Only if it is a lengthy recession. As it is, if a recession starts in the fourth quarter of this year, it won't affect the election but it will allow the incoming President and Congress to deflect blame.
Perhaps. At this stage for a recession to technically start in Q4 the stock market would have to start falling in the next couple of months. As for blame it would depends on when the general population feel the economic pain of a recession. Back in 2007-2009 the market peaked in Oct 2007 and at the technical level the recession started in Q1 2008 although the pain of the recession did begin to be felt until in Q3 2008, in dramatic fashion.
The inflation swap traders seems to also have priced in an economic slowdown if not recession of some sort to in place by end of 2017. The consensus of various economists working at financial institutions has GDP growth at around 1.9% in 2016, 2.3% in 2017, and 2.3% in 2018 with inflation at 1.3% in 2016, 2.3% in 2017 and, 2.3% in 2018. The inflation swap traders seems to agree with the 2016 and 2017 inflation numbers but price in an inflation of around 1.5% for 2018. The only real reason why they will price it this way is that they assume there will be a significant economic slowdown in 2017 so that by 2018 overall demand is low enough that inflation will fall below the Fed target of 2.0%. The variosu economists does not seem to agree. We will see by end of 2017 who is right.