Now, I'm no biblical scholar or anything, but doesn't the line, "Give to God that which is God's, and give to Caesar that which is Caesar's," imply that government and religion are two distinct and separate spheres?
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Yeah - separate when it comes to "optional" things like that quote - giving and tithing - not murder or other things.
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I believe Jesus's line I quoted was directly referring to taxation. Tell me: since when have taxes been "optional"?
Come on now. The fact that murder is bad is in no way a Christian thing. Murder is against the law because the institution of government, as stated in the declaration of independance and such, is meant to preserve the right of life.
If the illegality of murder is due to strictly Christian influences, as you argue, then why was murder against the law in the soviet union?