Intelligent design belongs in Church not Biology class.

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If I gave you a 500 million transistor chip, would you say it evolutioned by Darwinian evolution or was it designed?   If I gave you a ten transistor chip from 40 years ago, would you say it evolved or was designed?
   DNA is more complex than that chip.  I wonder is it Darwinian evolution or design?

If one MUST believe that a 10 transistor (or even a 1 transistor) chip was created by design and not by evolution, then what's wrong with believing that DNA was created by a designer - GOD?
 
   The DESIGNER created a coding system that can adapt to the environment so that the creature could survive even as conditions changed.

   It seems that complex life (creating oxygen) existed as far back as the rocks can show around 3.7 billion years ago.  How did this happen?  Evolution could in no way, not, nada created these complex organisms in 0/instantaneous time.

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3.9 or 3.7 billion years ago Earth (still forming into a planet) was bombarded by metoers/astroids that made it a moten mess. (look at the huge craters on the moon!).  The oldest rocks on earth 3.5 to 3.7 billion years old show evidence of complex life. Photosynthesis (and its exact mechanisms) is so complex that it was only fully understood until last year.

"They contain mats of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that produce food for use by themselves and other bacteria in the mat, and they also produce oxygen through photosynthesis.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-01-earliest-evidence-life-billion-years.html#jCp"

That means that COMPLEX life came into existance immediately after a prolonged and massive repeated bombardment of the Earth and the Moon.  That implies a creator.  Not simple life, but incredibly complex life came into existance immediately after a prolonged life-extinguishing bombardment of Earth.

If evolution created over 500 million species over Earth's history [""Scientists have estimated that over the course of Earth's history, anywhere between 1 and 4 billion species have existed on this planet.""], then the geologic fossil record should show a trillion factorial cross-over of species. events  The geologic fossil record MAYBE shows 20 (even those claimed cross overs are suspect). 

If evolution created the 500 million species there should be evidence of a trillon factorial cross-over species events recorded in the fossil record.  It is NOT there. Why is it not there?  So the fossil record evidence implies a creator and not evolution as the mechanism for the more than 300 million species over Earth's history.  These species appear fully developed and suddenly in the geologic fossil record.

Where are the trillion factorial cross-over species attempts in the geologic fossil record (most would be failures, but should see many many successes) ?
   None of that is shown in the fossil record.

   Science has resorted to well evolution instantly created these species.  Is that what the scientific method has come to God can't instanltly create species but of course evolution can and not just once but millions of times (hypocrasy)?

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Snowguy,
  My point is: this incredibly complex DNA (COMPLEX living organisms) came into existence immediately after a major exitinction event 3.6 -3.7 billion years ago.  How does DNA - far more complex than a 500 million transitors chip, come into existence immediately after Earth suffered a prolonged meteor/asteroid bombardment 3.7 - 3.9 billion years ago?

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I'm sure that you took the 5 seconds it took to google "cyanobacteria abd 3.5 billion"
   

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"Cyanobacteria are aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to see. They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact! It may surprise you then to know that the cyanobacteria are still around; they are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth.
[[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanointro.html]]


Evidence of Life 3.7B Years Ago
Danish researchers said today they had found what they think may be evidence of the oldest life on Earth — a signature left by plankton 3.7 billion years ago.
 
There is no standard fossil evidence of the plankton, but Minik Rosing and colleagues at the Geologisk Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, looked for a chemical signature in ancient rocks in west Greenland.
 
“The oldest known fossils have an age of 3,500 million years (3.5 billion years) ago and may represent photosynthetic cyanobacteria,” they wrote in a report in the journal Science. These are bacteria that, like plants, use the sun’s energy to feed themselves.
 
What Came Before Fossils?

But Rosing’s group noted that such bacteria would be fairly complex creatures, and would have had to have evolved from something else. “It can be assumed that a long chain of evolutionary steps preceded the development of these complex organisms,” they wrote.
 
The trouble is, any rocks that would have been old enough to carry fossil evidence of this most ancient of life have gone through geologic changes. They have either been ground up, sucked back under the crust and remelted, or buried and compressed — a process known as metamorphism.
 
But at least metamorphic rocks would still contain some remains of any fossils, even if the rocks, which would once have been mud, did not themselves carry the physical imprints.
 
So they looked for chemical evidence.

Specific Carbon Isotopes

All life on Earth is based on the element carbon, and living things make chemical changes to this carbon. Rosing’s team looked at two particular variants, or isotopes, known as carbon-12 and carbon-13.
 
Modern plankton has a lot of carbon-12 and not much carbon-13.

Rosing’s group examined microscopic globules of graphite — which is pure carbon — from some metamorphic rocks known to be 3.7 billion years old and known to have once been seafloor sediment. These include shale and schist.
 
The levels of carbon-12 and carbon-13 were similar to those found in more modern deposits, which scientists know include the waste products and remains of plankton.
 
They took this as good evidence that the rocks contain the chemical traces of very ancient plankton — which would logically have been one of the earliest forms of life on Earth.
 
“These data and the mode of occurrence indicate that the reduced carbon represents biogenic detritus, which was perhaps derived from planktonic organisms,” they wrote.

[[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98973&page=1]]
 

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Impact spherules as a record of an ancient heavy bombardment of Earth

Impact craters are the most obvious indication of asteroid impacts, but craters on Earth are quickly obscured or destroyed by surface weathering and tectonic processes1. Earth’s impact history is inferred therefore either from estimates of the present-day impactor flux as determined by observations of near-Earth asteroids, or from the Moon’s incomplete impact chronology2, 3, 4. Asteroids hitting Earth typically vaporize a mass of target rock comparable to the projectile’s mass. As this vapour expands in a large plume or fireball, it cools and condenses into molten droplets called spherules5. For asteroids larger than about ten kilometres in diameter, these spherules are deposited in a global layer. Spherule layers preserved in the geologic record accordingly provide information about an impact even when the source crater cannot be found1. Here we report estimates of the sizes and impact velocities of the asteroids that created global spherule layers. The impact chronology from these spherule layers reveals that the impactor flux was significantly higher 3.5 billion years ago than it is now. This conclusion is consistent with a gradual decline of the impactor flux after the Late Heavy Bombardment.


Editor's summary
The Late Heavy Bombardment was a period of time, generally put at about 4.1 billion to 3.8 billion years ago, when the inner planets of the Solar System were subjected to a high-frequency barrage of a…

[[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7396/abs/nature10982.html]]




Ancient Asteroids Kept Pelting Earth in a ‘Late-Late’ Heavy Bombardment


Even though the Late Heavy Bombardment is somewhat of a controversial idea, new research has revealed this period of impacts to the Earth-Moon system may have lasted much longer than originally estimated and well into the time when early life was forming on Earth. Additionally, this “late-late” period of impacts — 3.8 billion to 2.5 billion years ago — was not for the faint of heart. Various blasts may have rivaled those that produced some of the largest craters on the Moon, and could have been larger than the dinosaur-killing impact that created the Chicxulub crater 65 million years ago.

“Our work provides a rationale that the last big impacts hit over an extended time,” said William Bottke principal investigator of the impact study team at the NASA Lunar Science Institute’s Center of Lunar Origin and Evolution (CLOE), based at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado.

The evidence for these prodigious impacts comes from bead-like impact ‘spherules’ found in millimeter- to centimeter-thick rock layers on Earth and date from the Archean period of Earth’s history, more recent than the estimated LHB period of 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago.

“The beds speak to an intense period of bombardment of Earth,” Bottke said. “Their source long has been a mystery.”
 


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The millimeter-scale circles and more irregular gray particles are formerly molten droplets ejected into space when an asteroid hit the early Earth. The image at left is from the Monteville layer in South Africa. Courtesy Bruce Simonson, Oberlin College and Conservatory
 
The circles seen in the image above are all formerly molten droplets ejected into space when an asteroid struck the Earth about 2.56 billion years ago. The droplets returned to Earth and were concentrated at the base of the Reivilo layer in South Africa.

The spherules still contain substantial extraterrestrial material, such as iridium (176 parts per million), which rules out alternative sources for the spherules, such as volcanoes, according to Bruce Simonson, a geologist from the Oberlin College and Conservatory who has studied these ancient layers for decades.

The timing of these impacts also coincides with a record of large lunar craters being created more recently than 3.8-billion years ago.

At least 12 spherule beds deposited between 3.47 and 1.7 billion years ago have been found in protected areas on Earth, such as in shales deposited on the seafloor below the reach of waves.

From these beds, the team found evidence of approximately 70 impacts on Earth during this time period that were likely larger than the Chicxulub impact.

In their paper, which was published in Nature, the team created a computer model of the ancient main asteroid belt and tracked what would have happened when the orbits of the giant planets changed. They extended the work of the Nice Model, which supports the theory that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune formed in different orbits nearly 4.5 billion years ago and migrated to their current orbits about 4 billion years ago, triggering a solar system-wide bombardment of comets and asteroids called known as the LHB.


This image shows a representation of how the giant planets have migrated to the current orbits, destabilizing the extension of the primordial asteroid belt closest to Mars. This drove numerous big impactors onto orbits where they could hit the terrestrial planets, though over a long enough time span that this drawn-out barrage may have lasted more than a billion years. The frequency of these impacts on Earth was enough to reproduce the known impact spherule beds. Image Courtesy David Kring, Center for Lunar Science and Exploration, and the Lunar and Planetary Institute
 
The new computer model shows that the innermost portion of the asteroid belt could have become destabilized, delivering numerous big impacts to Earth and Moon over longer time periods.

Have there been any previous indications about this period of impacts?

“The problem is that we have almost no Archean rocks,” Bottke told Universe Today. “The oldest terrestrial craters, Sudbury and Vredefort, are 1.85 and 2.02 billion years old. The spherule beds are our only window into impacts prior to this time.”
 
Also, Bottke said, the number of people who look for impact spherules is almost equally scarce. “People such as Bruce Simonson, Don Lowe, Gary Byerly, and Frank Kyte, have been carrying on a long, lonely quest to try to get people to consider the implications of their work, which are deeply profound, in my opinion,” Bottke said.
 
As for finding evidence of this later period of impacts on the Moon, Bottke said the problem there is the lack of solid ages for most impact events.

“This means it is difficult say anything definitive about the timing of major impacts,” Bottke said. “We are working this problem now with Michelle Kirchoff, who is counting craters on top of large lunar craters. This can be done now that we have LRO data.” (Listen to a podcast interview of Kirchoff on the 365 Days of Astronomy.)
 
Still, Bottke said, without using “fancy dynamics,” they can address some issues.

“Studies in the post-Apollo era suggested that the Moon has four 160-300 km craters that formed after Orientale, whose age is 3.7-3.8 billion years ago and (i.e., K/T-sized events or larger),” he said. “Crater counts from the Galileo mission and Apollo-era geologic analyses suggest at least one of these events took place near 3.2-3.5 billion years ago. If we account for the gravitational cross section of the planets, we know that for every lunar event, we should get about 20 on the Earth. So, from this argument alone, one should get a lot of big impacts on the Earth after the formation of Orientale.”
 
The new study fits with the available constraints about impacts on the Moon as well as finding the right distribution of spherule beds on Earth.

The best way to confirm everything, however, Bottke said, would be if more lunar rocks from various locations were available for study.

Read the team’s paper in Nature.

Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/94810/ancient-asteroids-kept-pelting-earth-in-a-late-late-heavy-bombardment/#ixzz2YSFicqrT

[[http://www.universetoday.com/94810/ancient-asteroids-kept-pelting-earth-in-a-late-late-heavy-bombardment/]]

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The implication is LIFE on planet Earth was totally destroyed multiple times by the LHB bombardments of Earth and the LLHB of Earth after 3.7 billion years ago.  Oceans totally vaporized and molten crust.
---

The existence of liquid water at 4.4Gyr ago could have important
implications for the evolution of life. Microfossils as old as 3.5Gyr
are known24. Metasediments and carbonaceous materials with
biogenic carbon isotope ratios as low as d13C ˆ 228½ are
known at 3.8 Gyr ago 25. Zircon crystal W74/2-36 is over 500Myr
older than this organic matter and if liquid water was available to
cause the evolved geochemistry that we have measured, then such
water was also available for possible biological processes. High energy
asteroid bombardment before 3.9 Gyr ago is consistent with
periodic formation and destruction of early oceans and the possibility
that primitive life, if it evolved in the oceans, was globally
extinguished more than once. M
Table 2

[[http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~rcoe/eart206/Wilde%20et%2001%20Nature%20409-175.pdf]]

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Metorite/astroid bombardment event reaching peak 3.9 - 3.8 billion years ago on earth(all life on Earth exinquished multiple times!!!).  But bombardment continued for hundreds of millions of years afterwards (new study) - but less frequently. 

Evidence that life existed on Earth 3.8+ billion years ago. And evidence for complex photosysnthisys microbes 3.5 - 3.6 billion years ago, that began producing more oxygen on earth = took them over a billion years (2.5 billion years ago) to produce enough oxygen for Earth to support more complex life -- worms, fish, bees, dinosaurs, etc.
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""As explained in a study at the University of Wisconsin, “One constraint on the presence of a stable hydrosphere on the Earth is the extensive meteorite bombardment experienced in the Early Archean [that has been] decued from the lunar record.” The study explains that the meteor impacts occurred between 4.4 and 3.8 Ga (Ga = "billion years ago"), noting that “recent work has documented a strong peak in impact intensity at ~3.9 Ga,” ...

What is interesting about these impacts is the effect they would have had on ancient oceans. The NASA Science News article suggests that (emphasis added), “…Until roughly 3.9 billion years ago, swarms of comets and meteorites whacked the young Earth often enough to occasionally vaporize the surface zones of the oceans and erase any life residing there.”  Consequently, “the earliest known evidence of microbial life on Earth comes from carbon isotope patterns investigated by Mojzsis and colleagues in 3.85-billion-year-old Greenland sediments.” (Astrobiology Magazine has a good article on this as well.)

This explains why mainstream scientists had not previously seen beyond 3.9 Ga... everything was getting destroyed by meteor impacts! Well, almost everything. The zircon crystals appear to be the only surviving remnant.""

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From some study from CU:

The Moon experienced an interval of intense bombardment peaking at 3.85 Ga +- 0.05 Ga;
subsequent impacts as old as 3.7 or 3.8 Ga are preserved. It can be assumed that the early
Earth must have been subjected to an even more intense impact flux resulting from its larger
size and because of its proximity to the Moon.

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Heavy bombardment of Earth by meteors/comets/asteroids reaching its horrific peak around 3.85 billion years ago.  And yet exisitance of life found 3.85 billion years ago.  So all life on Earth must have been repeated obliterated over and over again.


""Archaean

The oldest fossils are found in rocks that were formed during the Archaean eon, which lasted from 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago. Before this time, during the Hadean eon that covered the time from 4.6 billion to 3.6 billion years ago, the surface of the Earth was covered in molten rock on which no life could survive. Once the rock cooled and hardened, the geological history of the Earth could begin. During the Archaean period, life began on Earth, and some of this life is preserved in the fossil record.


Blue-Green Algae



Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are single-celled photosynthetic organisms that lived in the seas. All life on Earth during the Archaean eon consisted of single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and archaeans, that first evolved in the seas. Blue-green algae differ from the other single-celled organisms of the period because they were protected by a thick cell wall. As well, blue-green algae sometimes formed large, layered dome-shaped structures known as stromatolites or round structures known as oncolites. Stromatolites and oncolites, when fossilized, protect the inner cells so that thinly sliced sections of these fossilized structures reveal well preserved details of cyanobacteria.""

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NSF:
"""Our evidence establishes beyond reasonable doubt that life emerged on Earth at least 3.86 billion years ago," says Stephen Mojzsis, a graduate student in geochemistry at Scripps and lead author of a recent paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature. "This is not the end of the story. We may well find that life on Earth existed even earlier." ""


illinoisstate.edu  & harvard.edu:
"First evidence for microbial life can be found in rocks ~3.86 billion years old (Figure 16.1)"

aug.edu:
""Life probably arose on Earth more than 3.85 billion years ago, shortly after the end of heavy bombardment.  Evidence comes from fossils and carbon isotopes""

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So what's the chance that life can come into existance over and over again on planet Earth in a very short period of time - even as it is being bombarded heavily with meteors?

""Harold Morowitz, a Yale university scientist, calculated the odds of a single bacterium arising from basic chemicals by random forces. He concluded that the chances of such an event were 1 in 10100,000,000,000 (cited
in Mark Eastman, Chuck Missler, “The Creator Beyond Time and Space,” Costa Mesa, CA: TWFT,
1996, p. 61). This number is so large that it would take 100,000 average-sized books, filling every page with numbers, just to write it out.

These numbers are unimaginable, but let’s try to compare it to a modern situation. Assume that the chances of winning the state lottery are 1 in ten million. The odds of winning each successive week involves multiplication of probabilities, so that the odds of winning every week for 80 years in a row is 1 chance in 4.6 x 1029,120. In other words, it is far (almost infi nitely) more likely that you would win the lottery every week for 80 straight years than it is that a single bacterium arose by pure chance.  “The chance that higher life forms might have emerged (through evolutionary processes) is comparable with the chance that a tornado sweeping through a junk yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the material therein” (Sir Fred Hoyle, “Hoyle on Evolution,” Nature, Vol. 294, November 1981).""

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http://phys.org/news/2013-07-scientific-evolution.html

""Lead researcher from the Department of Biology & Biochemistry, Dr Matthew Wills said: "This pattern, known as 'early high disparity', turns the traditional V-shaped cone model of evolution on its head. What is equally surprising in our findings is that groups of animals are likely to show early-high disparity regardless of when they originated over the last half a billion years. This isn't a phenomenon particularly associated with the first radiation of animals, or periods in the immediate wake of mass extinctions."
 
The team used published descriptions of extinct groups in order to construct 'morphospaces'; empirical spaces in which anatomically similar species plotted close together, and more dissimilar species plotted further apart. By looking at the manner in which the occupied 'volume' of space changed through time, they were able to track changes in morphological disparity.


 Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-07-scientific-evolution.html""

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   interesting site: www.reasons.org
         basically says God is creator and if so using the scientic method they predict what should be found in the future studies/analysis thru genetic, geologic, cosmological discoveries.

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I think this supports a Creator who created species complex and varied (lots of them) and at the molecular DNA level complex and complete at the time of creation, but sophisticated enough to be self modifiying code so that the creature could survive environmental changes/upheavals.( the self modifying part of the design is what scientists label evolution):

They found that present-day thioredoxin structures are remarkably similar to those that existed at a time close to the origin of life, even though their amino acid sequences are very different. This finding supports a punctuated-equilibrium model of evolution in which protein structures remain constant over long time periods, with new changes occurring intermittently over short periods.

"""
'Digging up' 4-billion-year-old fossil protein structures to reveal how they evolved

2 hours ago

Modern proteins exhibit an impressive degree of structural diversity, which has been well characterized, but very little is known about how and when over the course of evolution 3D protein structures arose. In a study published by Cell Press August 8 in Structure, researchers resurrected 4-billion-year-old Precambrian proteins in the laboratory and gained novel insights into protein evolution by analyzing their X-ray crystal structures. This method has revealed a remarkable degree of structural similarity among proteins since life first evolved on this planet, and it represents a powerful and novel approach to explore the evolution of protein structures
 

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-08-billion-year-old-fossil-protein-reveal-evolved. "So far, attempts to understand protein structure evolution have been based on the comparison between structures of modern proteins. This is equivalent to trying to understand the evolution of birds by comparing several living birds," says senior study author Jose Sanchez-Ruiz of the University of Granada. "But it is most useful to study fossils so that changes over evolutionary time are apparent. Our approach comes as close as possible to 'digging up' fossil protein structures."

 Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-08-billion-year-old-fossil-protein-reveal-evolved.
In a recent study, Sanchez-Ruiz and his collaborators constructed a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences by analyzing the amino acid sequences of thioredoxins—proteins found in organisms from the three domains of life, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Using this phylogenetic tree, they were able to resurrect Precambrian proteins in the laboratory and characterize their features.
 
In the new study, Sanchez-Ruiz teamed up with Jose Gavira of the Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences (Spanish National Research Council – University of Granada) to analyze the X-ray crystal structures of the previously resurrected Precambrian proteins. They found that present-day thioredoxin structures are remarkably similar to those that existed at a time close to the origin of life, even though their amino acid sequences are very different. This finding supports a punctuated-equilibrium model of evolution in which protein structures remain constant over long time periods, with new changes occurring intermittently over short periods.
 
"In addition to uncovering the basic principles of protein structure evolution, our approach will provide invaluable information regarding how the 3D structure of a protein is encoded by its amino acid sequence," Sanchez-Ruiz says. "It could also provide information about how to design proteins with novel structures—an important goal in protein engineering and biotechnology."

 Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-08-billion-year-old-fossil-protein-reveal-evolved

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Still if evolution created life, one would expect "ultra simple" proteins and  "ultra simple" organic molecular structures.  That is not what the evidence shows.  They show complex complete structures.  Exactly what one would expect from a laptop creator - complex & complete for it to even work.

Or from one who created billions of species - complex and complete.

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  Heavy meteor bombardment peaked 3.75 to 3.85 billion years ago.  Bad enough to vaporize oceans and melt the Earth's crust.   But there is evidence that life existed on planet Earth 3.85 billion years ago even in the molten rocks.

Evidence that cyanobacteria lived 3.6 billion years ago in sedimentary rocks: ""The oldest fossils are found in rocks that were formed during the Archaean eon, which lasted from 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago. Before this time, during the Hadean eon that covered the time from 4.6 billion to 3.6 billion years ago, the surface of the Earth was covered in molten rock on which no life could survive. Once the rock cooled and hardened, the geological history of the Earth could begin ... Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are single-celled photosynthetic organisms that lived in the seas.""
Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8352164_oldest-fossils.html#ixzz2bPgdFhbT
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The following conference in 2012 assume a Primordial Soup when life began 3.8+ billion years ago.
-----------------

http://www.livescience.com/18565-life-building-blocks-chemical-evolution.html

How Earth's Primordial Soup Came to Life

 Clara Moskowitz, LiveScience Senior Writer   |   February 21, 2012 09:46am ET

""The molecules swimming in early Earth's primordial soup would have been continually destroyed by ultraviolet radiation from the sun, as well as heat and other processes on the planet. [7 Theories on the Origin of Life]
 
But when certain special pairs of molecules combined to form a larger compound, they sometimes came out with protections that neither had alone.
 
"When molecules interact, they start taking on properties they don't have as individuals, but do gain when they're in a complex," Robert Root-Bernstein, a physiologist at Michigan State University, said Sunday (Feb. 19) here at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. "This provides a means of natural selection."
 
Molecules that could combine to gain attributes would survive longer and proliferate, while those that were more easily destroyed would fade away.""

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Takes FAR LESS FAITH to beleive that God created the billions of complex and complete species than to put my FAITH that Chaos Theory did it. 

Get real.  We are not talking snowflakes or some complex fractal designs here. Billions of species complex and complete - most who have died out, never to return -- ever in spite of chaos theory. NEVER to return unless a designer/creator - man, assembles the DNA, RNA, animo acids, proteins and incredibly specialized catalysts for them to exist again.

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Behe's Challenge: Evolve Me a Cilium
   or Chaos Theory Me a Cillium
     ---
   so far zilch for smart humans
   so far zilch for chaos theory
   so far zilch for evolution theory
     zilch

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 a cillium is much much simpler molecularly than an eye.
---------
    The most complex automobile today is much simpler than a cillium.
    But who believes that evolution or chaos theory can create one of the automobiles of today - a Lexus anyone or a Beamer?

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""In the same issue of Current Biology, Prachee Avasthi and Wallace Marshall comment on this finding. In “Ciliary Secretion: Switching the Cellular Antenna to ‘Transmit,’” they remark on the growing repertoire of these organelles: Cilia are microtubule-based protrusions of the plasma membrane that were first noticed for their role in generating fluid flow, such as the flow of mucus in the airway. In recent decades, it has become clear that cilia also have important sensory roles and act as antennae, sensing the cell's environment: for example, kidney cilia can transduce calcium signals mediated by mechanosensitive channels sensing fluid flow; photoreceptor cilia capture light and transduce visual signals to electrical signals via the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin; and cilia from olfactory sensory neurons can detect and transduce odor stimuli also via specialized GPCRs. In addition, cilia can play roles in processing signals within cells; for example, developmental patterning of vertebrate limbs is regulated by ciliary transport of Hedgehog signaling components. Given the varied functions of ciliary signaling, defects in conserved ciliary structure often result in disorders with seemingly unrelated pleiotropic phenotypes. A new finding reported in a recent issue of Current Biology by Wood et al. reveals an interesting twist on the signaling roles of cilia, by showing that the motile flagella of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas can release biochemical signals into the extracellular environment via membrane budding of enzyme-containing ciliary ectosomes. If anyone still doubted the importance of the cilium in essential cellular functions, this new demonstration of the multitasking abilities of this nearly ubiquitous organelle should convince them otherwise. - See more at: http://www.evolutionnews.org/2013/07/the_cilium_not074121.html#sthash.kEwj6aNd.dpuf""

----------------
----------------
cillium are part of a single cell, an eye has hundreds-of-millions of cells, and many specialized cell types

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article is  from 13 August 2014: 
   The life exterminating meteor/comet bombardments continued until 3.2 billion years ago.  We have evidence for complex life at 3.6+ to 3.3 billion years ago.  That implies life came back into existence over and over again instataneously.  This supports strongly for a creator re-establishing life on hellish planet earth over and over and over again.

""The planet formed 4.5 billion years ago, and chunks of rock many kilometres across continued falling onto it for hundreds of millions of years. It seemed there was a final burst of impacts around 3.9 billion years ago – and by 3.8 billion years ago it was all over. The first fossils of life are very slightly younger.
That story is wrong, says Donald Lowe of Stanford University in California. The barrage continued far longer. “Its termination was not an abrupt drop-off but a gradual waning until 3 billion years ago,” he says.
Lowe and his colleagues have spent 40 years studying a patch of ancient rocks in eastern South Africa called the Barberton Belt. Over 25 years ago they found four layers of spherical particles, which seemed to have condensed from clouds of vaporised rock. Lowe says they are the traces of four major meteorite impacts, and date from between 3.5 and 3.2 billion years ago.
Now Lowe’s team have described another four layers of spherules from the same period. That means there were eight major impacts within about 250 million years, bolstering the case that the bombardment was still going on (Geology, doi.org/t48).
The moon also bears scars of major impacts up to 3 billion years ago, says William Bottke of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. “This makes it unavoidable that the Earth was still getting hit by big things late in the game,” he says.""