I would be interested in hearing why this is such a key part of Roman Catholic Theology and what the case for it is.
It is certainly an interesting idea, although I don't believe it.
It's basically a overly complicated explanation for the Eucharist. Catholics believe that the bread and wine are transformed into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.
Eastern Orthodox have the same concept, but they don't call it Transubstantion, because they feel like they don't need to.
Indeed, except for the Baptist strand of Christianity, most Christian denominations teach that the eucharist is at least something.