

Mar 5 1921-Mar 4 1925 U.S. Secretary of State under Warren G Harding and Calvin Coolidge

1926 Appointed by New York Governor Alfred E Smith to be the chairman of a State Reorganization Commission through which Smith's plan to place the Governor as the head of a rationalized state government, was accomplished, bringing to realization what Hughes himself had envisioned

Various Appointments

1907 Became the first President of the newly formed Northern Baptist Convention

Also served as President of the New York State Bar Association

After leaving the State Department, he again rejoined his old partners at the Hughes firm, which included his son and future United States Solicitor General Charles E Hughes, Jr, and was one of the nation's most sought after advocates. From 1925 to 1930, for example, Hughes argued over 50 times before the U.S. Supreme Court.

1925–1926 Represented the API (American Petroleum Institute) before the FOCB (Federal Oil Conservation Board)

1926-1930 Served as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and as a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague, Netherlands

1927 One of the co-founders of the National Conference on Christians and Jews, now known as the National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ), along with S. Parkes Cadman and others, to oppose the Ku Klux Klan, anti-Catholicism, and anti-Semitism in the 1920s and 1930s

1928-1930 A delegate to the Pan American Conference on Arbitration and Conciliation

1928 Conservative business interests tried to interest Hughes in the Republican Presidential nomination instead of Herbert Hoover. Hughes, citing his age, turned down the offer.

Feb 3 1930 Appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Herbert Hoover, confirmed by the United States Senate Feb 13, 1930, and received commission the same day, serving in this capacity until Jun 30 1941. Hughes replaced former President William Howard Taft, a fellow Republican who had also lost a Presidential election to Woodrow Wilson, in 1912, and who, in 1910, had appointed Hughes to his first tenure on the Supreme Court.

Feb 13 1930-Jun 30 1941 Chief Justice of the United States

Administered the oath of office three times to Franklin D Roosevelt as the 32nd President of the United States

First inauguration Mar 4 1933

It was the last inauguration to be held on the prescribed date of March 4. Under the terms of the Twentieth Amendment, all subsequent inaugurations have taken place on Jan 20.

Second inauguration Jan 20 1937

Third inauguration Jan 20 1941  

Charles W Fairbanks IN Republican Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1904

[Lincoln Republican]

1916 Continued

Allan L Benson  NY Socialist Party of America, Social Democratic League of America

Took the state examination to become a school teacher and passed, earning a certificate to teach in a district school

Newspaper Editor

During his tenure as a newspaper editor, read an encyclopedia article on the topic of socialism written by an English Fabian and was thereby won over to the socialist movement. Joined the staff of the Appeal to Reason, a mass circulation socialist weekly published in Girard, Kansas and his editorials for that publication made him into a nationally recognized figure among radical American political activists.

Championed a proposal to ban American entry from World War I unless participation was first approved by a national referendum of the American people  

This extreme position on American entry into the European war found a receptive audience among Socialist Party's rank and file

1916 Socialist Party of America candidate for President U.S., lost to Woodrow Wilson

1918 Broke with Socialist Party of America and joined their political rival, the Social Democratic League of America

Following his switch of organizational affiliation, hired as a staff writer for The New Appeal, which had evolved into the semi-official organ of the Social Democratic League

1919-1921 Publisher of a new monthly magazine called Reconstruction, subtitled "A Herald of the New Time"

George Ross Kirkpatrick NJ Socialist Party of America

Attended Allegheny College Preparatory School before enrolling in Ohio Wesleyan University

Received Bachelor's degree from Albion College and did graduate coursework at Vanderbilt University and the University of Chicago

Upon graduation, worked as a teacher at Kansas Methodist College and Ripon College for 4 years before moving to the Socialist Party-affiliated Rand School of Social Science in New York City

1903 Joined Socialist Party of America

For nearly 20 years thereafter traveled across America as a lecturer for the party, speaking to general audiences on the topic of militarism and other political and economic questions

1916 Socialist Party of America candidate for Vice President U.S. with Allan L Benson, lost

1924 In Chicago on the payroll of the Socialist Party as the manager of its "Department of Literature." In that capacity he prepared several propaganda leaflets which were distributed in quantity by the party during the 1924 campaign season.

Organization Director Socialist Party of America

Nov 1925-May 1926 Acting Executive Secretary Socialist Party of America

1928 Socialist Party of America candidate U.S. Senate IL, lost

1932 and 1934 Socialist Party of America candidate U.S. Senate CA, losing both times

Frank Hanley IN Republican, Prohibition Party, Progressive Party

At age sixteen left home to attend the common schools and the Eastern Illinois Normal School at Danville, Vermilion County, Illinois, until 1879. He worked odd jobs to pay for his schooling. That year he graduated and moved to Warren County, Indiana where he taught in the state public schools from 1881 to 1889.

1890-1891 IN State Senate, Republican

Mar 4 1895-Mar 3 1897 U.S. House of Representatives IN, Republican

His district was realigned by the Democratic controlled Indiana General Assembly, who created a gerrymander of his district

1896 Lost bid for reelection to U.S. House of Representatives IN

1899 launched a campaign for Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in 1899, but was defeated in Republican legislature

After losing the nomination, briefly retired from politics. Went on a speaking tour around the state to build up support for another run for office

1904 Reentered politics and won Republican nomination for Governor IN

Jan 9 1905-Jan 11 1909 Governor IN, Republican

1910-1920 A prohibition lecturer throughout the United States and in France in 1919

Organized the Flying Squadron of America (sometimes called Hanly's Flying Squadron), a temperance organization which advocated prohibition nationally and played an important role in raising awareness about the effects of alcohol in a nationwide campaign to  promote temperance and in arousing public support for prohibition.

1909 Left Republican Party to join the new Prohibition Party

1915 Nominated as Prohibition Party candidate for Governor IN but he declined and instead became the Progressive Party's candidate

1915 Progressive Party candidate for Governor IN, lost

1916 Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Woodrow Wilson

Ira Landrith TN Prohibition Party

Presbyterian minister

1904-1912 President, Belmont College, Nashville

1913-1915 President, Ward-Belmont College

1916 Prohibition Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Frank Hanley, lost

1920-1927 President, Intercollegiate Prohibition Association

1928-1931 President, National Temperance Council

Member Anti-Saloon League

Arthur E Reimer MA Socialist Labor Party of America candidate for President U.S. See 1912

Caleb Harrison IL Socialist Labor Party of America

1916 Jailed in Homestead, Pennsylvania for making a radical speech

1916 Socialist Party of America candidate for Vice President U.S. with Arthur E Reimer, lost
 
Theodore Roosevelt nominated as Progressive Party candidate for President U.S., withdrew from election. See 1904

John M Parker LA Democratic, Progressive, Democratic, nominated by Progressive Party for Vice President U.S. on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt

Parker was educated at the historic prep school Chamberlain-Hunt Academy in Port Gibson, Mississippi, Belle View Academy, and Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York 

Became a prominent businessman

President of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange

President of the New Orleans Board of Trade

Became an outspoken opponent of the Louisiana Lottery and the New Orleans political machine

1910 became the leader of the Good Government League

Served as Louisiana Food Administrator

1916 Parker ran for Governor of Louisiana as the nominee of Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party, lost

1916 Parker, a friend and admirer of Theodore Roosevelt, was nominated by the Progressive Party for Vice President U.S. on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt, but Roosevelt returned to the Republican Party, endorsed Republican Presidential nominee Charles Evans Hughes for President U.S., and the Progressive Party did not contest the 1916 Presidential election

Parker remained the Vice Presidential nominee of the Progressive Party, and endorsed President Woodrow Wilson for the Presidency

Roosevelt selected Parker as one of eighteen officers to raise a volunteer infantry division, Roosevelt's World War I volunteers, for service in France in 1917. The U.S. Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise up to four divisions, however, as Commander-in-chief, President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers and the unit disbanded.

1920 Parker returned to the Democratic Party, considered an essential move to win a Louisiana election at the time, and was elected Governor of Louisiana

May 11 1920 – May 13 1924 Governor of Louisiana

Became a leading figure in the Anti-Long Constitutional League

[Lincoln Republican]

1920

Warren G Harding OH Republican

1882 Graduated from Ohio Central College in Iberia with a Bachelor of Science Degree

Became an accomplished public speaker in college

Upon graduating, had stints as a teacher and as an insurance man, and made a brief attempt at studying law. He then purchased, with others, a failing newspaper, The Marion Star, weakest of the growing city's three papers, and its only daily, and made a success of it.

1884 Attended the Republican National Convention and supported the Presidential candidacy of James G Blaine who would go on to lose to Grover Cleveland in the Presidential election

Candidate for Marion County OH Auditor's office, lost

Jan 1 1900-Jan 4 1904 OH State Senate

Republican Floor Leader in second term in OH State Senate

1903 Announced campaign for Governor OH, withdrew shortly afterwards

Jan 11 1904-Jan 8 1906 Lieutenant Governor OH

1906 Again announced campaign for Governor OH, again withdrew from contention

1908 Republican candidate for Governor OH, lost

1912 Delivered nominating speech for incumbent President William Howard Taft, who would later serve as Chief Justice of the United States during Harding's administration and who was nominated for Chief Justice by Harding

Mar 4 1915-Jan 13 1921 U.S. Senate OH, becoming Ohio's first Senator elected by popular vote

1918 When Theodore Roosevelt was entertaining plans, later abandoned, to reprise his Presidency, he considered Harding had strong potential to run and serve as Vice President, and discussed with Harry Daugherty, political ally and advisor to Harding, the desirability of having Harding on his ticket

1920 The GOP bosses were determined to have a dependable listener as the Republican Presidential nominee. Some in the party began to scout for such an alternative, and Harding's name arose, despite his reluctance, due to his unique ability to draw vital Ohio votes. Harry Daugherty, who became Harding's campaign manager, and who was sure none of the declared candidates could garner a majority, convinced Harding to run after a marathon discussion of six-plus hours.

Harding was selected by party bosses as the compromise candidate in a meeting that took place in what came to be known as the "smoke filled room". Harding was nominated at the Republican convention as the candidate for President U.S. on the tenth ballot.

The local Masons could not resist the opportunity to co-opt Harding's new status, and promoted him to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason

Harding's supporters thought of him as the next McKinley

1920 Republican Party candidate for President U.S., elected

Mar 4 1921-Aug 2 1923 29th President U.S., died in office

June 1923, President Harding set out on a westward cross country "Voyage of Understanding", in which he planned to renew his connection with the people, away from the capital, and explain his policies. Became the first U.S. President to visit Alaska. Died in San Francisco CA Aug 2 1923 while on the tour.  

First Lady of the United States Florence Harding 1921-1923

Began studies at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music but dropped out at age 19.

On becoming First Lady, immediately took an active role in national politics, at times even appearing to dominate the President. She had a strong influence on the selection of cabinet members.

Became known for her opposition to smoking and was an outward proponent of maintaining Prohibition as respect for the law.

Made her views known on everything from the League of Nations to animal rights, racism, and women's rights. She had strong concern for immigrant children trapped by bureaucracy.

Was willing to risk criticism when she championed social issues.

Sought to make herself available to the press.

Had a hand in selecting minor public officials, particularly postmasters.

Calvin Coolidge MA Republican candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1924

James M Cox OH Democratic

1886 After two years of high school passed teacher’s examination and at the age of 16 years, began teaching school

Commenced newspaper career as reporter on Middletown, Ohio, Signal and in 1892 went to work on the Cincinnati Enquirer. Became owner and publisher of the Dayton Daily News in 1898, of the Springfield Daily News in 1903, of the Miami, Florida, News in 1923, of the Atlanta, Georgia, Journal in 1939, of the Dayton Journal and Herald in 1949, and of the Atlanta, Georgia, Constitution in 1950.

1894-1897 Secretary to Democratic Congressman Paul J Sorg OH

Mar 4 1909-Jan 12 1913 U.S. House of Representatives OH, resigning after winning election as Governor OH

Jan 13 1913–Jan 11 1915 Governor OH

1914 Defeated for reelection as Governor OH

1916 Reelected Governor OH

Jan 8 1917-Jan 10 1921 Governor OH

1920 Democratic Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Warren G Harding

Built a large newspaper enterprise, Cox Enterprises

1932, 1936, 1940, 1944 Supported and campaigned for the Presidential candidacies of his former running mate Franklin D Roosevelt. Roosevelt was the 1920 Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Cox.

1933 Appointed by President Franklin D Roosevelt as Vice Chairman of U.S. delegation to the failed London Economic Conference and as President of its monetary commission

1946 Declined appointment to U.S. Senate OH by Democratic Governor Frank Lausche

Franklin D Roosevelt NY Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1932.

[Lincoln Republican]

1920 Continued

Eugene V Debs IN Socialist Party of America candidate for President U.S. See 1900

Seymour Stedman IL Democratic, People's Party, Social Democracy of America, Socialist Party of America

In 1889 Stedman decided that he wanted to be a lawyer. He approached the dean of the Northwestern University School of Law and told him of his desires, admitting that he had had only three years of formal education. After grilling the youth for an hour to determine Stedman's level of reading capability and intelligence, the dean relented and admitted Stedman to the university. Stedman continued to work as a janitor during the day and attended university lectures in the evening. Stedman was ultimately admitted to the Illinois State Bar Association in 1891.

1890 Became a public orator on behalf of the Democratic Party

1894 Left Democratic Party in protest over the actions of Democratic President Grover Cleveland in the great railway strike

Briefly a member of the People's Party as a radical populist

1896 Elected to the 1896 National Convention of the People's Party where he attempted to start a movement among the delegates to draft Eugene Debs as the nominee of the People's Party for President U.S.  Debs stated he had no desire to run for President and the bid was over.

1896 Stedman was then free to support William Jennings Bryan for President

1897 Attended Social Democracy of America convention.  He and others bolted the convention over a policy issue.  Stedman and others, including Eugene Debs, established a new political organization of their own, the Social Democratic Party of America (SDP)

From 1898 was a member of the governing National Executive Committee of the SDP
  
1901 SDP merged with a similarly-named Eastern organization to form the Socialist Party of America (SPA) Stedman became a founding member

1908 Name was offered for nomination for Vice President of the United States at the SPA's 1908 Convention, lost race for nomination

1913 SPA candidate for Mayor of Chicago

During World War I, was a prominent defender of war opponents indicted for sedition

1920 Socialist Party of America candidate for Vice President U.S. with Eugene Debs, lost

During the popular front period of the late 1930s, was briefly a member of the Communist Party of America

Parley P Christensen UT, IL, CA Republican, Farmer-Labor Party

1890 Graduated from the University of Utah Normal School

Teacher and principal in Murray, UT and Grantsville, UT

1892-1895 School superintendent in Toole County, UT

Earned a bachelor of laws degree from Cornell University law school in New York, and returned to practice law in Salt Lake City, UT

Late 1890s City Attorney of Grantsville, UT where he became active in Republican politics

1895-1900 Secretary of the UT State Constitutional Convention

1900 Elected Salt Lake County, UT Attorney

1900-1904 Was a Republican state officer, including party chairman

1902 Defeated for renomination as County Attorney

1904 Elected again as Salt Lake County, UT Attorney

1906, 1908, 1910 Unsuccessfully sought Republican nomination for U.S. House of Representatives UT

1910-1912 UT State House of Representatives

1912 Joined Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party

1912 Progressive Party candidate for UT State House of Representatives, lost

1914-1916 UT State House of Representatives as a Progressive

Between 1915 and 1920 Christensen became increasingly involved with various left-wing and labor groups in Utah

1919 Helped organize Utah Labor Party

President of the Popular Government League, organized in 1916, which argued for adopting the initiative and referendum in Utah

June 1920 was a delegate to the Chicago joint conventions of the Labor Party of the United States and the progressive Committee of Forty-Eight, whose leaders hoped to merge and to nominate a Presidential ticket. The Farmer-Labor Party was the result, with Christensen chosen as Presidential nominee
 
1920 Chairman IL Progressive Party

1920 Farmer-Labor Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Warren G Harding

After 1920 traveled in Europe and Russia, and met with Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, he wrote that he was impressed by Lenin's approachability and his command of the English language

1926 Progressive Party candidate U.S. Senate, IL, lost

Early 1930s Moved to California, where he joined with the End Poverty in California crusade, with the Utopian Society and with other leftist groups in the state

1935-1937 Los Angeles, CA City Council, had endorsement of the End Poverty in California movement

1937 Did not run for reelection to Los Angeles, CA City Council

1939-1949 Los Angeles, CA City Council

Max S Hayes OH People's Party, Farmer-Labor Party  

Largely self-educated, only attending school through the 4th grade

Worked on the staff of the Cleveland Press from 1881 to 1890

1890 Became founder and editor of a labor newspaper of a decidedly Socialist bent, The Cleveland Citizen. This paper was named the official organ of the Cleveland Central Labor Union in 1892.

Remained active as editor of this weekly publication until 1939

1890-1896 Member People's Party

1896 Joined Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) serving as the Secretary of Section Cleveland SLP

1899 Left SLP

1900 Nominated for Vice President of the United States by the Hillquit faction in 1900, but withdrew in favor of the candidacy of Job Harriman in a unity ticket that brought together the former-SLP dissidents with the Chicago-based Social Democratic Party of America of Eugene V. Debs and Victor L. Berger

1900 Social Democratic Party candidate for U.S. House of Representatives OH, lost

Hayes was one of five members of the "Springfield SDP," joining a like number from the Chicago organization, named to a special committee in charge of preparations for the August 1901 Joint Unity Convention from which the Socialist Party of America was born

1902 Socialists' candidate for OH Secretary of State, lost

1912 At the AF of L's 1912 annual convention Hayes became the last socialist to challenge Gompers for the Presidency of the Federation. This was the first time since the organization's 1903 conclave that Gompers had been met by an opponent in his bid for re-election as head of the AF of L, lost

1919 resigned from Socialist Party, joined Farmer-Labor Party

1920 Farmer-Labor Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Parley P Christensen, lost

1922-1924 Active in the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA)

During the Great Depression served as a member of the Ohio State Adjustment Board of the National Recovery Administration, remaining in this capacity until termination of the National Recovery Administration in 1935

He was also a charter member of the Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority, organized in 1933. He remained with the Metropolitan Housing Authority until 1937.

[Lincoln Republican]

1920 Continued

Aaron S Watkins IN Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S. See 1908

D Leigh Colvin NY Prohibition Party

American politician and member of the Prohibition Party and the Law Preservation Party

Attended American Temperance University and Ohio Wesleyan University before going on to study law at the University of California, Berkeley, University of Chicago, and Columbia University

1916 and 1932 Candidate for U.S. Senate NY, lost

1917 Candidate for Mayor New York City, NY, lost

1920 Prohibition Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Aaron S Watkins, lost

1922 Candidate U.S. House of Representatives NY, lost

1926-1932 Chairman Prohibition National Committee

1932 Candidate for U.S. Senate NY, lost

1936 Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

James E Ferguson TX Anti-Prohibitionist Democrat, Democratic, American Party

Studied law in Bell County and was admitted to the bar

1903  Attorney in Belton and established Farmers State Bank. 1906 sold Farmers bank and established Temple State Bank

1903 Became City Attorney Belton, TX

Managed several local political campaigns

1903 Established Farmers State Bank, sold Farmers State Bank and established Temple State Bank

Managed several local political campaigns

Jan 19 1915-Aug 25 1917 Governor TX, ran as an anti-prohibitionist Democrat

1916 Reelected Governor TX

1917 Impeached before taking office for a second term as Governor

1918 Candidate for Democratic Party nomination for Governor TX in Democratic primary, lost

1920 American Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Warren G Harding.  Was on ballot only in Texas.

1922 Failed in bid for U.S. Senate in 1922, having lost Democratic runoff election

1924 Entered his wife Miriam in the Democratic gubernatorial primary. She won, and with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming, became one of the first two women elected Governors in the United States, both having followed husbands who had served earlier.

1925-1927 Miriam Ferguson, his wife, Governor TX, James Ferguson First Gentleman TX

1933-1935 Miriam Ferguson, his wife, Governor TX, James Ferguson First Gentleman TX

Williamm J Hough NY American Party

1920 American Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with James E Ferguson, lost

William Wesley Cox MO Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S. See 1904

August Gillhaus NY Socialist Labor Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1912

Robert Colvin Macauley MA Single Tax Party

News Reporter  

Worked as a clothing cutter

President Independent Clothing Cutters Association
 
1908-1920 Reporter for the Philadelphia Inquirer  

1915 Became active with the Single Tax Party when it was formed
  
1916 Candidate for U.S. Senate PA Single Tax Party, lost

1918 Candidate for Governor PA Single Tax Party, lost
 
1919-1920 National Chairman Single Tax Party

1920 Single Tax Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Warren G Harding
 
1924 Secretary Commonwealth Land Party after the Single Tax Party was renamed  

1926 Candidate for U.S. Senate PA Single Tax Party, lost

Manager, Winslow Taylor & Co., stockbrokers

Richard C Barnum OH Single Tax Party

1920 Single Tax Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Robert Colvin Macauley, lost

1920 The Year Of Six Presidents

In a book by David Pietrusza, the 1920 Presidential election has been called The Year Of Six Presidents

Former President Theodore Roosevelt was thought to be the front runner for the Republican Presidential nomination for 1920 but he died in 1919

President Woodrow Wilson wanted another term as President but the Democrats would not nominate him again in 1920

Republican Warren G Harding was elected President in 1920

Vice President Calvin Coolidge, who was the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1920, would assume the Presidency when President Harding died in 1923

Future President Herbert Hoover wanted the Republican Presidential nomination in 1920 but lost to Warren G Harding. Hoover would go on to be elected President in 1928.

Future President Franklin D Roosevelt was the Democratic Vice Presidential candidate in 1920. He would go on to be elected President in 1932.
  

[Lincoln Republican]

1924

Calvin Coolidge MA Republican

=====
Prominent Coolidges, related to Calvin Coolidge

Descendant of Mayflower passengers John Alden and Priscilla (Mullins) Alden, William Mullins and Edward Doty

-Archibald Cary Coolidge, held posts as secretary to the American legation in Saint Petersburg, Russia 1890–1891, as private secretary to the American minister in France 1892, and as secretary to the American legation in Vienna 1893

-At the end of World War I, more important assignments followed. Coolidge joined the Inquiry study group established by Woodrow Wilson. The U.S. State Department sent him in 1918 to Russia to report on the situation there. In 1919, he was made the head of the so-called Coolidge Mission, which was appointed by the American Delegation on 27 December and set up headquarters in Vienna. Secretary of State Robert Lansing informed Coolidge in a telegram dated 26 December 1918, that "You are hereby assigned to the American Commission to observe political conditions in Austria-Hungary and neighboring countries." Coolidge and his group in Vienna analyzed the state of affairs on Central Europe and the Balkans and made recommendations for the benefit of the U.S. participants at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.

-1921 Coolidge worked as a negotiator for the American Relief Administration and helped organize the humanitarian aid to Russia after the famine of 1921. Coolidge also was one of the founders of the Council on Foreign Relations, which grew out of the Inquiry study group, and served as the first editor of its publication Foreign Affairs from 1922 until his death in 1928.

-Was a member of the Monticello Association and its president 1919-1925

Marcus A Coolidge, U.S. Senate MA 1931-1937, Democrat

Arthur W Coolidge, a member of Massachusetts State House of Representatives 1937- 1940, Massachusetts State Senate 1941–1946, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1947-1949, unsuccessful Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 1950

Coolidge's grandmother, Sarah Almeda Brewer, had two famous first cousins, Arthur Brown, U.S. Senator from Utah 1896-1897, Republican, and Olympia Brown, a women's suffragist. It is through Sarah Brewer that Coolidge indeterminably believed that he inherited American Indian ancestry.

Grandson of Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in local government as a justice of the peace, constable, and selectman, served in Vermont State House of Representatives 1860-1861

Son of John Calvin Coolidge Sr, Vermont State House of Representatives 1872-1878, Vermont State Senate 1910, appointed to military staff of Governor of Vermont, given title of Colonel, served in local offices including notary public, justice of the peace, tax collector
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Born July 4, 1872, the only U.S. President to be born on Independence Day

1895 Graduated from Amherst College, Amherst, MA, with a law degree

Distinguished himself in the debating class

While at Amherst College, was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles E. Garman, a Congregational mystic, with a neo-Hegelian philosophy

1896 Campaigned locally for Republican Presidential candidate William McKinley, who won

Apprenticed at a law firm in Northampton, MA  

1897 Admitted to MA bar, opening his own law office in 1898
  
1897 Selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee

1898 Won election to City Council Northampton, MA

1899 Declined renomination for City Council Northampton, MA

1899 Elected City Solicitor, Northampton MA, a position elected by City Council

1901 Reelected City Solicitor Northampton, MA

1902 Chosen Clerk of Courts for Hampshire county, MA
 
1904 Candidate for Northampton School Board, lost, the only election he ever lost

1906 The local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to MA State House of Representatives, won

1907-1908 MA State House of Representatives

1910-1912 Mayor of Northampton, MA

1912-1915 MA State Senate  

1914-1915 President MA State Senate

1914 Towards the end of the term, many of Coolidge's associates were proposing his name for nomination to Lieutenant Governor MA

1915 As State Senate session ended, Coolidge's supporters encouraged him again to run for Lieutenant Governor MA. This time, he accepted their advice.

Jan 6 1916-Jan 2 1919 Lieutenant Governor MA

Jan 2 1919-Jan 6 1921 Governor MA

1920 Amherst College, Wesleyan University, Bates College, Vermont University each awarded the honorary degree of LL.D to Coolidge

1920 Republican Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Warren G Harding, elected

Mar 4 1921-Aug 2 1923 29th Vice President U.S.

The Vice Presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first Vice President to do so

1921-1933 Trustee Amherst College

On August 2, 1923, President Harding died suddenly while on a speaking tour of the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death. He dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled. His father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr, a notary public, administered the Presidential oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 am on August 3, 1923. President Coolidge then went back to bed. He returned to Washington DC the next day, and was sworn in again as President U.S. by Justice Adolph A Hoehling Jr of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, to forestall the questionable authority of a notary public to administer the Presidential oath.

Aug 2 1923-Mar 4 1929 30th President U.S.

Became President upon death of President Harding Aug 2 1923

1924 Republican Party candidate for President U.S., elected, winning a full term as President U.S.

In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he  surprisingly issued the famous statement that he would not seek a second full term as President: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928."

Post Presidency

Served as chairman of the non-partisan Railroad Commission, as honorary president of the American Foundation for the Blind, as a director of New York Life Insurance Company, as president of the American Antiquarian Society, and as a trustee of Amherst College. Received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.

Faced with looming defeat in the 1932 Presidential election, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run, but the former President made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him, should it come about. Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him.

Second Lady of the United States Grace Coolidge 1921-1923

First Lady of the United States Grace Coolidge 1923-1929

Enrolled 1898 at University of Vermont. She would become the first First Lady to have earned a four-year undergraduate degree.

From 1902 to 1904, inspired by a childhood friend who had pursued a career teaching deaf children, she studied lip reading at Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech and became a teacher there. The education of deaf children remained her lifelong passion.

After her husband's death in 1933, continued her work with the deaf and wrote for several magazines. She served on the boards of Mercersburg Academy and the Clarke School. After the start of World War II, Grace joined a local Northampton committee dedicated to helping Jewish refugees from Europe, and loaned her house to WAVES. 

[Lincoln Republican]

1924 Continued

Charles G Dawes IL Republican

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Descendant of Mayflower passengers William and Mary Brewster

In 1628 the first William Dawes had been among the Puritans who came to America

William Dawes Jr had ridden with Paul Revere on Apr 18 1775 to warn the Massachusetts colonists of the British advance which signalized the opening of the American Revolution

Son of Rufus R Dawes Brevet Brigadier General in Union Army during American Civil War, was noted for his service in famed Iron Brigade, particularly during Battle of Gettysburg, U.S. House of Representatives OH 1881-1883

Brother of Rufus C Dawes Businessman in oil and banking, in 1920s served as an expert on the commissions to prepare Dawes Plan and Young Plan to manage German reparations to Allies after World War I

Brother of Beman G Dawes U.S. House of Representatives OH 1905-1909

Brother of Henry M Dawes Businessman, banker, United States Comptroller of the Currency 1923-1924
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1884 Graduated from Marietta College with a bachelor's degree

1886 Graduated from University of Cincinnati Law School with a law degree

Returned to Marietta College to earn a master's degree

Admitted to the bar in Nebraska, and practiced law in Lincoln, NE 1887-1894

1894 Acquired interests in a number of Midwestern gas plants, and became President of both La Crosse Gas Light Company in La Crosse, WI and the Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Company in Evanston, IL

Dawes' prominent positions in business caught the attention of Republican party leaders

1896 Managed successful Illinois portion of William McKinley's winning campaign for President U.S.

Jan 1 1898-Sep 30 1901 Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Department of the Treasury under President McKinley

1901 Left Department of the Treasury in order to pursue a U.S. Senate seat from IL, lost.  McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt preferred Dawes's opponent.

1902 Following this unsuccessful attempt at legislative office, Dawes declared that he was done with politics

1902 Organized the Central Trust Company of Illinois, where he served as its president until 1921

1915 Joined the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution by right of his descent from William Dawes

1917-1918 World War I Served in United States Army, commissioned Major, Lieutenant Colonel, and Brigadier General of the Seventeenth Engineers. Served with the American Expeditionary Force as chief of supply procurement and was a member of the Liquidation Commission, U.S. War Department.

1919 Resigned from the Army

Jun 23 1921-Jun 30 1922 First Director U.S. Bureau of the Budget under President Harding

1923 Appointed to the Allied Reparations Commission by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover

1924 At Republican National Convention, President Calvin Coolidge was quickly selected almost without opposition to be the Republican Presidential nominee. The Vice Presidential nomination was more contested. Illinois Governor Frank Lowden was nominated, but declined. Coolidge's next choice was Idaho Senator William Borah, but he also declined the nomination. The Republican National Chairman, William Butler, pledged to nominate then Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, but he was not sufficiently popular. Eventually, the delegates chose Dawes to be the Vice Presidential nominee. Coolidge quickly accepted the delegates' choice and felt that Dawes would be loyal to him and make a strong addition to his campaign.

1924 Republican Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Calvin Coolidge, won

Mar 4 1925-Mar 4 1929 30th Vice President U.S.

1925 For his work on the Dawes Plan, a program to enable Germany to restore and stabilize its economy, Dawes shared the Nobel Peace Prize. The plan was deemed unworkable and replaced with the Young Plan, which had harsher provisions against Germany.

1928 Republican Presidential nomination went to Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover. His supporters considered putting Dawes on the ticket for another term as Vice President. But President Coolidge made it known that he would consider Dawes' re-nomination to be a personal affront. The Senate Majority Leader, Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen.

Apr 16 1929-Dec 30 1931 U.S. Ambassador to United Kingdom

1930 Delegate to the London Naval Conference

1932 Accepted the chairmanship of the American delegation to the Disarmament Conference in Geneva but at the appeal of President Herbert Hoover to leave diplomatic office resigned to accept the chairmanship of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, a governmental agency empowered to lend money to banks, railroads, and other businesses in an effort to prevent total economic collapse during the depression

For the 1932 election, President Herbert Hoover considered the possibility of adding Dawes to the ticket as the Vice Presidential candidate in place of Curtis, but Dawes declined the potential offer

1932-1951 Chairman of the board of the City National Bank and Trust Co. until his death

Second Lady of the United States Caro Dawes 1925-1929

While serving as Second Lady, Dawes disappointed the social elite of Washington, DC because she declined many social invitations. Nonetheless, it was observed that her "manner was sweet and gentle, her conversation cultured, and her dignity unimpeachable."

Frank O Lowden IL Republican

At age fifteen began to teach in a one room school house in Hubbard, Iowa for five years

1885 Graduated from University of Iowa, aspired to be a lawyer, but taught high school for a year while learning stenography

1887 Graduated from Union College of Law, taking night courses, completing the two year curriculum in one year, finishing as valedictorian

1899 Professor of law at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

1900 Declined the first assistant postmaster-generalship offered him by President McKinley, whom he had supported

1900 Delegate to Republican National Convention
  
1904 Delegate to Republican National Convention

1904-1912 Member of Republican National Committee

1904 Member of the executive committee of Republican National Committee

Nov 6 1906-Mar 3 1911 U.S. House of Representatives IL

Declined to run for another term for U.S. House of Representatives IL

1908 Member of the executive committee of Republican National Committee

Jan 8 1917-Jan 10 1921 Governor IL

1920 Was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for President U.S., but the delegates deadlocked over several ballots between Lowden and General Leonard Wood, resulting in party leaders meeting privately to determine a compromise candidate. Their choice, Warren G Harding, went on to win the nomination and the election.

1924 Was nominated for Vice President U.S. on the second ballot at the Republican National Convention, but declined the nomination, an action that, as of 2017, has never been repeated, and in the early 21st century is considered unthinkable

1928 Again positioned himself to run for the Republican nomination for President U.S. but was never much more than a minor threat to front runner Herbert Hoover, who went on to win the nomination and the election

1933 Appointed to be one of three receivers for the bankrupt Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. Served in this capacity with co-receivers Joseph B Fleming and James E Gorman, who had been president of the railroad since 1917, until his death in 1943.

[Lincoln Republican]

1924 Continued

John W Davis WV Democratic

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Great Grandson of Tobias Martin, whose wife was a member of the Esdale family. The Esdales were members of the Religious Society of Friends, settled near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. They had reportedly helped provide for the Continental Army under George Washington which had camped there in the winter of 1777–1778.

Son of John J Davis, who was a delegate in the Virginia General Assembly, and after the northwestern portion of Virginia broke away from the rest of Virginia in 1863 and formed West Virginia, he was elected to the new state's House of Delegates and later to the U.S. House of Representatives

Cousin and adoptive father of Cyrus Vance, General Counsel for the Department of Defense 1961-1962, U.S. Secretary of the Army 1962-1964, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense 1964-1967, U.S. Secretary of State 1977-1980
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1892 Graduated Washington and Lee University with a major in Latin

Would have started law school directly after graduation, but he lacked funds. Instead, he became a school teacher for Major Edward H McDonald's children in Charles Town, West Virginia.

Nine months later returned home to Clarksburg and apprenticed at his father's law practice for fourteen months

1895 Graduated Washington and Lee University School of Law with a law degree and was elected Law Class Orator

Mar 4 1911-Aug 29 1913 U.S. House of Representatives WV

Aug 29 1913-Nov 21 1918 U.S. Solicitor General

Dec 18 1918-Mar 9 1921 U.S. Ambassador to United Kingdom

1920 A dark horse candidate for Democratic nomination for President U.S., lost to James M Cox

A member of the National Advisory Council of the Crusaders, an influential organization that promoted the repeal of prohibition

1921 Founding President of the Council on Foreign Relations

Chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

1922-1939 A trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation

1924 A dark horse candidate for Democratic nomination for President U.S.

1924 Won the nomination for Democratic Party for President U.S. as a compromise candidate on the one hundred and third ballot, lost Presidential election to Calvin Coolidge

It was the longest continuously running convention in United States political history

Although Tennessee’s Andrew Johnson served as President after Lincoln was assassinated, Davis’ nomination made him the first Presidential candidate from any slave state since the Civil War, and as of 2016 he remains the only ever candidate from West Virginia

1928 Delegate from NY to Democratic National Convention

1932 Delegate from NY to Democratic National Convention

One of the most prominent and successful lawyers in the U.S. in the first half of the 20th century
 
Had been a member of the American Bar Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, Freemasons, Phi Beta Kappa, and Phi Kappa Psi

Charles W Bryan NE Democratic

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Son of Silas Bryan, an avid Jacksonian Democrat, member Illinois State Senate 1852-1860,  defeated for re-election in 1860. Won election as a state circuit judge.

Younger brother of perennial U.S. Democratic Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, member U.S. House of Representatives from Nebraska 1891-1895, unsuccessful Democratic and Populist (People's) nominee for President U.S. 1896, unsuccessful Democratic nominee for President U.S. 1900, unsuccessful Democratic nominee for President U.S. 1908, U.S. Secretary of State 1913-1915

Together, William Jennings Bryan and Charles W Bryan share the distinction of being the only set of brothers to be nominated for national office by a major party
=====

Attended both the University of Chicago and Illinois College in Jacksonville

Business manager and political secretary for his brother, William Jennings Bryan, until William's death in 1925

1901-1923 Publisher and associate editor of the "Commoner"

1915 Elected to Lincoln, NE City Commission

1915-1917 Mayor Lincoln, NE

1921 Elected to Lincoln, NE City Commission

Jan 3 1923-Jan 8 1925 Governor NE

1924 Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S., picked largely because of his name, with John W Davis, lost

Charles W Bryan was put on the ticket as candidate for Vice President U.S. with John W Davis to keep the Bryanites in line

William Jennings Bryan was very close to his brother and endorsed him for the Vice Presidency

1926 Democratic Party candidate for Governor NE, lost

1928 Democratic Party candidate for Governor NE, lost

Jan 8 1931-Jan 3 1935 Governor NE

1935-1937 Mayor Lincoln, NE

1938 Democratic Party candidate for Governor NE, lost

Robert M La Follette WI Republican, Progressive

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Husband of Belle La Follette, nee Case.  They met while attending the University of Wisconsin, and married on December 31, 1881.  She became a leader in the feminist movement, an advocate of women's suffrage and an important influence on the development of La Follette's ideas.  After La Follette's death, his wife remained an influential figure and editor.

Father of Robert M La Follette Jr, succeeded his father as U.S. Senator Wisconsin 1925-1947,  where he led the Progressive caucus composed of Progressive, Farm-Labor, American Labor, and various Republican and Democratic Party congressional representatives

With his brother Philip, Robert La Follette Jr formed the Wisconsin Progressive Party in 1934, and for a time the party was dominant in Wisconsin. One of the Senate's leading isolationists, Robert La Follette Jr helped found the America First Committee in 1940.

Robert M La Follette Jr returned to the Republican Party in 1946, where he was defeated in the Republican U.S. Senate Wisconsin primary by Joseph McCarthy

Father of Philip La Follette, District Attorney Dane County Wisconsin 1925-1927, Governor Wisconsin 1931-1933, defeated in 1932 in Republican Party primary for Governor, Governor Wisconsin 1935-1939, defeated in 1938 bid for reelection Governor Wisconsin

1938 Philip La Follete attempted to launch the National Progressive Party of America in an attempt to create a national third party, as the La Follettes had helped create in Wisconsin, in anticipation of Franklin D Roosevelt not seeking a third term for President. The plan for a new National Progressive Party never materialized at the time, and Roosevelt soon decided to defy convention and precedent and seek a third term.  

Grandfather of Bronson La Follette, Democrat, Wisconsin Attorney General 1965-1969, unsuccessful Democratic candidate Governor Wisconsin 1968

Robert M La Follette's daughter, Flora "Fola," was married to playwright George Middleton.  Middleton was president of the Dramatists Guild of America 1927-1929.

Robert M La Follette's sister, Josephine, married Robert G Siebecker, Wisconsin state judge 1890-1903, Wisconsin Supreme Court 1903-1920, Chief Justice Wisconsin Supreme Court 1920-1922, died in office
=====

Taught school for tuition money for the University of Wisconsin Madison

At the school, was deeply influenced by University president John Bascom on issues of morality, ethics and social justice. Studied oratory and, during his senior year, won a major Midwestern oratorical competition. Graduated in 1879.

Attended law school briefly and passed the bar in 1880

1889 Elected District Attorney for Dane County, WI, serving two terms

Mar 4 1885-Mar 4 1891 U.S. House of Representatives WI

1890 Defeated in bid for reelection to U.S. House of Representatives WI

In the early 1890s began to believe that much of the Republican Party had abandoned the ideals of its anti-slavery origins and become a tool for corporate interests

Jan 7 1901-Jan 1 1906 Governor WI

Jan 2 1906-Jun 18 1925 U.S. Senate WI, died in office

The first item on the agenda for Wisconsin's 1905 legislature was to elect a U.S. Senator. La Follette nominated himself and was confirmed by the State Senate. He kept serving as Governor and left Wisconsin's U.S. Senate seat unfilled until January 1, 1906, when he resigned to join the U.S. Senate. He publicly proclaimed this unusual action was done to ensure that his 1904 platform was enacted in Wisconsin.

1911 Set up a campaign to mobilize the progressive elements in the Republican Party behind his Presidential bid

1912 Candidate for Republican Party nomination for President U.S., lost to President William Howard Taft

1912 Opposed both Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft in the Presidential election

1920 Candidate for Republican Party nomination for President U.S., lost to Warren G Harding

1924 The Federated Farmer-Labor Party, FF-LP, sought to nominate La Follette as its candidate for President U.S. The FF-LP sought to unite all progressive parties into a single national Labor Party. However, after a bitter convention in 1923, the Communist-controlled Workers Party gained control of the national organization's structure. Just prior to its 1924 convention in St. Paul, La Follette denounced the Communists and refused to be considered for the FF-LP endorsement. With La Follette's snub, the FF-LP disintegrated, leaving only the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party.

Instead, La Follette formed an independent Progressive Party and accepted its nomination for President U.S. with Democratic Senator Burton K Wheeler of Montana as his running mate for Vice President U.S. The American Federation of Labor, the Socialist Party of America, the Conference for Progressive Political Action and most of the former supporters of the FF-LP along with various former "Bull Moose" Progressives and midwestern Progressive movement activists then joined La Follette and supported the Progressive Party.

1924 Progressive Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Calvin Coolidge, John W Davis  

La Follette has been called "arguably the most important and recognized leader of the opposition to the growing dominance of corporations over the Government" and is one of the key figures in Wisconsin's long history of political liberalism. In 1957, a Senate Committee selected La Follette as one of the five greatest U.S. Senators, along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C Calhoun, and Robert A Taft. A 1982 survey asking historians to rank the "ten greatest Senators in the nation's history" based on "accomplishments in office" and "long range impact on American history," placed La Follette first, tied with Henry Clay.

Burton K Wheeler MT Democratic, Progressive, Democratic

1905 Graduated University of Michigan Law School

1910-1912 Montana State House of Representatives

Appointed as a United States Attorney

1920 Ran for Governor of Montana as a candidate of the Non-Partisan League. The ticket included a multi-racial set of candidates, unusual for 1920, including an African American and a Blackfoot Indian. Wheeler was defeated.

Mar 4 1923-Jan 3 1947 U.S. Senate MT

1924 Progressive Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Robert M La Follette, lost

Returned to Democratic Party after 1924 election

1930 Wheeler gained national attention when he successfully campaigned for the reelection to the U.S. Senate of his friend and Democratic colleague Thomas Gore of Oklahoma
 
1932 Supported Franklin D Roosevelt's election, and many of his New Deal policies

1940 There was a large movement to "Draft Wheeler" into the Presidential race, possibly as a third party candidate, led primarily by John L Lewis, an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) 1920-1960, and president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) 1936-1940. The "Draft Wheeler" movement was unsuccessful.  

World War II Supported the anti-war America First Committee

1941 Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, did not oppose the United States' entry into World War II

1946 Sought renomination  to U.S. Senate MT, defeated in Democratic primary

[Lincoln Republican]

1924 Continued

Herman P Faris MO Prohibition

A committed proponent of the temperance movement

Served for many years as treasurer of the Prohibition National Committee

1896 Prohibition Party candidate for Governor MO, lost

1908 Prohibition Party candidate for Governor MO, lost

1924 Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Calvin Coolidge

Marie C Brehm CA Prohibition

Suffragette

Beginning in 1891 was very active in promoting the temperance movement through her work for the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

1913 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson appointed her as a delegate to the World Anti-Alcohol Congress in Milan, Italy

Served as Superintendent of Franchise of the national WCTU and California State Superintendent of WCTU Institutes

Served as the first Vice President of the Woman’s Legislative Council of California

Was a member of the National Party

1924 Prohibition Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Herman P Faris, lost

The first legally qualified female candidate to run for Vice President U.S.

The nominee was initially Dr. A P Gouthey, with Brehm in second, and William F Varney in third. Gouthey withdrew and Brehm was nominated by acclamation

William Z Foster MA Communist Party USA

1901 Joined the Socialist Party of America and was a member in the party's Washington state affiliate until he left the party in the midst of a faction fight

1909 joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Became a prominent figure within the union, serving as its representative at an international labor conference in Budapest in 1911 and a contributor to its papers

Became a committed syndicalist after touring Europe in 1910 and 1911

Urged American leftists to enter the AFL unions, rather than establish rival unions

Denounced electoral politics as a dead end that smothered the revolutionary ardor of these groups by channeling their energies into pursuit of office, with all the compromises that entails. Foster lost the battle, however, and soon thereafter left the IWW and formed his own organization, the Syndicalist League of North America (SLNA).

The SLNA, however, was never an effective force and folded in 1914

Became a union business agent for a local of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America in Chicago

Continued his syndicalist campaign, this time through the International Trade Union Educational League, while obtaining a position as a general organizer for the AFL in 1915

Foster had contacts with a number of members of the newly formed Communist Party, but had not joined it after its split from the Socialist Party of America in 1919
 
1921 Attended a conference of the Profintern, the Red International of Labor Unions, in Moscow

There he was appointed the Profintern's agent in the United States; the TUEL was later made an affiliate of the Profintern in 1923

Foster joined the CPUSA on his return to the United States

1923 and 1925 Was able to control the majority of the party's leadership

1924-1957 Chairman Communist Party USA

1924 Communist Party USA candidate for President U.S., lost to Calvin Coolidge

1928 Communist Party USA candidate for President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover

1932 Communist Party USA candidate for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt  
  
1945-1957 Chairman National Committee Communist Party USA

Benjamin Gitlow NY Communist Party USA

1909 Joined the Socialist Party of America

1910 Elected a delegate to the New York state convention of the SPA
  
1918-1920 New York State Assembly, elected on the Socialist Party of America ticket

1919 Business Manager of Communist newspapers

1922 Was made a full time employee of the Communist Party of America. The governing Central Executive Committee named him as Industrial Organizer (party organizer in the unions) for a large area which stretched from New York City to Philadelphia and which encompassed the entire New England region.

1922 Elected as a delegate to the Communist Party's convention held at Bridgman, Michigan

From May 1923 until early 1924 Named the editor of the Workers' Party's Yiddish language daily, the Morgen Freiheit

1924 Workers Party of America (Communist) Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with William Z Foster, lost

1926 Workers Party of America (Communist) Party candidate for Governor NY, lost

1928 Workers Party of America (Communist) Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with William Z Foster, lost

Mar 16 1929 Named to the 3 man Secretariat at the helm of the Communist Party, assuming the post of Executive Secretary. His time at the top proved to be momentary, however, as on March 23 he boarded an ocean liner for Moscow as part of a 10-person delegation seeking to appeal the Comintern's decision to remove Jay Lovestone from the United States. The job of Executive Secretary was turned over to factional ally Robert Minor in the interim.

1929 Communist Parties around the world were purged of so-called "Right Oppositions" by the Communist International as the world Communist movement lurched towards the revolutionary left. Together with his factional co-thinker Jay Lovestone, Gitlow was expelled from the party as purported supporters of Nikolai Bukharin in the USSR in opposition to the hardline faction of Joseph Stalin. The expelled Communists followed Lovestone into a new organization, the so-called Communist Party (Majority Group), which actually included a small fraction of the membership of the regular Communist Party.

1929 Named a member of the governing National Council of the CP(MG).  At the 1st National Conference of the organization, held July 4–6, 1930 in New York City, elected Secretary of the Lovestone political organization, a role in which he continued at least through 1932.

In the fall of 1930, Gitlow was sent on a month-long tour of the United States on behalf of the Lovestoneites, taking him to Detroit, Chicago, and Superior, Wisconsin before returning to the east coast

Throughout the first 5 years of its existence the Lovestone organization continued to seek accommodation with the regular Communist Party. Gitlow's own views had gradually changed, however. In May 1933 he and Lazar Becker split from the Lovestoneites to found the Workers Communist League, which in turn merged with a group around B.J. Field to form the Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party the next year.

After briefly rejoining the Socialist Party in 1934, Gitlow became disillusioned with radicalism of all shades and emerged as an outspoken anti-communist. In 1939, he publicly rejected the Communist Party in testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities.

[Lincoln Republican]

1924 Continued

Frank T Johns OR Socialist Labor Party

Carpenter

1920 and 1922 Industrial Labor Party candidate for U.S. House of Representatives OR. This organization was the name by which the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) was forced to appear on the Oregon ballot in those years due to state electoral laws.

1924 Socialist Labor Party (SLP) candidate for President U.S., lost to Calvin Coolidge.

At the time of his selection, Johns was the youngest person ever to be nominated by a political party to run for President, just 255 days over the constitutional requirement of 35 years.

1928 Socialist Labor Party (SLP) candidate for President U.S.

Died May 20 1928 before the election, and was replaced by Vice Presidential nominee Vern L Reynolds as the Presidential candidate

Verne L Reynolds NY Socialist Labor Party

1922 Labor Party candidate for U.S. House of Representatives Maryland, lost

1923 Labor Party candidate for Governor Maryland, lost

1924 Socialist Labor Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Frank T Johns, lost

1928 Socialist Labor Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Frank T Johns, lost  

1928 Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover. Reynolds was the replacement candidate for Presidential nominee Frank T Johns, who died May 20 1928

1932 Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

Jeremiah D Crowley NY Socialist Labor Party

Jeremiah D Crowley was an American socialist activist from New York  

1928 Crowley was the replacement candidate for Vice President U.S. for Verne L Reynolds, the original candidate for Vice President U.S. 1928, who replaced original candidate for President U.S., Frank T Johns, who died May 20, 1928

Gilbert Owen Nations DC American Party

An American lawyer and judge who campaigned against Roman Catholicism in the United States

1924 American Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Calvin Coolidge

Charles Hiram Randall CA American Party

1909-1911 Member Los Angeles Park Commission

1911-1912 Member Los Angeles Planning Commission

1911-1912 Member California State Assembly

1914 Elected to U.S. House of Representatives CA as a member of the Prohibition Party

1916 Taking advantage of California election laws at the time, reelected as the nominee of the Prohibition, Democratic, Republican, and Progressive parties to U.S. House of Representatives CA

1918 Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives CA

1920 Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives CA

In total
Mar 4  1915-Mar 3 1921 U.S. House of Representatives CA

1922 Defeated for reelection U.S. House of Representatives CA as a candidate of the Prohibition, Socialist, Democratic parties

1924 Was for a time the candidate for Vice President U.S. on the Ku Klux Klan-sponsored American Party ticket with Gilbert Owen Nations. Withdrew in August 1924 in order to concentrate on a race for Congress

1924 Defeated for U.S. House of Reprsentatives on American and Prohibition Party tickets

1925-1933 Los Angeles City Council

1926 Defeated for reelection U.S. House of Representatives CA as a candidate of the Progressive Party

1928 Independent candidate U.S. Senate CA, lost

1931 Elected Council President, which is the President of the Los Angeles, CA City Council

1934 Defeated for reelection U.S. House of Representatives CA as a candidate of the Progressive Party

1940 Defeated for reelection U.S. House of Representatives CA as a candidate of the Prohibition and Progressive parties

[Lincoln Republican]

1928

Herbert Hoover CA Republican

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Father of Herbert Hoover Jr, Special envoy of President Eisenhower to mediate a settlement during the 1953-1954 oil dispute between Britain and Iran, Under Secretary of State for Middle Eastern affairs 1954-1957, owing to Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' frequent illnesses, Hoover Jr often served as Acting Secretary of State
=====

Attended Friends Pacific Academy, now George Fox University

1891-1895 Stanford University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geology

Worked as chief engineer for the Chinese Bureau of Mines, and as general manager for Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation

Worked for Bewick, Moreing & Co. as company's lead engineer

Made recommendations to improve the lot of the Chinese worker, seeking to end the practice of imposing long term servitude contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on merit

Was made a partner in Bewick, Moreing & Co. 1901 and assumed responsibility for various Australian operations and investments

Was a director of Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation (CEMC) when it became a supplier of coolie (Asian) labor for South African mines

1905 Founded the Zinc Corporation (eventually part of the Rio Tinto Group) with William Baillieu and others

1908 Became an independent mining consultant, traveling worldwide until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Left Bewick Moreing & Co and, setting out on his own, eventually ended up with investments on every continent and offices in San Francisco, London, New York City, St. Petersburg, Paris and Mandalay, Burma.

1912 Supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive "Bull Moose" Party  

1914 When World War I began in August, helped organize the return of around 120,000 Americans from Europe. Led 500 volunteers in distributing food, clothing, steamship tickets and cash.

When Belgium faced a food crisis after being invaded by Germany, Hoover undertook an unprecedented relief effort with the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB). As chairman of the CRB, worked with the leader of the Belgian Comite National de Secours et Alimentation (CN), Emile Francqui, to feed the entire nation for the duration of the war. The CRB obtained and imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the CN to distribute, and watched over the CN to make sure the German army didn't appropriate the food. The CRB became a veritable independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills, and railroads. Private donations and government grants (78%) supplied an $11-million-a-month budget.

For the next two years, worked from London, administering the distribution of over two million tons of food to nine million war victims. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the North Sea forty times to meet with German authorities and persuade them to allow food shipments, becoming an international hero.

After the U.S. entered the war in April 1917, President Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was created under the Lever Food Control Act in 1917. This was a position he actively sought, though he later claimed it was thrust upon him. Was convinced from his Belgian work that centralization of authority was essential to any relief effort; demanded, and got, great power albeit not as much as he sought. Hoover believed "food will win the war", and beginning on September 29, this slogan was introduced and put into frequent use.

After the war, as a member of the Supreme Economic Council and head of the American Relief Administration, organized shipments of food for millions of starving people in Central Europe.  Used a newly formed Quaker organization, the American Friends Service Committee, to carry out much of the logistical work in Europe.

Provided aid to the defeated German nation after the war, as well as relief to famine stricken Bolshevik controlled areas of Russia in 1921

At war's end, the New York Times named Hoover one of the "Ten Most Important Living Americans". Hoover confronted a world of political possibilities when he returned home in 1919. Democratic Party leaders saw him as a potential Presidential candidate, and President Wilson privately preferred Hoover as his successor.  "There could not be a finer one," asserted Franklin D Roosevelt, then a rising star from New York. Hoover briefly considered becoming a Democrat, but  believed that 1920 would be a Republican year.

Realized that he was in a unique position to collect information about the Great War and its aftermath. In 1919 established the Hoover War Collection at Stanford University. Donated all the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration, and pledged $50,000 as an endowment. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. The collection was later renamed the Hoover War Library and is now known as the Hoover Institution.

During the post World War I period, Hoover also served as the president of the Federated American Engineering Societies

Rejected Democratic overtures in 1920.  Had been a registered Republican before the war, though in 1912 had supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive "Bull Moose" Party. Now he declared himself a Republican and a candidate for the Presidency.

Placed his name on the ballot in the California state primary election, where he came close to beating popular Senator Hiram Johnson. But having lost in his home state, Hoover was not considered a serious contender at the convention. Even when it deadlocked for several ballots between Illinois Governor Frank Lowden and General Leonard Wood, few delegates seriously considered Hoover as a compromise choice. Although he had personal misgivings about the capability of the nominee, Warren G Harding, Hoover publicly endorsed him and made two speeches for him.

After being elected, Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce. Hoover ultimately chose Commerce. Commerce had existed for just eight years, since the division of the earlier Department of Commerce and Labor. Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities.

Hoover aimed to change that, envisioning the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability. From Harding he demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics, the census and radio, to air travel. In some instances he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well. Hoover became one of the most visible men in the country, often overshadowing Presidents Harding and Coolidge.

Mar 5 1921-Aug 21 1928 U.S. Secretary of Commerce

1924 Candidate for Republican Party nomination for Vice President U.S., lost to Charles Dawes
 
When Coolidge announced in 1927 that he would not seek a full term of office in the 1928 Presidential election, Hoover became the leading Republican candidate, despite the fact Coolidge was lukewarm on Hoover. Coolidge had been reluctant to choose Hoover as his successor.  Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary's nomination. The delegates did consider nominating Vice President Charles Dawes to be Hoover's running mate, but Coolidge remarked that this would be "a personal affront" to him, and the convention selected Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas instead. His only real challenger was Frank Orren Lowden. Hoover received much favorable press coverage in the months leading up to the convention. Hoover's reputation, experience, and popularity coalesced to give him the nomination on the first ballot, with Senator Charles Curtis named as his running mate.

1928 Republican Party candidate for President U.S., elected

Mar 4 1929-Mar 4 1933 31st President U.S.

1932 Republican Party candidate for reelection President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

Herbert Hoover, Alf Landon, and Frank Knox were the only supporters of Progressive Party candidate for President U.S. Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 to be later named to a national Republican ticket

Post Presidency

1936 Entertained hopes of receiving the Republican Presidential nomination again, and thus facing Roosevelt in a rematch. However, although he retained strong support among some delegates, there was never much hope of his being selected. He publicly endorsed the nominee, Kansas Governor Alf Landon.  

Following World War II, became friends with President Truman

On Hoover's initiative, a school meals program in the American and British occupation zones of Germany was begun on April 14, 1947. The program served 3,500,000 children aged six through eighteen. A total of 40,000 tons of American food was provided during Hoover meals.

1947 President Truman appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize the executive departments. This became known as the Hoover Commission. He was appointed chairman of a similar commission by President Dwight D Eisenhower in 1953. Both found numerous inefficiencies and ways to reduce waste. The government enacted most of the recommendations that the two commissions had made, 71% of the first commission's and 64% of the second commission's.

Throughout the Cold War, Hoover, always an opponent of Marxism, became even more outspokenly anti-Communist. However, he vehemently opposed American involvement in the Korean War.

1960 Appeared at his final Republican National Convention

1964 Republican Presidential nominee Barry Goldwater acknowledged Hoover's absence from the Republican National Convention in his acceptance speech

First Lady of the United States Lou Hoover 1929-1933

Attended San Jose Normal School, now San Jose State University. 1894 enrolled, as the school's only female geology major, at Stanford University.

Traveled widely with her husband, including to Shanghai, China, and became a cultivated scholar and linguist. A proficient Chinese speaker, she is the only First Lady to have spoken an Asian language.

Was the first First Lady to make regular nationwide radio broadcasts.

Served as the national president of the Girl Scouts of the USA from 1922 to 1925 while Herbert Hoover served in the cabinet of Presidents Warren G Harding and Calvin Coolidge. She served as president again after leaving the White House, from 1935 to 1937.

Lou Hoover was an activist First Lady. She typified the new woman of the post-World War I era, intelligent, robust, and aware of multiple female possibilities.

[Lincoln Republican]

1928 Continued

Charles Curtis KS Republican

Read law in an established firm and worked part-time. Was admitted to the bar in 1881. Commenced practice in Topeka.

1885-1889 Prosecuting Attorney Shawnee County, KS

1889 By a single vote lost the Republican Party nomination to fill a vacancy in the U.S. House of Representative for KS

Mar 4 1893-Jan 28 1907 U.S. House of Representatives KS

Jan 28 1907 Resigned from U.S. House of Representatives after being chosen by the Kansas Legislature to fill the short unexpired term of Senator Joseph R Burton in the United States Senate. On that same day of Jan 28, Curtis was also chosen by Kansas' state lawmakers for the full Senatorial term commencing Mar 4 of that year and ending Mar 4, 1913. In 1912 he was unsuccessful in gaining the legislature's designation again as Senator, but his absence from the Senate was brief.

After passage of the 17th Amendment, which provided for direct election of Senators, in 1914 Curtis was elected by popular vote for the six-year Senate term commencing Mar 4, 1915. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1920 and again in 1926. Curtis served without interruption from March 4, 1915 until his resignation on March 3, 1929, after being elected Vice President U.S.

Jan 29 1907-Mar 4 1913 U.S. Senate KS

Dec 4 1911-Dec 12 1911 President Pro Tempore U.S. Senate (Rotating Pro Tems)

Mar 4 1915-Mar 4 1929 U.S. Senate KS

Mar 4 1919-Nov 28  1924 U.S. Senate  Majority Whip

Nov 28 1924 -Mar 4 1929 U.S. Senate Majority Leader

Nov 28 1924-Mar 4 1929 Leader of the U.S. Senate Republican Conference

1928 Candidate for Republican Party nomination for President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover

1928 Republican Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Herbert Hoover, won

Mar 4 1929-Mar 4 1933 31st Vice President U.S.

Wielded little power as Vice President and rarely attended cabinet meetings

The first person with significant acknowledged Native American ancestry and the first person with significant acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach either of the two highest offices in the United States government's executive branch, President and Vice President

1932 Republican Party candidate for reelection Vice President U.S. with Herbert Hoover, lost

To date, Curtis is the last Vice President who was unmarried during his entire time in office

Second Lady of the United States, 1929-1933

Vacant, Charles Curtis was a widower when elected Vice President in 1928. His wife, Annie Elizabeth Curtis, died in 1924. Curtis had his half sister, "Dolly" Curtis Gann, live with him in Washington, DC and act as his hostess for social events.

[Lincoln Republican]

1928 Continued

Al Smith NY Democratic

Never attended high school or college and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market

His acting skills made him a success on the amateur theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed the smooth oratorical style that characterized his political career.

Although indebted to the Tammany Hall political machine, remained untarnished by corruption and worked for the passage of progressive legislation

It was during his early unofficial jobs with Tammany Hall that he gained notoriety as an excellent speaker

1895 First political job was as an investigator in the office of the Commissioner of Jurors as appointed by Tammany Hall

1904-1915 Member NY State Assembly

1911 Vice Chairman of commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after 146 workers died in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

1911 NY State Assembly Majority Leader

1912 NY State Assembly Minority Leader

1913 NY State Assembly Speaker

1914 NY State Assembly Minority Leader

1915 NY State Assembly Minority Leader

Nov 1915 Elected Sheriff of New York County

Recognized as a leader of the Progressive movement in New York City and New York state

1917-1918 President Board of Aldermen New York City

Jan 1 1919-Dec 31 1920 Governor NY

1920 Lost bid for reelection Governor NY

Jan 1 1923-Dec 31 1928 Governor NY

1924 Candidate for Democratic Party nomination for President U.S., lost to John W Davis

1928 Democratic Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover  
 
Smith was the first Roman Catholic nominee of a major party for President U.S.

After the 1928 election became the President of Empire State, Inc., the corporation that built and operated the Empire State Building

1929 Elected as President of the Board of Trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University

1932 Sought Democratic Party nomination for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during the latter's Governorship. They became rivals for the 1932 Democratic Presidential nomination. At the convention, Smith's animosity toward Roosevelt was so great, he put aside longstanding rivalries and managed to work with William McAdoo and William Randolph Hearst to try to block FDR's nomination for several ballots. This unlikely coalition fell apart when Smith refused to work on finding a compromise candidate and instead maneuvered to make himself the nominee. After losing the nomination, Smith eventually campaigned for Roosevelt in 1932.

Smith became highly critical of Roosevelt's New Deal policies and joined the American Liberty League, an anti-Roosevelt group

Smith's antipathy to Roosevelt and his policies was so great that he supported Republican Presidential candidates Alfred M Landon in the 1936 election and Wendell Willkie in the 1940 election

1939 Appointed a Papal Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape, one of the highest honors the Papacy bestowed on a layman, which today is styled a Papal Gentleman or a Gentleman of His Holiness

Joseph Taylor Robinson AR Democratic

Attended University of Arkansas and studied law at University of Virginia

1895 AR State Legislature, served one term

1895 Admitted to AR bar, commenced practice in Lonoke, AR

1900 Presidential elector on Democratic ticket  

Mar 4 1903-Jan 14 1913 U.S. House of Representatives AR

1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936 Delegate to Democratic National Convention from AR  

Jan 16 1913-Mar 8 1913 Governor AR

1912 Robinson was elected Governor of Arkansas. He resigned his U.S. House seat on Jan 14 1913 and took office as Governor on Jan 16 1913. However, Democratic U.S. Senator Jefferson Davis had died on Jan 3 1913 after the Legislature had re-elected him to a new term beginning Mar 4 1913. His seat was now open. On Jan 27 1913, only 12 days after Robinson took office as Governor, the Legislature elected him to the U.S. Senate to replace Davis.

Mar 10 1913-Jul 14 1937 U.S. Senate AR, died in office

Became the very last U.S. Senator elected by a state legislature rather than by direct popular vote

1920 Permanent Chairman Democratic National Convention

Dec 3 1923-Mar 4 1933 U.S. Senate Minority Leader

Dec 3 1923-Jul 14 1937 Chairman of U.S. Senate Democratic Caucus

1928 Permanent Chairman Democratic National Convention

1928 Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Al Smith, lost

Mar 4 1933-Jul 14 1937 U.S. Senate Majority Leader  

1936 Permanent Chairman Democratic National Convention

Feb 5 1937 Bill introduced to expand the U.S. Supreme Court, also known as the "Court Packing Bill." Robinson worked tirelessly on behalf of President Franklin D Roosevelt for the bill, having received assurances from President Roosevelt that he would be appointed to one of the new Supreme Court seats to be created by the bill. During the legislative battle, Robinson suffered a fatal stroke.  

[Lincoln Republican]

1928 Continued

Norman Thomas NY Socialist Party of America

Presbyterian Minister

Attended Bucknell University for one year

Attended Princeton University, graduating magna cum laude in 1905

1917 Worked on Socialist Party of America (SPA) Leader Morris Hillquit campaign for Mayor New York City

1917 Joined the Socialist Party. Despite his membership in the Marxist SPA, Thomas was never himself an orthodox Marxist, instead favoring a Christian socialist orientation.

Secretary, then an unpaid position, of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation

1918 When the organization started a magazine called The World Tomorrow in January, employed as its paid editor

1922 Became co-director of the League for Industrial Democracy

Later was one the founders of the National Civil Liberties Bureau, the precursor of the American Civil Liberties Union

1924 Socialist Party candidate Governor NY, lost

1925 Socialist Party candidate Mayor New York City, lost

1926 Socialist Party candidate New York State Senate, lost

1927 Socialist Party candidate Alderman New York City, lost

1928 Socialist Party candidate President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover

1929 Socialist Party candidate Mayor New York City, lost

1932 Socialist Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1934 Socialist Party candidate U.S. Senate NY, lost

1936 Socialist Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1940 Socialist Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1944 Socialist Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1948 Socialist Party candidate President U.S., lost to Harry Truman

James H Maurer PA Socialist Party of America

Trade Unionist

1880 Joined Knights of Labor labor union, also active in the Single Tax movement associated with Henry George

Early 1890s, joined the People's Party, a populist political organization which attempted in particular to advance the cause of the nation's farmers

1899 Joined Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).  Helped to organize Section Hamburg, Pennsylvania SLP in February of that year.

From 1901 Was a member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union

Throughout his later life Maurer was strongly supportive of the American Federation of Labor

1906 Socialist Party candidate Governor PA, lost

1911-1912 Socialist member PA State House of Representatives

1912-1930 President PA Federation of Labor

1913 Defeated in bid for reelection to PA State House of Representatives

1915-1918 Socialist member PA State House of Representatives

January 1916 Part of a three person delegation to President Wilson to advocate part of the Socialist Party's peace program

Elected multiple times to the governing National Executive Committee of the SPA

From 1921 President of Workers' Education Bureau of America and Brookwood Labor College

From 1922 On governing National Committee of the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA)

1924 Strongly supportive of Robert LaFollette's campaign for President

1927 Elected to Reading, PA City Council, part of a sweep by the Socialist Party which won the administration of the city

1928 Socialist Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Norman Thomas, lost

1930 Socialist Party candidate Governor PA, lost

1932 Socialist Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Norman Thomas, lost

1934 Socialist Party candidate U.S. Senate PA, lost


William Z Foster IL Communist Party candidate for President U.S. See 1924

Benjamin Gitlow NY Communist Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1924

Frank T Johns OR Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S. See 1924

Verne L Reynolds MI Socialist Labor Party candidate for Vice President U.S., Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S. See 1924

Jeremiah D Crowley NY Socialist Labor Party

1912 Candidate Lieutenant Governor NY, lost

1914 Candidate Lieutenant Governor NY, lost

1916 Candidate Governor NY, lost

1920 Candidate Lieutenant Governor NY, lost

1922 Candidate Governor NY, lost

1926 Candidate Governor NY, lost

1928 Socialist Labor Party candidate Vice Pesident U.S. with Verne L Reynolds, lost

For 1928 election, Crowley was the replacement candidate for Vice President U.S. for Verne L Reynolds, the original candidate for Vice President U.S. 1928, who replaced original candidate for President U.S., Frank T Johns, who died May 20, 1928

1930 Candidate Governor NY, lost

1932 Candidate U.S. Senate NY, lost

1934 Candidate NY At-Large, lost

1938 Candidate NY At-Large, lost

William F Varney NY Prohibition Party

1928 Prohibition Party candidate President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover

1934 Law Preservation candidate Governor NY, lost

Ran several times for other offices, including New York State Senate,  U.S. House of Representatives NY, Mayor of Rockville Centre, NY, losing each time

James Edgerton VA Prohibition Party

Newspaper editor

1928 Prohibition Party candidate Vice President U.S. with William F Varney, lost

Frank Webb CA Farmer-Labor Party

1928 Farmer-Labor Party candidate President U.S., lost to Herbert Hoover

Leroy R Tillman GA Farmer-Labor Party

1928 Farmer-Labor Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Frank Webb, lost

[Lincoln Republican]

1932

Franklin D Roosevelt NY Democratic

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Descendant of Mayflower passengers Isaac Allerton, Francis Cooke, John and Elizabeth (Tilley) Howland, Degory Priest, John and Joan (Hurst) Tilley, and Richard and Elizabeth (Walker) Warren

Seventh cousin once removed of Winston Churchill. Their common ancestor is Henry Glover, born about 1616 in England and died 1689 in New Haven, CT.

Son of James Roosevelt I, Turned down President Grover Cleveland's offer to name him Minister to Holland

Son of Sara Roosevelt, Lived to see her son, Franklin D Roosevelt, elected President of the United States three times, becoming the first Presidential mother to vote for her son. She continued to support her son's career, even standing in as First Lady on several occasions.  

Half brother of James  Roosevelt Roosevelt  (Rosey), Appointed by President Grover Cleveland to the position of First Secretary to the American Legation in Vienna, Austria, and served as Secretary of the United States Embassy in London, England

Fifth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt, NY State Assembly 1882-1884, New York State Assembly Minority Leader 1883, Republican Party candidate for Mayor New York City 1886, lost,  President of Board of New York City Police Commissioners 1895-1897, Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1897-1898, Governor NY 1899-1900, Vice President U.S. 1901, President U.S. 1901-1909, see also 1904 Theodore Roosevelt

Sixth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt Jr, NY State Assembly 1920-1921, Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1921-1924, Republican Party candidate for Governor NY 1924, lost, Governor Puerto Rico 1929-1932, Governor General Philippines 1932-1933

Father of Anna Roosevelt, At her ailing father's request, Anna moved into the White House in 1944 to serve as Acting First Lady because of her mother's, Eleanor Roosevelt's, preference for devoting her time to other political activities and worthy causes. When President Roosevelt traveled to Yalta in 1945 to meet Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill, he selected Anna to accompany him.

Father of James Roosevelt II, A delegate from Massachusetts to the Constitutional Convention for the repeal of Prohibition 1933, officially appointed "Administrative Assistant to the President" 1937, Secretary to the President, became White House coordinator for eighteen federal agencies 1937-1938, Chairman of the California State Democratic Central Committee 1946-1948, U.S. House of Representatives California 1955-1965, U.S. delegate to United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1965-1966  

Father of Elliot Roosevelt, Rank of Brigadier General United States Army Air Forces, served in World War II 1940-1945, assigned by President Roosevelt to attend Atlantic Conference between Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill 1941, attended as a military attache to the Casablanca Conference 1943, the Cairo Conference 1943, the Tehran Conference 1943, Mayor Miami Beach FL 1965-1967    
  
Father of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr, Assigned by President Roosevelt to attend Atlantic Conference between Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill 1941, served on the President's Committee on Civil Rights for President Harry Truman 1947-1948, Chairman of Mayor’s committee on unity in New York City 1948-1949, U.S. House of Representatives New York 1949-1955, Under Secretary of Commerce and chairman of President's Appalachian Regional Commission 1963, Chairman of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1965-1966  
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Late spring 1887 James Roosevelt, Franklin's father, took his son, 5 year old Franklin D Roosevelt, to visit President Grover Cleveland at the White House

Attended Harvard College.  While at Harvard his fifth cousin Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt, Jr became President of the United States.  His vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero although he remained a Democrat, campaigning for Theodore's opponent William Jennings Bryan.

1903 Graduated from Harvard with an A.B. in history. He later received an honorary LL.D from Harvard in 1929.

At Harvard he helped found the Political Society, he was elected secretary of the Glee Club, he worked his way up from assistant managing editor to managing editor to president of The Harvard Crimson daily newspaper, and though defeated for class marshal, he was elected chairman of the Class Day committee

1904 Entered Columbia Law School but dropped out in 1907 after he passed the New York State Bar exam. He however later received a posthumous Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School.

1908 Took a job with the prestigious Wall Street law firm of Carter Ledyard & Milburn, dealing mainly with corporate law  
    
Jan 1 1911-Mar 17 1913 NY State Senate

Became an antagonist of the Tammany Hall Democratic political machine in NY

1912 Supported Woodrow Wilson for President, who won, in oposition to Tammany Hall

Mar 17 1913-Aug 26 1920 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, under President Woodrow Wilson

Of interest, Theodore Roosevelt as well served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, serving 1897-1898 under President William McKinley

Of interest, Theodore Roosevelt Jr, son of Theodore Roosevelt, as well served as Assistant Secretary of 
 the Navy, serving 1921–1924 under Presidents Warren G Harding and Calvin Coolidge

According to author Edward J Renehan, Jr, no less than five members of the extended Roosevelt clan served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Jr, Theodore Douglas Robinson (the son of Corinne Roosevelt) who served 1924-1929 under President Calvin Coolidge, and Henry Latrobe Roosevelt, a descendant of Robert Fulton's old friend "Steamboat Nicholas" Roosevelt, who served 1933-1936 under President Franklin D Roosevelt

With his appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D Roosevelt was still relatively obscure, but his friends were already speaking of him as a future President. He himself reportedly began talking about being elected to the Presidency as early as 1907.

1914 Candidate for Democratic Party nomination for U.S. Senate NY, lost to Tammany Hall backed James W Gerard who would go on to lose the Senate election to Republican James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr

1920 Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with James M Cox, lost

The 1920 Democratic National Convention chose Roosevelt by acclamation as the Vice Presidential candidate. Although his nomination surprised most people, Roosevelt was considered as bringing balance to the ticket as a moderate, a Wilsonian, and a prohibitionist with a famous name. Franklin D Roosevelt had just turned 38, four years younger than Theodore Rosevelt had been when he received the nomination for Vice President U.S. from the Republican Party.

After the election defeat, Franklin D Roosevelt returned to New York to practice law and joined the newly organized New York Civitan Club

Aug 1921 While the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, Franklin D Roosevelt contracted polio. It left him with permanent paralysis from the waist down.

Roosevelt helped Al Smith successfully win the elections for Governor of New York in 1922 and 1924. In the election of 1924 for Governor of New York Roosevelt was a strong supporter of Al Smith against his sixth cousin, Republican Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

1924 and 1928 Gave nominating speeches for New York Governor Al Smith for Democratic Party nominations for President U.S. at the Democratic National Conventions.  Smith failed to win the nomination in 1924 but succeeded in winning the nomination in 1928.  

The speech at the 1924 convention marked a return to public life for Roosevelt following his illness and convalescence

As the Democratic Party Presidential nominee in the 1928 election,  Al Smith in turn asked Roosevelt to run for Governor of New York in the state election. Roosevelt was nominated by the Democrats by acclamation. While Smith lost the Presidency in a landslide, and was defeated in his home state of New York, Roosevelt was narrowly elected Governor of New York, by a one-percent margin.

Jan 1 1929-Dec 31 1932 Governor NY, elected 1928, reelected 1930

1932 Won Democratic Party nomination for President U.S., renominated 1936, 1940, 1944

Democratic Party candidate for President U.S. 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944

Feb 15 1933 While President Elect, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt in Bayfront Park in downtown Miami, Florida. Giuseppe Zangara, who expressed a "hate for all rulers," attempted to shoot Roosevelt. He shot and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak who was sitting alongside Roosevelt, and injured five bystanders, but his attempt to murder Roosevelt failed when an alert spectator, Lillian Cross, hit his arm with her purse and deflected the bullet.

Mar 4 1933– Apr 12 1945 32nd President U.S., died in office

Won Presidential elections of 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, the only U.S. President to be elected to more than two full terms as President U.S.

1944 marked the fifth time Roosevelt had been nominated as a major party candidate, on the Democratic ticket, as either Vice Presidential candidate, 1920, or Presidential candidate, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944. The only other candidate to be nominated by a major party to their party's national ticket five times was Richard Nixon, nominated as Republican Vice Presidential candidate 1952, 1956, and as Republican Presidential candidate 1960, 1968, 1972.

The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The 1932 election resulted in the passage of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Before the Twentieth Amendment, the schedules which determined the terms of office of elected officials, and when sessions of Congress began and ended, were set by a sometimes awkward intersection of law, historical precedent, and constitutional mandate. The Constitution did not set any dates for Congressional or Presidential elections, nor for the commencement of terms of office for elected federal officials.

The Twentieth Amendment moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the President and Vice President from Mar 4 to Jan 20, and of members of Congress from Mar 4 to Jan 3. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no President-elect.

This necessity of having a shorter lapse of time between the election and the inauguration and swearing in time was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, after the elections of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D Roosevelt, respectively, plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives. Under the Constitution at the time, these Presidents had to wait four months before they and the incoming Congresses could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively.

The Twentieth Amendment was ratified on Jan 23, 1933

[Lincoln Republican]

1932 Continued

Franklin D Roosevelt Continued

The Infamy Speech

The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire. The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as "a date which will live in infamy". The speech is also commonly referred to as the "Pearl Harbor Speech."

Within an hour of the speech, Congress passed a formal declaration of war against Japan and officially brought the U.S. into World War II. The address is one of the most famous of all American political speeches.

War Time Conferences

Aug 9 1941-Aug 12 1941 President Franklin D Roosevelt attended the Atlantic Conference, or the Atlantic Charter Conference, held in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, at which was issued The Atlantic Charter, a pivotal policy statement, which defined the Allied goals for the postwar world, with Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom.  They issued the charter on Aug 14 1941 as a joint declaration at Naval Station Argentia.

Jan 14 1943-Jan 24 1943 President Franklin D Roosevelt attended the Casablanca Conference held at the Anta Hotel in Casablanca, French Morocco, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next phase of World War II, with Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom

Nov 22 1943-Nov 26 1943 President Franklin D Roosevelt attended the Cairo Conference held at a residence of the American Ambassador to Egypt, Alexander Kirk, near the Pyramids, in Cairo, Egypt, which outlined the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia, with Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek of the Republic of China

Nov 28 1943-Dec 1 1943 President Franklin D Roosevelt attended the Tehran Conference at the Soviet Union's embassy in Tehran, Iran, a strategy meeting after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran. The conference addressed the Allies' relations with Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan, and the envisaged post-war settlement. It was the first of the World War II conferences of the "Big Three" Allied leaders, President Franklin D Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Premier Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union.  

Feb 4 1945-Feb 11 1945 President Franklin D Roosevelt attended the Yalta Conference held at the Livadia Palace in Livadiya near Yalta,  Crimea, Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization, with Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom and Premier Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union

First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt 1933-1945

The longest serving First Lady in the history of the United States.

1899-1902 Attended Allenswood Academy, a private finishing school outside London, England.

In the late 1940s, Democrats in New York and throughout the country courted Eleanor Roosevelt to run for political office.

Chairwoman of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1946–1952.
 
United States Representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1947–1953.

Chairwoman of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 1961–1962.

By the time of her death, Eleanor Roosevelt was regarded as "one of the most esteemed women in the world", she was called "the object of almost universal respect" in her New York Times obituary. In 1999, she was ranked ninth in the top ten of Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.

John Nance Garner TX Democratic

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Father of Tully Charles Garner, Delegate to Democratic National Convention from Texas 1940, U.S. Collector of Customs 1951
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Attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee for one semester before dropping out and returning home

Returned to Clarksville, Texas, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1890

After an unsuccessful run for the office of City Attorney in Clarksville, TX, moved to Uvalde, Uvalde County, TX, where he began law practice

In Uvalde, joined the law firm of Clark and Fuller and was appointed to fill a vacancy as County Judge

1893-1896 County Judge Uvalde County TX, winning election to a full term

1898-1902 TX State House of Representatives

1900, 1904, 1916 Delegate from Texas to Democratic National Convention

1902 Elected U.S. House of Representatives TX, reelected 1904, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932

Mar 4 1903-Mar 4 1933 U.S. House of Representatives TX

1911 became House Democratic Party Whip U.S. House of Representatives

During World War I, Garner was recognized as a leader in the U.S. House of Representatives and became the liaison between President Woodrow Wilson and the U.S. House of Representatives

Mar 4 1929–Mar 4 1931 House Minority Leader U.S. House of Representatives

Dec 7 1931–Mar 4 1933 Speaker U.S. House of Representatives

1932 Candidate for Democratic Party nomination for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

It became evident that Franklin D Roosevelt, the Governor of New York, was the strongest of several candidates for the 1932 Democratic Party Presidential nomination, although he did not have the two-thirds majority required to win the nomination. Garner cut a deal with Roosevelt, becoming the Vice Presidential candidate.

Lengthy "smoke-filled-room" negotiations brought John Garner's supporters, controlled by Congressman Sam Rayburn of Texas, to the support of Roosevelt.  After Roosevelt's victory, Garner was nominated without opposition as the Vice Presidential candidate, as had been promised in the deal making negotiations.

1932, 1936 Democratic Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with Franklin D Roosevelt, won  

Garner was re-elected to the Seventy-third Congress on Nov 8, 1932, as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives TX, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States, making him only the second person to serve as both Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and President of the U.S. Senate on the same day, Mar 4, 1933, after Schuyler Colfax, Mar 4, 1869

Mar 4 1933-Jan 20 1941 32nd Vice President U.S., elected 1932, reelected 1936, with Franklin D Roosevelt

Because of Garner's knowledge of the legislative process, President Roosevelt made Vice President Garner his liaison with Congress. This decision proved to be a wise move, as Garner had his own congressional machine.

Garner would alter the Vice Presidency in an unprecedented manner. He attended and actively participated in Roosevelt's cabinet meetings on national policy and legislative strategy. He thus effectively transformed what had been a largely ceremonial office into an influential executive and legislative position.

Garner quickly became, after the President, the single most important man in government and, arguably, the nation.

During 1938 and 1939, numerous Democratic party leaders urged Garner to run for President in 1940. Garner declared his candidacy. Roosevelt refused to say whether he would run again. If he did, it was highly unlikely that Garner could win the nomination, but Garner stayed in the race anyway. At the 1940 Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt arranged a "spontaneous" call for his renomination, and won on the first ballot.

1939 Member Democratic National Committee from Texas

1939 Vice Chair Democratic National Committee
 
1941 Retired from public life

Throughout his retirement, was consulted by active Democratic politicians and was especially close to Roosevelt's successor Harry S Truman

On the morning of Garner's 95th birthday, Nov 22, 1963, President John F Kennedy called to wish the former Vice President a happy birthday, just hours before his fateful trip to Dallas

Second Lady of the United States Mariette Garner 1933-1941

1893, Mariette Rheiner ran for Uvalde County judge, but was defeated by the incumbent, John Nance Garner, a lawyer, though women at the time could not vote in Texas. Two years later, on Nov 25 1895, she married Garner.

During her husband's tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1903 to 1933, Mariette "Ettie" Garner served as his private secretary.

Herbert Hoover CA Republican Party candidate for President U.S. See 1928

Charles Curtis KS Republican Party candidate for Vice President U.S. See 1928

[Lincoln Republican]

1932 Continued

Norman Thomas NY Socialist Party of America candidate for President U.S. See 1928

James H Maurer PA Socialist Party of America candidate for Vice President US. See 1928

William Z Foster IL Communist Party USA candidate for President U.S. See 1924

James W Ford AL Communist Party USA

Attended Fisk University

A few months before graduation in 1917, enlisted in the U.S. Army World War I, serving 1917-1918

Postal worker, joined Union of Post Office Workers.  Put him in contact with the Communist Party. Fired from post office job.

1925 Recruited into the Chicago section of the American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC), established by the Communist Party as a mass organization of black workers

1926 Joined the Workers (Communist) Party of America itself

1928 was sent to the Soviet Union to represent the American Communist Party at the 4th World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions (RILU), held in Moscow. Was there elected to the RILU Secretariat. Did not immediately return to the United States, instead remaining in Moscow to work on RILU matters as a full-time functionary.

1928 Attended the 6th World Congress of the Communist International on behalf of the American Communist Party, where he was elected to the Comintern's Negro Commission

1929 Also elected a delegate to the World Congress of the League Against Imperialism, which met in Hamburg, Germany

1929 Attended the 10th Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI)

1929 Attended the 2nd Congress of the League Against Imperialism, where he was elected to the General Council and the Executive Committee

1930 Organized the Comintern-sponsored 1st International Conference of Negro Workers in Hamburg where he was elected as Secretary of the short-lived International Trade Union Committee for Black Workers as well as editor of its journal, The Negro Worker

For supplying copies of Communist literature to British sailors, arrested, and summarily relieved of his political post with the Comintern

1930 Returned to the United States where he assumed the role of Vice President of the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, the organizational successor to ANLC

1932 Elected to the governing Political Buro of the CPUSA. He had arrived as a top political leader of the Communist Party of the USA.

1932 Ford's status as one of the nation's most recognizable black Communists was further cemented in 1932 when he was named by the CPUSA as its candidate for Vice President of the United States, running on the ticket with Presidential nominee William Z. Foster. The placing of a black man near the top of the Communist ticket was symbolic of the party's self-declared commitment to racial equality and its commitment to advance blacks to its own leadership.  

1932 Communist Party USA candidate for Vice President U.S. with William Z Foster, lost

Ford was the first African-American to appear on a Presidential ticket in the 20th century

1933 Made the new head of the Harlem Section of the Communist Party

1935 Sent by the CPUSA to the 7th World Congress of the Comintern as a delegate, where he was elected an alternate member of ECCI

1936 Ford was again placed on the CPUSA's ticket as its Vice Presidential hopeful, running this time with the CPUSA's General Secretary, Earl Browder

1936 Communist Party USA candidate for Vice President U.S. with Earl Browder, lost

1937 Traveled to Spain along with other American Communists in support of the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War

1940 Campaign saw a renewal of the Browder/Ford ticket by the Communist Party, the third and final time James Ford appeared in that capacity

Earl Browder, reading too much into the dissolution of the Communist International in May 1943 and the wartime alliance of the Soviet Union with America, dissolved the Communist Party in 1944, replacing it with a "Communist Political Association." James Ford was chosen as the Vice President of this new formation.

When in April 1945 Moscow signaled its intense displeasure in the decision to dissolve the Communist Party, Browder was cashiered, expelled from the reconstituted party in July. Although Ford made a public self-criticism of his alleged errors, he was nevertheless demoted from the top echelon of Communist Party leaders, not re-elected to the National Committee of the party and supplanted in his de facto role as "America's leading black Communist" by Benjamin J. Davis.

1948 Was not targeted by the US Department of Justice in its 1948 prosecution of the top leadership of the CPUSA

William David Upshaw GA Democratic, Prohibition Party

Was such a strong proponent of the temperance movement that he became known as the "driest of the drys"

1906 Served as Vice President Georgia Anti-Saloon League

1907 Played a major role in passage of state wide prohibition in Georgia. The defense of prohibition was a major factor in the establishment of the second Ku Klux Klan ("Klan of the 1920s") in 1915.

Was not sympathetic with the Klan, and, on one occasion, ran against a Klan-supported candidate for public office

Mar 4 1919-Mar 3 1927 U.S. House of Representatives GA

1927 Elected as a Vice President of the Southern Baptist Convention

1927-1932 Served as a member of the Board of Trustees from the founding of Bob Jones College in Lynn Haven, Florida

1932 Prohibition Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

Frank S Regan IL Prohibition Party

Lawyer, lecturer

Editor of "The Taxpayer"

Had been a Lyceum cartoonist-lecturer, illustrating his talks with crayon pictures  

Worked the Chautauqua  circuit for 22 years  

Won a seat on the Board of Aldermen Rockford, Illinois

1899-1900 Illinois State House of Representatives, elected on the Prohibition Party ticket. Was the first individual to be elected to a state legislature on the Prohibition Party ticket.

1932 Prohibition Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with William David Upshaw, lost

1936 Prohibition Party candidate for Illinois State Attorney General, lost

[Lincoln Republican]

1932 Continued

William Hope Harvey AR Democratic, Liberty Party

Taught school for three months.  Attended Marshall College at Guyandotte, Virginia for three months. At the time the college was teaching mostly secondary subjects. At age 17 taught school for another three months. Afterward he ended his formal teaching and education, however he continued studying law with his brother.

With only the most basic knowledge of law, managed to pass the necessary tests to be admitted to that bar in West Virginia, then opened up a law practice  

1896 Campaign manager for William Jennings Bryan's Presidential campaign

1932 Formed Liberty Party based on his financial theories

1932 Liberty Party candidate for President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

However, the Liberty Party ended up merging with the Jobless Party, and Harvey ran for President as an Independent

Frank Hemenway WA Liberty Party

1932 Liberty Party candidate for Vice President U.S. with William Hope Harvey, lost

However, the Liberty Party ended up merging with the Jobless Party, and Harvey and Hemenway ran for President and Vice President as Independents

Vrene L Reynolds NY Socialist Labor Party candidate for President U.S. See 1924

John W Aiken MA Socialist Labor Party

1922 Socialist Labor Party candidate MA State Auditor, lost

1930 Socialist Labor Party candidate Governor MA, lost

1932 Socialist Labor Party candidate Vice President U.S., with Verne L Reynolds, lost

1934 Socialist Labor Party candidate Governor MA, lost

1936 Socialist Labor Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1940 Socialist Labor Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1946 Socialist Labor Party candidate U.S. Senate CT, lost

Jacob Coxey OH Democratic, Greenback, People's Party, Republican, Union Party, Farmer-Labor Party

Erected a crushing mill and quickly began accumulating wealth

1885 Ran as the nominee of the Greenback Party for a seat in the Ohio State Senate but lost in his first attempt at public office

1894 Led Coxey's Army, a march that started in Ohio, and passed through Pittsburgh in April

Interest in the march dwindled in mid May. Coxey was concerned with the lack of meaningful work, and thus demanded that the federal government provide such for the unemployed.  Although it didn't seem to have much effect, the march on Washington and the growing threat of populism at this time struck fear into the hearts of many.

1894 Nominated by the People's Party for U.S. House of Representatives OH, lost in general election

1895 Nominated by People's Party for Governor OH, lost in general election

1897 Nominated by People's Party for Governor OH, lost in general election

1916 Ran for  the U.S. Senate OH, lost

1922 Ran as an independent for the U.S. House of Representatives OH , lost

1924 Ran as an independent for the U.S. House of Representatives OH, lost

1926 Ran for the Republican Party's nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives OH, lost in the primary election

1928 Again tried unsuccessfully to get the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate OH in the primary. In the general election, he ran as an independent for the U.S. House of Representatives OH, lost

1928 Interracial Independent Party candidate President U.S. with Simon P. W. Drew as his running mate, lost to Herbert Hoover

1930 Again lost the contest to be the Republican nominee in the U.S. House of Representatives OH primary

1931 Elected as Mayor of Massillon OH

1932 Again lost the contest to be the Republican nominee in the U.S. House of Representatives OH primary

1932 Farmer-Labor Party candidate President U.S., lost to Franklin D Roosevelt

1934 Again lost the contest to be the Republican nominee for U.S. House of Representatives OH

1936 Ran again for U.S. House of Representatives OH, this time under the banner of the Union Party, and again losing

1938 Contested for the Democratic Party's nomination in the 16th District primaries, lost

1941 Unsuccessfully tried to get the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Massillon, OH, after losing his seat in 1933

1942 Contested for the Democratic Party's nomination U.S. House of Representatives, lost

Julius Reiter MN Farmer-Labor Party

1907-1909, 1917-1919, 1923-1925, 1931-1935 Mayor Rochester, MN

1912, 1916 Alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from MN

1920 Farmer-Labor Party candidate U.S. House of Representatives MN , lost

1932 Farmer-Labor Party candidate Vice President U.S. with Jacob Coxey, lost