What were/are the differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism?

[darklordoftech]

The only one I’m aware of is predestination.

[Okay, maybe Mike Johnson is a competent parliamentarian.]

To be fair, predestination is a pretty significant difference considering the importance that Calvinism places upon it. Moreover, I'm under the impression that Lutheranism has a higher Eucharistic theology (consubstantiation rather than spiritual presence). Perhaps DC can correct me if I'm wrong about that.

[True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자)]

Calvin wanted a theocracy while Luther wanted separation of church and state.

Calvin denied that the Eucharist was anything more than a metaphorical memorial of Christ, while Luther held that Christ was present in the Eucharist, tho it remained bread and wine.

They also differed on whether free will exists, but that's because Calvin couldn't conceive that God could have certain knowledge of the future without determining how it would occur himself.

[DC Al Fine]

You could write books and books about this, but I'll try to give the broad strokes.

Lord's Supper
In 1529, when Calvin was a Catholic college student, Lutheran and Reformed Protestants met in the Marburg Colloquy in an attempt to present a united front against Rome. They agreed on 14/15 points (including baptism interestingly enough). However they could not agree on the 15th; what exactly happens in the Lord's Supper. Luther held that Christ was bodily present in the sacrament, while Zwingli, a major Reformed leader at the time insisted that it was merely a memorial of his sacrifice. This failure to agree effectively marked the seperation of Lutherans and Reformed into totally seperate branches of Protestantism.

Complicating this is that Zwingli was effectively in the minority in his own group. Calvin wrote against him expressing what was and still is the majority position in the Reformed camp (and my position as well); that since bodily presence is inconsistent with Trinitarianism and since Scripture and Apostolic tradition indicate Christ is in the sacrament, Christ must be spritually present in the Lord's Supper and we commune with and are nourished by him in thr Supper.

Predestination
Calvin's position on predestination can be summarized in the acrostic TULIP (although Calvin never used this phrasing);

Total depravity: Humanity is by nature enemies of God and cannot come to faith on their own
Unconditional election: God must move first to regenerate depraved souls (the elect) in order for them to have faith without regard to anything about their character, forseen faith etc
Limited Atonement: Christ only died for the elect
Irresistible grace: You cannot resist God changing your soul
Perseverance of the saints: The elect will persevere in the faith to the end.

Now, Luther was already dead before predestination became a major point of contention, so he never weighed in definitively on these issues, but historians and theologians have sussed out his likely positions based on his writings. Luther accepted T, and rejected LIP. He sort of believed in U, positing that God predestines the elect but not the damned.

Regulative vs Normative principles of worship
When Protestants broke away from Rome, everyone agreed that Rome's worship was wrong, but there was debate over what right worship should look like. Luther held to the normative principle, that an element of worship is acceptable so long as it is not explicitly forbidden by God. Calvin and the rest of the Reformed camp held to the regulative principle; that an element of worship is only acceptable if God commands it as part of worship or it can be logically deduced from God's commands.

If you read a Lutheran liturgy or attend a traditional Lutheran service, it looks kind of like a Roman Catholic mass (at first glance at least) with all the specifically Catholic bits stripped out. There will still be images, the communion and baptism liturgies will be more elaborate than most Protestants etc. Conversely, Reformed services don't look like Catholic ones except at the most basic level. There are no images in worship, most parts of the church calendar aren't followed and the baptism and communion liturgies are quite simple.

[True Federalist (진정한 연방 주의자)]

I suspect that their agreement on Baptism was aided by their mutual revulsion at the radical views of the Anabaptists on issues other than Baptism.

[Amenhotep Bakari-Sellers]

Lutherism, is the one that got rid of High Priest, the Pope. Even, Buddhist, have gotten rid the High Priest after, 1990. Belief in a High Priest instead of God, isnt the norm, is abnormal in today's society.  Especially,  since Pope John Paul has died