It seems like men are more successful in the countries that give voters the choice to vote for a single candidate of their choice (mainly N America, also UK). I wonder if open list systems provide any evidence to help answer this question? Are men more likely to win personal votes?
An attempted answer from Switzerland:
the Conseil National, elected with an open list system, has 64 women (32%)
the Conseil des Etats, which has individual mandates, has 7 out of 46 (15%)
On top of that, according to the Fors Centre analysis of the 2015 federal elections 60% of people's ballots had more men than women (9% had more women). Although that doesn't really say very much in itself seeing as 66% of candidates were men and the right wing parties, who did well, were even more disproportionately male.
For the most part, the conclusion seemed to be that where people did modify their ballots, it didn't usually either help or hurt women candidates
